AI Summary & Key Takeaways
AI InsightIt should be kept in mind that MIP and BNE are not alternatives to each other, but rather complementarytechniques for successful treatment in parathyroid surgery.
📌 3 Key Takeaways
Özet
The only curative treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is surgery. The most important factors that increase the success rate of a parathyroidectomy are the establishment of the correct diagnosis and the surgeon’s good knowledge of anatomyand embryology. The lower parathyroid glands develop from the dorsal portion of the third pharyngeal pouch, and the upperparathyroid glands from the fourth pharyngeal pouch. Humans typically have 4 parathyroid glands; however, more than 4 andfewer than 4 have been observed. Typically, the upper parathyroid glands are located in the cricothyroid junction area on theposterolateral portion of the middle and upper third of the thyroid, while the lower parathyroids are located in an area 1 cm indiameter located posterior, lateral, or anterolateral to the lower thyroid pole. Ectopic locations of parathyroid glands outside thenormal anatomical regions due to the abnormal migration during embryological development or acquired ectopy due to migration of enlarged parathyroids are not uncommon. There are various surgical techniques to treat HPT; however, 2 main surgical options are used: bilateral neck exploration (BNE) and minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). While there are open, endoscopic,and video-assisted MIP (MIVAP) approaches, most often an open lateral MIP technique is used. In addition, endoscopic or roboticparathyroidectomy methods performed from remote regions outside the neck have been reported. Although currently MIP is thestandard treatment option in selected patients with positive imaging, BNE remains the gold standard procedure in parathyroidsurgery. In 80% to 90% of patients with pHPT, a pathological parathyroid gland can be detected with preoperative imaging methods and MIP can be applied. However, the pathological gland may not be found during a MIP procedure as a result of false positiveresults. The parathyroid surgeon must also know the BNE technique and be able to switch to BNE and change the surgical strategyif necessary. If the intended gland is not found in its normal anatomical site, possible embryological and acquired ectopic locationsshould be investigated. It should be kept in mind that MIP and BNE are not alternatives to each other, but rather complementarytechniques for successful treatment in parathyroid surgery.