Journals / Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni / 2019 / Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 3

A Case of Congenital Syphilis and Prozone Phenomenon

Konjenital Sifilis Olgusu ve Prozon Fenomeni

Pages
336–342
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

If the result of the treponemal test is positive and the RPR test is negative, prozone phenomenon should be considered and the RPR test should be repeated with serial serum dilutions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:The screening for syphilis during pregnancy is important to prevent intrauterine transmission and complications.
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Key Findings & Data:Prozone phenomenon may cause a false negative result in non-treponemal syphilis tests, which complicates an accurate diagnosis.
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Conclusion & Impact:If the result of the treponemal test is positive and the RPR test is negative, prozone phenomenon should be considered and the RPR test should be repeated with serial serum dilutions.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

The screening for syphilis during pregnancy is important to prevent intrauterine transmission and complications. Prozone phenomenon may cause a false negative result in non-treponemal syphilis tests, which complicates an accurate diagnosis. In this case report a newborn syphilis case was presented to emphasize the importance of reverse algorithm in diagnosis and the prozone phenomenon which can cause problems in rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test. The 2920 g infant patient was born from a 24-year-old mother with no known diseases, at the 35th week of gestation by cesarean section due to premature rupture of membranes. The initial physical examination of the newborn revealed erythema and exfoliation of the bilateral hands and feet. Laboratory results revealed CRP: 90 mg/L, WBC: 19.2 x 103/µl, hemoglobin: 9.5 g/dl, platelet count: 214 x 103/µl, HIV-Ag/Ab: non-reactive, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG: negative, anti-cytomegalovirus IgM: negative, anti-cytomegalovirus IgG: positive (128.7 AU/ml), anti-Rubella IgM: negative, anti-Rubella IgG: positive (26 IU/ml), anti-Treponema pallidum (anti-T.pallidum) antibody [IgM and IgG by the chemiluminescence microparticle enzyme immunoassay (Architect Syphilis TP; Abbott Japan Co, Japan)]: positive (Signal Cut Off value (S/CO): 28.35), and RPR (Omega Diagnostics, UK): negative. All of the above ELISA tests were performed by using Architect (Abbott Diagnostics, Wiesbaden, Germany) kits. When the RPR test was repeated with serial dilutions of the serum in order to detect prozone phenomenon, positive reaction was detected starting from 1:2 and ending at 1:64 dilution. It was determined that the mother was not tested for syphilis during her pregnancy. When both the mother and the father were tested for syphilis, the mother’s anti-T.pallidum total antibody test result was reactive (S/CO: 30.52) and the RPR was positive at 1:32 dilution, while the father’s anti-T.pallidum total antibody test result was reactive (S/CO: 16.05) and the RPR was negative. A four-fold difference between the maternal and infant RPR dilutions is required by the guidelines for a laboratory diagnosis of congenital syphilis. Although this criterion was not met in the newborn, the case was accepted as congenital syphilis due to clinical findings. Congenital syphilis must be considered in the differential diagnosis in the presence of skin manifestations at the birth and early neonatal period. Accurate and early diagnosis of the disease is important to start appropriate treatment and prevent complications. As described in the presented case, the use of reverse syphilis test algorithm will enable to reach the correct diagnosis of the infection. If the result of the treponemal test is positive and the RPR test is negative, prozone phenomenon should be considered and the RPR test should be repeated with serial serum dilutions.

Özet

Sifilisin gebelik sırasında tarama amaçlı araştırılması, intrauterin bulaşın önlenmesi ve oluşabilecek komplikasyonların engellenebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Prozon fenomeni non-treponemal sifilis testlerinde yalancı negatifliğe neden olarak tanıyı güçleştirebilmektedir. Bu raporda sifilis tanısında ters algoritmanın ve rapid plasma reagin (RPR) testinde sorun olabilecek prozon fenomeninin öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır. Yenidoğan hasta, bilinen hastalığı olmayan 24 yaşındaki anneden erken membran rüptürü nedeni ile 35. haftada sezaryen ile 2920 g ağırlığında doğmuştur. Yenidoğanın postnatal ilk fizik muayenesinde el ve ayaklarında bilateral eritem ve eksfoliasyon saptanmıştır. Laboratuvar analizlerinde C-reaktif protein 90 mg/L, lökosit sayısı 19.2 x 103/µl, hemoglobin 9.5 g/dl, trombosit 214 x 103/µl, HIV-Ag/Ab testi: non-reaktif, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM ve IgG: negatif, anti-sitomegalovirüs IgM: negatif, anti-sitomegalovirüs IgG: pozitif (128.7 AU/ml), anti-Rubella IgM: negatif, anti-Rubella IgG: pozitif (26 IU/ml), anti-Treponema pallidum (anti-T.pallidum) antikor [IgM ve IgG, kemilüminesan mikropartikül enzim immünoassay (Architect Syphilis TP; Abbott Japan Co, Japonya) yöntemi ile]: pozitif (Sinyal cutoff değeri (S/CO): 28.35), RPR testi (Omega Diagnostics, Birleşik Krallık): negatif saptanmıştır. Belirtilen ELISA (Abbott Diagnostics, Wiesbaden, Almanya) testi için Architect kitleri kullanılmıştır. Prozon fenomeni açısından dilüsyon yapılarak çalışılan RPR’de 1:2 dilüsyondan itibaren reaksiyon saptanmış ve sonuç 1:64 titrede pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir. Gebeliği süresince annenin sifilis tanısı açısından araştırılmadığı belirlenmiştir. Anne ve babanın sifilise yönelik istenen tetkiklerinde; annenin anti-T.pallidum total antikor testi reaktif (S/CO: 30.52), RPR testi 1:32 titrede pozitif; babanın anti-T.pallidum total antikor testi reaktif (S/CO: 16.05), RPR testi ise negatif olarak saptanmıştır. Rehberlerde konjenital sifilisin laboratuvar tanısı için anne ve bebeğe ait RPR test dilüsyonları arasında en az dört kat fark olması gerektiği bildirilmektedir. Olguda bu kural karşılanmamakla birlikte, klinik bulguların desteklemesi nedeniyle tanı konjenital sifilis olarak kabul edilmiştir. Doğum esnasında ve erken yenidoğan döneminde cilt bulguları varlığında ayırıcı tanıda konjenital sifilis mutlaka düşünülmelidir. Hastalıkta doğru ve erken tanı, uygun tedavinin verilebilmesi ve komplikasyonların önlenebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Sunulan olguda tanımlandığı üzere, ters sifilis test algoritmasının kullanılması enfeksiyonun doğru tanısına ulaşılmasını sağlayacaktır. Treponemal test sonucu pozitif olduğunda RPR testi negatif ise prozon fenomeni düşünülmeli ve RPR testi mutlaka dilüsyon yapılarak çalışılmalıdır.

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Cite This Article

APPAK, Ö., MANYASLI, M., CENGİZ, M. M., DELİLOĞLU, B., ASRAK, H. K., ÖZLÜ, C., SAYINER, A. A. (2019). A Case of Congenital Syphilis and Prozone Phenomenon. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, Cilt: 53 - Sayı: 3, 336–342. https://ajindex.com/articles/298332

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