SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Uygulamalı Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

THE IMPACT OF R&D, PATENTS, AND EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A MACHINE LEARNİNG (CART) ANALYSIS FROM A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE

AR-GE, PATENT VE EĞİTİMİN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BİLGİ EKONOMİSİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN MAKİNE ÖĞRENMESİ (CART) ANALİZİ

Servet Kapçak0000-0003-0397-9704
Pages
1–15
Publication Date
2026-10-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that economic growth in Türkiye does not follow a fixed and linear pattern; rather, it is shaped by threshold effects and interactions between variables.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to analyze the effects of key components of the knowledge economy-R&D expenditures, patent production, and education level-on economic growth in Türkiye.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Annual data covering the period 1996-2022 are employed, and a machine learning-based regression tree (CART) approach is utilized for the analysis.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate that economic growth in Türkiye does not follow a fixed and linear pattern; rather, it is shaped by threshold effects and interactions between variables.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2022 Verileri
⚙️Variables:bilgi ekonomisi · makine öğrenmesi · eğitim

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effects of key components of the knowledge economy-R&D expenditures, patent production, and education level-on economic growth in Türkiye. Annual data covering the period 1996-2022 are employed, and a machine learning-based regression tree (CART) approach is utilized for the analysis. This method enables a more comprehensive evaluation of economic growth dynamics by capturing nonlinear relationships and interactions among variables. The findings indicate that economic growth in Türkiye does not follow a fixed and linear pattern; rather, it is shaped by threshold effects and interactions between variables. The results reveal that R&D expenditures are the primary determinant of growth, while the impacts of patents and education vary depending on the level of R&D. At lower levels of R&D, patent production plays a more significant role, whereas at higher levels, education becomes more influential. Overall, the findings suggest that knowledge-based factors interact in a complementary manner and jointly support economic growth.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de bilgi ekonomisinin temel bileşenleri olan Ar-Ge harcamaları, patent üretimi ve eğitim düzeyinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda 1996-2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılmış ve analiz sürecinde makine öğrenmesi temelli regresyon ağacı (CART) yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Söz konusu yöntem, değişkenler arasındaki doğrusal olmayan ilişkileri ve etkileşimleri ortaya koyabilme özelliği sayesinde ekonomik büyüme dinamiklerinin daha kapsamlı bir biçimde değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’de ekonomik büyümenin sabit ve doğrusal bir yapıdan ziyade, belirli eşik değerleri ve değişkenler arası etkileşimler çerçevesinde şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre Ar-Ge harcamaları büyümenin temel belirleyicisi olarak öne çıkarken, bu değişkene bağlı olarak patent ve eğitim faktörlerinin etkisi farklılaşmaktadır. Düşük Ar-Ge düzeylerinde patent üretimi, yüksek düzeylerde ise eğitim değişkeni daha belirleyici hale gelmektedir. Bulgular, bilgi temelli unsurların birbirini tamamlayan bir yapı içerisinde büyümeyi desteklediğini ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kapçak, S. (2026). THE IMPACT OF R&D, PATENTS, AND EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A MACHINE LEARNİNG (CART) ANALYSIS FROM A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE. Uygulamalı Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.46959/jeess.1922449

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (37)

  1. Abid, I. (2025). Revisiting growth dynamics in G7: An econometric critique of AI, education and industrialization interactions. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 1-18.
  2. Akgül, S. (2025). 21. yüzyıl ekonomisinin yeni paradigması: Bilgi temelli büyümenin mikro ve makro etkileri ve Türkiye üzerine bir değerlendirme. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (19), 195-222.
  3. Aljneibi, R. S., Zervopoulos, P. D., & Kanas, A. (2024). Investigating the effects of ICT, education, and R&D on economic efficiency and technology heterogeneity: A cross-country analysis. Heliyon, 10(7).
  4. Badshah, A., Daud, A., Alharbey, R., Banjar, A., Bukhari, A., & Alshemaimri, B. (2024). Big data applications: Overview, challenges and future. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(11), 290.
  5. Barkhordari, S., Fattahi, M., & Azimi, N. A. (2019). The impact of knowledge-based economy on growth performance: Evidence from MENA countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 10(3), 1168-1182.
  6. Berisha, B., Mëziu, E., & Halili, A. (2022). Big data analytics in cloud computing: An overview. Journal of Big Data, 9(1), 1-21.
  7. Boţoroga, C. A., Horobeţ, A., Belaşcu, L., Popoviciu, A. S., & Gîrlovan, A. (2022). Assessing the nexus between education, economic growth, and innovation: An empirical analysis. Studies in Business and Economics, 17(3), 18-34.
  8. Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (2017). Classification and regression trees. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  9. Câmpeanu, E., Dumitrescu, D., Costică, I., & Boitan, I. (2017). The impact of higher education funding on socio-economic variables: Evidence from EU countries. Journal of Economic Issues, 51(3), 748-781.
  10. Charkaoui, Y., Tebr, D., El Hammoumi, Z., Satauri, I., & El Beqqali, O. (2025). Adopting the Internet of Things and big data in real time for customer acquisition in a cloud environment: An exploratory literature review. Engineering Proceedings, 112(1), 76.
  11. Danta, S., & Rath, B. N. (2024). Do institutional quality and human capital matter for innovation in case of Asian region? Innovation and Green Development, 3(3), 100141.
  12. Denison, E. F. (1962). The sources of economic growth in the U.S. and the alternatives before us. Committee for Economic Development.
  13. Diakodimitriou, D., Tsioutsios, A., & Papageorgiou, T. (2025). Education expenditures and growth: Is R&D the link? Journal of Policy Modeling, 47(2), 322-337.
  14. Duran, Z. (2025). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde bilgi performansı: Yeni sanayileşen ülkeler üzerine bir inceleme. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 588-607.
  15. Eryaşar, A. S., & Özel, R. (2025). Early education for a sustainable future: The perspectives of pre-service preschool teachers. The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning, 20(1), 68-86.
  16. Eryer, A. (2025). Bilgi iletişim teknoloji göstergelerinin iktisadi büyüme ile ilişkisi: Uygulamalı bir çalışma. Amasya Üniversitesi Ekonomi Ticaret ve Pazarlama Dergisi, 2(1), 20-27.
  17. Frank, N. (2018). Making the grade: The contribution of education expenditure to economic growth. Undergraduate Economic Review, 14(1), 11.
  18. Gulaliyev, M., Hasanov, R., Sultanova, N., Ibrahimli, L., & Guliyeva, N. (2024). R&D expenditure and its macroeconomic effects: A comparative study of Israel and South. Public and Municipal Finance, 13(2), 44-55.
  19. Hadad, S. (2017). Knowledge economy: Characteristics and dimensions. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 203–225.
  20. Jajri, I., & Ismail, R. (2009). Technical progress and labour productivity in small and medium scale industry in Malaysia. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 15, 199-208.
  21. Kadirhanoğulları, İ. H., & Biçim, H. (2025). Kırmızı et tüketimine ilişkin görüşler, göstergeler ve tartışmalar: Iğdır ili örneği. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(2), 807-822.
  22. Karagiannis, S. (2007). The knowledge-based economy, convergence and economic growth: Evidence from the European Union. Centre of Planning and Economic Research, 9, 1-40.
  23. Kim, R. Y. (2025). Investigating techonomy: The multilevel effect of R&D investment on economic performance. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1-32.
  24. Lawal, N. A. (2011). Education and economic growth: The Nigerian experience. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(3), 225-231.
  25. Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 23, 3-42. Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  26. Marti, J. M. V., & do Rosário Cabrita, M. (2012). Entrepreneurial excellence in the knowledge economy: Intellectual capital benchmarking systems. Springer.
  27. Mohamed, M. M. A., Liu, P., & Nie, G. (2022). Do knowledge economy indicators affect economic growth? Evidence from developing countries. Sustainability, 14(8), 4774.
  28. Mullainathan, S., & Spiess, J. (2017). Machine learning: an applied econometric approach. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 87-106.
  29. Poorfaraj, A., Samimi, A. J., & Keshavarz, H. (2011). Knowledge and economic growth: Evidence from some developing countries. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 1(1), 21-25.
  30. Powell, W. W., & Snellman, K. (2004). The knowledge economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 199-220.
  31. Rojek, I., Prokopowicz, P., Piechowiak, M., Kotlarz, P., Náprstková, N., & Mikołajewski, D. (2025). The Impact of Data Analytics Based on Internet of Things, Edge Computing, and Artificial Intelligence on Energy Efficiency in Smart Environment. Applied Sciences, 16(1), 225.
  32. Romer, P. M. (1989). Capital accumulation and long-run growth. In R. J. Barro (Ed.), Modern business cycle theory (pp. Xx-xx). Harvard University Press.
  33. Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  34. Szarowská, I. (2017). Does public R&D expenditure matter for economic growth? Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 90-103.
  35. Turnovsky, S. J. (1999). Economic growth in open economies. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23, 671-673.
  36. Varian, H. R. (2014). Big data: New tricks for econometrics. Journal of economic perspectives, 28(2), 3-28.
  37. Zamir, S., Abbasi, B. N., Yu, L., Sohail, A., & Yang, C. (2023). Transformative role of educational funding in shaping national development across SAARC countries in the 21st century: A panel NARDL approach. Heliyon, 9(10).