Journals / Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 17

Modeling the fate of oil spill on quiescent water surface using the finite element method

Petrol sızıntısının durgun su yüzeyindeki yayılımının sonlu elemanlar yöntemiyle modellenmesi

Metehan Erdoğan(ORTA DOĞU TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-2159-7366
Mehmet Onur Doğan(ORTA DOĞU TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-9043-6187
İsmail Durgut(ORTA DOĞU TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, PETROL VE DOĞALGAZ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0001-8591-9360
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-06-09
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

While the finite element method was proven suitable for complex scenarios, computational expense was shown to increase considerably with mesh refinement.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, a finite‑element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the evolution of oil spreading on calm water considering gravitational, surface‑tension, and viscous forces while ignoring externally imposed advection (wind and currents).
📊
Key Findings & Data:Observed spreading patterns in experiments were successfully reproduced: uniform thickness was maintained during continuous releases, and, once the release ceased, the geometries closely resembled those from instantaneous spills, regardless of release duration (2, 4, or 8 min) or volume (12, 120, or 1200 m³).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:While the finite element method was proven suitable for complex scenarios, computational expense was shown to increase considerably with mesh refinement.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Petrol sızıntı yayılımı · petrol-su ara yüzü · sonlu elemanlar metodu

Abstract

In this study, a finite‑element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the evolution of oil spreading on calm water considering gravitational, surface‑tension, and viscous forces while ignoring externally imposed advection (wind and currents). The model solves Nihoul’s spreading equation based on mass and momentum conservation laws both for instantaneous and continuous spills considering gravity, viscous and surface tension forces. In contrast to Eulerian based Finite Element models, Lagrangian methods are widely used for oil spill models because of their ease of implementation and less computational power requirements. However, in standard Lagrangian random-walk methods particles don’t interact with each other and stochastically move in space. By contrast, Eulerian formulations evolve into a continuous thickness field and thus inherently compute the thickness distribution. The results revealed that the accuracy of the Finite Element Model is sensitive to the grid refinement, where coarse grids result in artificial numerical diffusion in the solution of slick spreading. Observed spreading patterns in experiments were successfully reproduced: uniform thickness was maintained during continuous releases, and, once the release ceased, the geometries closely resembled those from instantaneous spills, regardless of release duration (2, 4, or 8 min) or volume (12, 120, or 1200 m³). The numerical model was verified against an analytical solution for instantaneous releases and calibrated against laboratory experiment, by comparing slick radius and slick thickness as functions of time. The dominant roles of release parameters and interfacial forces were thus confirmed. While the finite element method was proven suitable for complex scenarios, computational expense was shown to increase considerably with mesh refinement.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, durgun su üzerinde petrol yayılımının zaman içindeki evrimini simüle etmek için, yerçekimi, yüzey gerilimi ve viskoz kuvvetleri dikkate alan ve rüzgâr ile akıntılar gibi dıştan dayatılmış adveksiyonu ihmal eden bir sonlu elemanlar modeli (FEM) geliştirilmiştir. Nihoul’un kütle ve momentum korunumu denklemlerine dayanan yaklaşımı, hem ani hem de sürekli sızıntı senaryolarına uygulanmıştır. Petrol özelliklerinin, sızıntı koşullarının ve yüzey gerilimi kuvvetlerinin yayılma dinamikleri üzerindeki etkisi ayrıntılı parametrik analiz yöntemi yapılarak incelemiştir. Euler tabanlı Sonlu Elemanlar modellerinin aksine, standart Lagrange yöntemler uygulama kolaylığı ve daha düşük hesaplama gücü gereksinimleri nedeniyle petrol sızıntı modellerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak standart Lagrangian rastgele-yürüyüş yöntemlerinde parçacıklar birbirleriyle etkileşime girmez ve uzayda stokastik olarak hareket eder. Buna karşılık, Euler yaklaşımlarında süreklilik gösteren bir kalınlık dağılımını doğası gereği kendiliğinden hesaplanır. Bulgular, çözümün sonlu elemanların büyüklüğüne duyarlı olduğunu göstermiştir; büyük elemanlar sayısal difüzyon olarak adlandırılan yapay etkilere yol açarlar. Model deneysel sonuçlarla kıyaslandığında, petrolün yayılmasını başarıyla modelleyebilmiştir. Farklı hacimlerdeki (12, 120, or 1200 m³) sürekli sızıntı durumunda petrol tabakasının kalınlığı sızıntı süresince (2, 4, or 8 dk.) nispeten sabit kalmış; yayılma davranışı ve şekli sızıntı bittikten sonra ani sızıntılara oldukça benzerlik göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, yayılma parametrelerinin ve ara yüzey kuvvetlerinin yayılma davranışını belirlemedeki kritik rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Sonlu elemanlar yöntemi, karmaşık sızıntı senaryoları için etkili olsa da, daha küçük ve fazla eleman gereksinimi sebebiyle hesaplama maliyetini artırmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Erdoğan, M., Doğan, M. O., Durgut, İ. (2026). Modeling the fate of oil spill on quiescent water surface using the finite element method. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 17. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1827199

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (29)

  1. J. A. Fay, The Spread of Oil Slicks on a Calm Sea, in Oil on the Sea: Proceedings of a symposium on the scientific and engineering aspects of oil pollution of the sea, sponsored by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 16, 1969, D. P. Hoult, Ed., Boston, MA: Springer US, 1969, pp. 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9019-0_5.
  2. D. P. Hoult, Oil Spreading on the Sea. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 341–368, Jan. 1972, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.04.010172.00201.
  3. D. Mackay and P. J. Leinonen, Mathematical Model of the Behaviour of Oil Spills on Water with Natural and Chemical Dispersion. Environment Protection Service, Department of the Environment, 1977.
  4. W. J. Lehr, R. J. Fraga, M. S. Belen, and H. M. Cekirge, A new technique to estimate initial spill size using a modified fay-type spreading formula. Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 326–329, Sept. 1984, https:// doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(84)90488-0.
  5. J. C. J. Nihoul, A non-linear mathematical model for the transport and spreading of oil slicks. Ecol. Model., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 325–339, Apr. 1984, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0304-3800(84)90018-8.
  6. A. J. Elliott, N. Hurford, and C. J. Penn, Shear diffusion and the spreading of oil slicks. Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 308–313, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0025-326X(86)90216-X.
  7. S. Venkatesh, H. El‐Tahan, G. Comfort, and R. Abdelnour, Modelling the behaviour of oil spills in ice‐infested waters. Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 303–329, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.199 0.9649380.
  8. R. Chebbi, Viscous-Gravity Spreading of Oil on Water: Modeling and Challenges. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Appl., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 186–189, 2014, https://doi.org/ 10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.375.
  9. H. T. Shen and P. D. Yapa, Oil Slick Transport in Rivers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 114, 5, pp. 529–543, 1988, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114: 5(529).
  10. A. H. Al-Rabeh, H. M. Cekirge, and N. Gunay, A stochastic simulation model of oil spill fate and transport. Appl. Math. Model., 13, no. 6, pp. 322–329, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-904X(89)90134-0.
  11. H. M. Cekirge, S. L. Palmer, K. Convery, and L. Ileri, Orimulsion® spill modelling in marine environments. Math. Comput. Model., 25, no. 11, pp. 95–107, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7177(97)00088-5.
  12. W. Guo, Y. Hao, L. Zhang, T. Xu, X. Ren, F. Cao and S. Wang, Development and application of an oil spill model with wave–current interactions in coastal areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 84, 1–2, pp. 213–224,2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.009.
  13. İ. Durgut and M. Reed, Modeling spreading of oil slicks based on random walk methods and Voronoi diagrams. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 118 (1), 93–100, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.038.
  14. M. Shafieefar, Tarbiat Modares University, P. Rangbar, and Offshore Structural Engineer, Saff-Rosemond, Hydrodynamic Simulation of Oil Blowout and Response Action to Evaluate Environmental Consequences on Prawns. Int. J. Marit. Technol., 10, no. Summer and Autumn 2018, pp. 15–24, Jul. 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijmt.10.15.
  15. D. De Padova, M. Mossa, and S. Sibilla, A multi-phase SPH simulation of oil spill diffusion in seawater currents. Acta Mech. Sin., 39(2), p. 722230, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-022-22230-x.
  16. J. Liu, P. Jiao, and Y. Xu, Research on oil boom performance based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. PLOS ONE, vol. 18, no. 7, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289276
  17. Z. Zhao, On the heat transfer coefficient between rock fracture walls and flowing fluid. Comput. Geotech., vol. 59, pp. 105–111, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compgeo.2014.03.002.
  18. Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Wang, and W. Liang, A Ternary Phase-Field Model for Separation of Water from a Water/Oil Mixed Drop Using Lamb Waves. Microgravity Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 6, p. 57, Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-024-10144-6.
  19. P. Tkalich, A CFD solution of oil spill problems. Environ. Model. Softw., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 271–282, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.04.024.
  20. E. Sarhadi Zadeh and K. Hejazi, Eulerian Oil Spills Model Using Finite-Volume Method with Moving Boundary and Wet-Dry Fronts. Model. Simul. Eng., vol. 2012, pp. 1–7, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1155/201 2/398387.
  21. G. Zanier, A. Petronio, and V. Armenio, The effect of Coriolis force on oil slick transport and spreading at sea. J. Hydraul. Res., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 409–422, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2016.1263243.
  22. I. Echeverribar, P. Brufau, and P. García-Navarro, A fully Eulerian two-layer model for the simulation of oil spills spreading over coastal flows. Phys. Fluids, vol. 35, no. 11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0169493.
  23. F. Flori, C. Giacomoni, and P. Orenga, Convergence of a characteristic-Galerkin scheme for a shallow water problem. Math. Comput. Model., 42(3), pp. 325–338, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2004.07.016.
  24. W. J. Guo and Y. X. Wang, A numerical oil spill model based on a hybrid method. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58(5), 726–734, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2 008.12.015.
  25. M. Nagheeby and M. Kolahdoozan, Numerical modeling of two-phase fluid flow and oil slick transport in estuarine water. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 771–784, Sept. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326186.
  26. S. D. Wang, Y. M. Shen, and Y. H. Zheng, Two-dimensional numerical simulation for transport and fate of oil spills in seas. Ocean Eng., 32(13), 1556–1571, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2004.1 2.010.
  27. B. Di Martino and M. Peybernes, Simulation of an oil slick movement using a shallow water model. Math. Comput. Simul., vol. 76, no. 1–3, pp. 155–160, Oct. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2007.01.022.
  28. E. Deleersnijder, Revisiting Nihoul’s model for oil slicks transport and spreading on the sea. Ecol. Model., 64(1), pp. 71–75, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90051-F.
  29. U. Brönner, Ø. Johansen, F. Leirvik, T. Nordam, and K. R. Sørheim, Spreading of waxy oils on calm water. Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 135–141, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.021.