Journals / Cerrahi Sanatlar Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 19

Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis

Tarama mamografisinde saptanan şüpheli kalsifikasyonların core needle biyopsi sonrası eksizyonel biyopsi karşılaştırılması ve upgrade oranı: Tek merkezli retrospektif bir analiz

Melek Gökova(İzmir Atatürk Education and Research Hospital)0000-0003-0910-436X
Muhammet Mustafa Şafak(İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0000-0889-5628
Sevgi Ünal(Izmir Atatürk Education and Research Hospital)0009-0000-0373-0904
Yeliz Yılmaz Bozok(IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-1811-122X
Betül Bolat Küçükzeybek(IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6008-5876
Emine Özlem Gür(IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-2749-2220
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-10-22
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings suggest that calcification size, radiologic suspicion, sampling adequacy, and radiologic-pathologic concordance should be considered together when determining the management of suspicious calcifications with nonmalignant CNB findings.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Suspicious breast calcifications detected on mammography may represent a wide spectrum of histopathological findings ranging from benign alterations to malignancy.
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Key Findings & Data:This study aimed to determine the rate of upgrade from a nonmalignant CNB result to malignancy after surgical excision and to evaluate the association of patient age, calcification size, and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category with upgrade.
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Conclusion & Impact:These findings suggest that calcification size, radiologic suspicion, sampling adequacy, and radiologic-pathologic concordance should be considered together when determining the management of suspicious calcifications with nonmalignant CNB findings.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2020 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Meme kalsifikasyonları · Core needle biyopsi · BI-RADS

Abstract

Suspicious breast calcifications detected on mammography may represent a wide spectrum of histopathological findings ranging from benign alterations to malignancy. A nonmalignant result on core needle biopsy (CNB) may occasionally underestimate an underlying malignancy. This study aimed to determine the rate of upgrade from a nonmalignant CNB result to malignancy after surgical excision and to evaluate the association of patient age, calcification size, and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category with upgrade. This retrospective single-center study included 47 patients who underwent CNB for suspicious mammographic calcifications followed by surgical excision between January 2020 and December 2025. CNB findings were classified as malignant or nonmalignant. Upgrade to malignancy was defined as the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast carcinoma in the surgical specimen after a nonmalignant CNB result. Patients with nonmalignant CNB findings were compared according to upgrade status. The associations of age, calcification size, and BI-RADS category with upgrade were evaluated, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to assess the discriminatory ability of calcification size. CNB revealed malignant pathology in 16 (34.0%) and nonmalignant pathology in 31 (66.0%) patients. Among the 31 patients with nonmalignant CNB findings, malignancy was detected after surgical excision in 10, corresponding to an upgrade rate of 32.3% (95% CI: 16.7–51.4). Calcification size was significantly greater in patients with upgrade than in those without upgrade (19.6±14.1 mm vs. 10.6±9.5 mm, respectively; p=0.048), whereas age was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.352). The upgrade rate was higher in the high radiologic suspicion group comprising BI-RADS 4B, 4C, and 5 lesions than in the remaining BI-RADS categories (53.8% vs. 16.7%); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.052). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for calcification size was 0.724 (95% CI: 0.496–0.951; p=0.054). A cutoff value of ≥14 mm yielded a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 85.7%. Among patients selected for surgical excision after CNB of suspicious mammographic calcifications, approximately one-third of those with an initially nonmalignant CNB result were upgraded to malignancy. Larger calcification size was associated with upgrade, while higher BI-RADS categories showed a clinically relevant but statistically nonsignificant trend toward increased upgrade. These findings suggest that calcification size, radiologic suspicion, sampling adequacy, and radiologic-pathologic concordance should be considered together when determining the management of suspicious calcifications with nonmalignant CNB findings.

Özet

Mamografide saptanan şüpheli meme kalsifikasyonları, benign değişikliklerden maligniteye kadar geniş bir histopatolojik spektrumu temsil edebilir. Core needle biyopsi (CNB) sonucunun nonmalign olması, bazı olgularda altta yatan malignitenin gözden kaçmasına neden olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, nonmalign CNB sonucundan cerrahi eksizyon sonrası maligniteye upgrade oranını belirlemek ve hasta yaşı, kalsifikasyon boyutu ve Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) kategorisinin upgrade ile ilişkisini değerlendirmektir. Bu retrospektif tek merkezli çalışmaya, Ocak 2020 ile Aralık 2025 tarihleri arasında mamografide saptanan şüpheli kalsifikasyonlar nedeniyle CNB uygulanan ve ardından cerrahi eksizyon yapılan 47 hasta dahil edildi. CNB sonuçları malign ve nonmalign olarak sınıflandırıldı. Maligniteye upgrade, nonmalign CNB sonucu sonrasında cerrahi eksizyon materyalinde duktal karsinoma in situ veya invaziv meme karsinomu saptanması olarak tanımlandı. Nonmalign CNB sonucu olan hastalar upgrade durumuna göre karşılaştırıldı. Yaş, kalsifikasyon boyutu ve BI-RADS kategorisinin upgrade ile ilişkisi değerlendirildi ve kalsifikasyon boyutunun ayırt edici performansını belirlemek amacıyla alıcı işletim karakteristiği analizi yapıldı. CNB sonucunda 16 hastada (%34,0) malign, 31 hastada (%66,0) nonmalign patoloji saptandı. Nonmalign CNB sonucu bulunan 31 hastanın 10’unda cerrahi eksizyon sonrasında malignite saptandı ve upgrade oranı %32,3 (%95 GA: %16,7–51,4) olarak hesaplandı. Upgrade saptanan hastalarda kalsifikasyon boyutu, upgrade saptanmayan hastalara göre anlamlı olarak daha büyüktü (sırasıyla 19,6±14,1 mm ve 10,6±9,5 mm; p=0,048). Gruplar arasında yaş açısından anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0,352). BI-RADS 4B, 4C ve 5 kategorilerinden oluşan yüksek radyolojik şüphe grubunda upgrade oranı diğer BI-RADS kategorilerine göre daha yüksek bulundu (%53,8’e karşı %16,7); ancak bu fark istatistiksel anlamlılığa ulaşmadı (p=0,052). Kalsifikasyon boyutu için alıcı işletim karakteristiği eğrisi altında kalan alan 0,724 olarak hesaplandı (%95 GA: 0,496–0,951; p=0,054). ≥14 mm eşik değeri için duyarlılık %70,0, özgüllük ise %85,7 olarak bulundu. Şüpheli mamografik kalsifikasyonlar nedeniyle CNB uygulandıktan sonra cerrahi eksizyona seçilen hastalarda, başlangıçta nonmalign CNB sonucu bulunan olguların yaklaşık üçte birinde maligniteye upgrade saptandı. Daha büyük kalsifikasyon boyutu upgrade ile ilişkili bulunurken, yüksek BI-RADS kategorileri artmış upgrade açısından klinik olarak dikkat çekici ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmayan bir eğilim gösterdi. Bu bulgular, nonmalign CNB sonucu bulunan şüpheli kalsifikasyonların yönetiminde kalsifikasyon boyutu, radyolojik şüphe düzeyi, örnekleme yeterliliği ve radyoloji–patoloji uyumunun birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini düşündürmektedir.

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Cite This Article

Gökova, M., Şafak, M. M., Ünal, S., Bozok, Y. Y., Küçükzeybek, B. B., Gür, E. Ö. (2026). Comparison of core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy findings for suspicious calcifications detected on screening mammography and the upgrade rate: A single-center retrospective analysis. Cerrahi Sanatlar Dergisi, Cilt: 19. https://doi.org/10.4717/jsa.2016205

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