SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 15

Determining crashworthiness performance of perforated AA6061 square tubes using the Taguchi method

Delik açılmış AA6061 kare tüplerin çarpışma performansının Taguchi yöntemi ile belirlenmesi

Dursun Meriç(KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ABDULLAH KANCA MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0001-7702-2708
Pages
1–12
Publication Date
2026-01-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results of the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) performed for multi-response optimization, it was observed that the factor most affecting overall performance was again circular replication, while linear replication emerged as the parameter least affecting performance.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the energy absorption performance of thin-walled tubes with square cross-sections and holes of different geometric configurations on their surfaces under axial loading was systematically investigated.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Experiments were conducted using the L16 Taguchi orthogonal array to represent the factor-level combinations with a minimum number of experiments.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:According to the results of the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) performed for multi-response optimization, it was observed that the factor most affecting overall performance was again circular replication, while linear replication emerged as the parameter least affecting performance.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Enerji sönümleme · Kare tüp · Taguchi yöntemi

Abstract

In this study, the energy absorption performance of thin-walled tubes with square cross-sections and holes of different geometric configurations on their surfaces under axial loading was systematically investigated. Within the experimental design, five fundamental factors were identified: hole diameter, circular pattern number, linear pattern number, inter-hole distance, and hole top distance were determined as five basic factors, and each factor was considered at four levels. Experiments were conducted using the L16 Taguchi orthogonal array to represent the factor-level combinations with a minimum number of experiments. Peak force and absorbed energy (AE) values were calculated from the obtained force-displacement curves, and the energy absorption behavior was evaluated based on these responses. In the single-response optimization analyses performed using the Taguchi method, the “smaller is better” criterion was applied for peak force and the “larger is better” criterion for AE. The analysis determined that the most influential factor on peak force was circular replication, while the most influential factor on SE was hole top distance. According to the results of the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) performed for multi-response optimization, it was observed that the factor most affecting overall performance was again circular replication, while linear replication emerged as the parameter least affecting performance. As a result of the GRA, peak force values decreased by 30.13%, while the SE value decreased by only 1.39%.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, kare kesitli ve yüzeyinde farklı geometrik konfigürasyonlarda delikler bulunan ince cidarlı tüplerin eksenel yük altındaki enerji sönümleme performansları sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Deneysel tasarım kapsamında delik çapı, dairesel çoğaltma sayısı, lineer çoğaltma sayısı, delikler arası mesafe ve delik üst mesafesi olmak üzere beş temel faktör belirlenmiş ve her bir faktör dört seviyede ele alınmıştır. Faktör-seviye kombinasyonlarının minimum deney sayısı ile temsil edilebilmesi amacıyla L16 Taguchi ortogonal dizi kullanılarak deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen kuvvet-yer değiştirme eğrilerinden pik kuvvet ve sönümlenen enerji (SE) değerleri hesaplanmış ve enerji sönümleme davranışı bu yanıtlar üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Taguchi yöntemi ile yapılan tek yanıtlı optimizasyon analizlerinde, pik kuvvet için “daha küçük daha iyi”, SE için ise “daha büyük daha iyi” kriterleri uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda pik kuvvet üzerinde en etkili faktörün dairesel çoğaltma, SE üzerinde en etkili faktörün ise delik üst mesafesi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çok yanıtlı optimizasyon amacıyla gerçekleştirilen Gri İlişkisel Analiz (GİA) sonuçlarına göre, genel performansı en fazla etkileyen faktörün yine dairesel çoğaltma olduğu; lineer çoğaltmanın ise performansı en az etkileyen parametre olarak öne çıktığı görülmüştür. GİA sonucunda pik kuvvet değerleri %30.13 azalırken SE değeri yalnızca %1.39 azalmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Meriç, D. (2026). Determining crashworthiness performance of perforated AA6061 square tubes using the Taguchi method. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 15, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1828642

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (32)

  1. D. Meriç and H. Gedikli, Effect of fibber angle alignment on energy absorbing behavior of conical composite tubes. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 27(4), 1179–1192 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2021.1917901.
  2. D. Meriç ve H. Gedikli, Fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş tüplerin enerji sönümleme davranışlarının sayısal incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 35 (4), 1939-1956, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.65 2878.
  3. J. Magliaro, W. Altenhof and A. T. Alpas, A review of advanced materials, structures and deformation modes for adaptive energy dissipation and structural crashworthiness. Thin-Walled Structures, 180, 109808, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109808.
  4. M. Elyasi and V. Modanloo, Assessment of energy absorption and crushing performance of perforated thin-walled AA6061-O tubes with irregular holes under axial compression loading. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49 (11), 15801-15812, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08779-z.
  5. D. Szwedowicz, Q. Estrada, C. Cortes, J. Bedolla, G. Alvarez and F. Castro, Evaluation of energy absorption performance of steel square profiles with circular discontinuities. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 11 (10), 1744-1760, 2014. https://doi.or g/10.1590/S1679-78252014001000003.
  6. M. A. A. El-baky, M. M. A. Allah, M. Kamel and W. Abd-Elaziem, Energy absorption characteristics of E-glass/epoxy over-wrapped aluminum pipes with induced holes: An experimental research. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), 21097, 2022. https://doi.org/10.10 38/s41598-022-25679-0.
  7. M. Elyasi, A. Moradpour and S. Montazeri, Axial crushing in a novel technique of thin-walled tube. Key Eng Mater, 622-623, 709-716, 2014. https://doi.or g/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.622-623.709.
  8. M. Y. Huang, Y. S. Tai and H. T. Hu, Dynamic crushing characteristics of high strength steel cylinders with elliptical geometric discontinuities. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 54 (1), 44-53, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2010.06.014.
  9. H. Ravi Sankar and V. Parameswaran, Effect of circular perforations on the progressive collapse of circular cylinders under axial impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 122, 346-362, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.09.001.
  10. Q. Estrada et al., Bending crashworthiness performance of square beams with holes and metallic foam filler. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 139 (9-10), 4917, 2025. https://doi.o rg/10.1007/s00170-025-16176-5.
  11. D. Fan, M. Qi-hua, G. Xue-hui and Z. Tianjun, Crashworthiness analysis of perforated metal/composite thin-walled structures under axial and oblique loading. Polymer Composites, 42 (4), 2019-2036, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25954.
  12. V. Patel, G. Tiwari and R. Dumpala, Effect of cut-outs on the axial crushing response of cap and open-end hybrid frusta tube. Materials Today: Proceedings, 28, 2539-2546, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.20 20.05.089.
  13. M. M. Awd Allah, M. A. Abd El-baky, M. A. Hassan and A. Shaker, Crashworthiness performance of thin-walled glass/epoxy square tubes with circular cutouts: An experimental study. Fibers and Polymers, 23 (11), 3268-3281, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-0383-0.
  14. M. M. Awd Allah, M. A. Abd El-baky, M. A. Hassan and A. Shaker, Crashworthiness performance of thin-walled glass/epoxy square tubes with circular cutouts: An experimental study. Fibers and Polymers, 23 (11), 3268-3281, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-0383-0.
  15. Z. Wang, Q. Luo, Q. Li and G. Sun, Design optimization of bioinspired helicoidal CFRPP/GFRPP hybrid composites for multiple low-velocity impact loads. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 219, 107064, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme csci.2022.107064.
  16. H. Alshahrani, T. A. Sebaey, M. M. Awd Allah and M. A. Abd El-baky, Multi-response optimization of crashworthy performance of perforated thin walled tubes. Journal of Composite Materials, 57 (9), 1579-1597, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998323 1159508.
  17. M. M. Awd Allah, M. I. Abd El Aal and M. A. Abd El-baky, Optimizing the crashworthy behaviors of hybrid composite structures through Taguchi approach. Polymer Composites, 45 (9), 7906-7917, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28312.
  18. V. Alimirzaloo and V. Modanloo, Investigation of the forming force in torsion extrusion process of aluminum alloy 1050. International Journal of Engineering, 30 (6), 920-925, 2017.
  19. K. N. Ballantyne, R. A. van Oorschot and R. J. Mitchell, Reduce optimisation time and effort: Taguchi experimental design methods. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 1 (1), 7-8, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.050.
  20. H. Junaedi, T. Khan, W. Abd-Elaziem, T. A. Sebaey and K. Akkad, Optimization of circular hole patterns on crashworthiness of polyurethane foam-filled CFRP rectangular tubes. Results in Engineering, 26, 104805, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104805.
  21. M. M. A. Allah, M. A. A. El-baky, H. Alshahrani, T. A. Sebaey and M. Kamel, Crashworthiness of hybrid pipes with triggering mechanism under quasi-static axial compression. Fibers and Polymers, 24 (12), 4397-4411, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-023-00377-4.
  22. A. Taştan, E. Acar, M. A. Güler and U. Kılınçkaya, Optimum crashworthiness design of tapered thin-walled tubes with lateral circular cutouts. Thin-Walled Structures, 107, 543-553, 2016. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.tws.2016.07.018.
  23. H. Alshahrani, T. A. Sebaey, M. M. Awd Allah and M. A. Abd El-baky, Quasi-static axial crushing performance of thin-walled tubes with circular hole discontinuities. Journal of Composite Materials, 56 (27), 4195-4218, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/00 219983221129016.
  24. Q. Liu, K. Liufu, Z. Cui, J. Li, J. Fang and Q. Li, Multiobjective optimization of perforated square CFRP tubes for crashworthiness. Thin-Walled Structures, 149, 106628, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tw s.2020.106628.
  25. M. A. A. El-baky, M. M. A. Allah, M. Kamel and W. Abd-Elaziem, Energy absorption characteristics of E-glass/epoxy over-wrapped aluminum pipes with induced holes: An experimental research. Scientific Reports, 12 (1), 21097, 2022. https://doi.o rg/10.1038/s41598-022-25679-0.
  26. X. Zhou, W. Rong, J. Liu and B. Wu, Axial collapse behavior of stainless steel circular tubes with thin walls in diamond mode. Scientific Reports, 15 (1), 1-20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04406-5.
  27. D. Meriç and H. Gedikli, Multi-objective optimization of energy absorbing behavior of foam-filled hybrid composite tubes. Composite Structures, 279, 114771, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114 771.
  28. Bodlani, S. B., Chung Kim Yuen, S., Nurick, G. N., The energy absorption characteristics of square mild steel tubes with multiple induced circular hole discontinuities—part I: experiments. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 76(4), 641-652 2009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3114971.
  29. Rogala M., Gajevski J., Crashworthiness analysis of thin-walled square columns with a hole trigger. Materials, 16 (11), 4196, 2023. https://doi.org/1 0.3390/ma16114196.
  30. Çetin E., Baykasoğlu A., Erdin M. E., Baykasoğlu C., Experimental investigation of the axial crushing behavior of aluminum/CFRP hybrid tubes with circular-hole triggering mechanism. Thin walled Structures, 182 (B), 110321 2023. https://doi.or g/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110321.
  31. K. El Ernam, S. Quintin and N. H. Madhavji, User participation in the requirements engineering process: An empirical study. Requirements Engineering, 1 (1), 4-26, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01235763.
  32. T. K. Min and P. T. Huy, Prediction of hysteretic behavior for unsaturated sands using the elasto-plastic constitutive relations. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 14 (3), 299-305, 2010. https://doi.org/1 0.10 07/s12205-010-0299-x.