Journals / Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Views on Prosocial Behaviour of Children with Typical Development Towards Children with Special Needs

Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-10-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results of the research, it was determined that prosocial behaviors were inadequate in children's views towards children with special needs, they tended to help a peer with special needs, but they did not have enough knowledge and experience about special needs.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigated examine the opinions of typically developing preschool children regarding positive social behaviors towards children with special needs.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study group of the research consists of a total of 267 children, 140 girls and 127 boys, between the ages of four and six, who attend pre-school education institutions in Ankara in 2022-2023.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:According to the results of the research, it was determined that prosocial behaviors were inadequate in children's views towards children with special needs, they tended to help a peer with special needs, but they did not have enough knowledge and experience about special needs.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2022-2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Preschool · typical developing child · child with special needs

Abstract

This study investigated examine the opinions of typically developing preschool children regarding positive social behaviors towards children with special needs. The study was designed with the case study model, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of a total of 267 children, 140 girls and 127 boys, between the ages of four and six, who attend pre-school education institutions in Ankara in 2022-2023. In determining the study group, the “convenience sampling” method was preferred due to the post-pandemic period. The ‘Prosocial Behavior Scale for Children with Special Needs’ was used to gather the data. The research was conducted children's views were analyzed using systematic content analysis method. According to the results of the research, it was determined that prosocial behaviors were inadequate in children's views towards children with special needs, they tended to help a peer with special needs, but they did not have enough knowledge and experience about special needs. In line with the study findings, it is recommended that projects be prepared so that preschool children can learn about special needs and spend quality time with their peers.

🔖

Cite This Article

Özdemir, E., Burak, Y. (2025). Views on Prosocial Behaviour of Children with Typical Development Towards Children with Special Needs. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 14 Issue: 4. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.1694032

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (86)

  1. Ahmetoğlu, E., T. Shpendi, & İ. H. Acar. 2017. “Çocukların Özel Gereksinimli Akranlarına Karşı Tutumları:Okul Öncesi Kabul Ölçeği-Yenilenmiş Formu’nun (OÖKÖ) uyarlama çalışması [Attıtudes of Young Chıldren Towards Theır Peers wıth Dısabılıtıes: The Adaptatıon Study of The Acceptance Scale for Kındergarten- Revısed].” Turkish Studies 12 (18): 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12110
  2. Aisha, I., & D. V. S. Kaloeti. 2020. “Digital Storytelling İntervention on Prosocial Behavior İmprovement among Early Childhood.” Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 7 (2): 185-196. http://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v7i2.5713
  3. Akın, G., & S. Sani-Bozkurt. 2021. “Okul Öncesi Dönem Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Özel Gereksinimli Çocukların Bireysel Farklılıklarına ve Sosyal Kabulüne Yönelik Görüşleri [The Opinions of Typically Developed Peers in the Preschool Period on Individual Differences & Social Acceptance for the Children with Special Needs].” Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 11 (1): 226-249. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.737698
  4. Aktan-Acar, E. 2017. “Kimlikli bebeklerle farklılıklarda buluşmak: Erken çocuklukta bir düş.” In Erken çocukluk eğitimi mozaiği: Büyük düşünceler/fikirler, modeller ve yaklaşımlar, edited by E. Aktan-Acar, 285-306. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  5. Allen, M. L., Hartley, C., & K. Cain. 2015. “Do iPads promote symbolic understanding and word learning in children with autism?” Frontiers in Psychology 6: 138.
  6. Arıkan, A., G. Tomris, G. Yılmaz-Bursa, G., & D. M. Tuna. 2021. “Özel Gereksinimli Bireylere Yönelik Farkındalık Geliştirmede Okul Öncesi Çocuk Kitaplarımız Nitelikli mi? [How is the Quality of Preschool Children's Books in Raising Awareness About Individuals with Special Needs?].” Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi 9 (1): 19-44. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.797738
  7. Aydın, M. Ş. 2021. “13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması [Prosocial Behaviors in 13 to 70 months old Children: A Naturalistic Observation Study].” Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41 (2): 673-709. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096.
  8. Aydın, M. Ş., & E. Acun. 2018. “Küçük Çocuklar Başkalarının İhtiyacını Gözeterek Yardım Ederler [Young Chıldren Help by Lookıng Out for The Needs of Others].” Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi 6 (12): 51-67. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-06-12-03
  9. Aydınalp, H. 2020. “Birlikte Yaşama Kültürünün Sosyolojik Çerçevesi.” In Birlikte Yaşamanın İmkanı, edited by M. Düzce & R. Akkır, 23-47. Ankara: Otto Yayınları.
  10. Badar-Shaukat, D. F. A. 2024. “The Evolving Nature of Family Structures and their Impact on Child Development.” Research Journal of Human and Social Aspects 2 (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0563-5
  11. Baggio, G. 2017. “The concept of" behavior" in psychology, epistemology, and economics. Starting from GH Mead.” Paradıgmı (15):119-133. https://doi.org/10.3280/PARA2016-003008
  12. Bağcı, B., & A. Samur. 2016. “Çocuk Ve Yetişkin Prososyallik Ölçeklerinin Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması [Validity and Reliability Study of Prosocialness Scales for Children and Adults].” Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (3): 59-79.
  13. Bakkaloğlu, H., Özbek A. B., & N. B. Sucuoğlu. 2020. “Okul öncesi bütünleştirmede özel gereksinimli ve tipik gelişen çocukların sosyal kabulleri: Boylamsal bir çalışma. [Social acceptence of children with and without special needs in inclusive preschools: A longitidunal study].” Erken Çocukluk Çalışmaları Dergisi 4 (3): 369-391. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967202042240
  14. Blaskova, L. J., & J. L. Gibson.2024. “Exploring Concepts of Friendship Formation in Children with Language Disorder Using A Qualitative Framework Analysis.” International journal of language & communication disorders 59 (4): 1578-1598. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.13021
  15. Boer, A., S. J. Pijl, Post W., & A. Minnaert. 2013. “Peer Acceptance and Friendships of Students with Disabilities in General Education: The Role of Child, Peer, and Classroom Variables.” Social Development 22 (4): 831-844. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00670.x
  16. Burak, Y., & E. Özdemir. 2023. Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğünde Sosyal Duygusal Gelişim. In Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü, edited by M. Balcı, 189-211. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  17. Burak, Y., Acar, İ., & E. Özdemir. 2023. “Özel Gereksinimli Çocuğa Karşı Prososyal Davranış Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması [The Reliability and Validity Study of Prosocial Behaviors toward Children with Special Needs Scale].” Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (2): 153-174. https://doi.org/10.52826/mcbuefd.1340019.
  18. Büyüköztürk, Ş., E. K. Çakmak, Ö. E. Akgün, Karadeniz Ş., & F. Demirel. 2014. Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  19. Cade, J. 2023. “Child-centered pedagogy: Guided play-based learning for preschool children with special needs.” Cogent Education 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2276476
  20. Carlo, G., & L. Padilla‐Walker. 2020. “Adolescents’ prosocial behaviors through a multidimensional and multicultural lens.” Child Development Perspectives 14 (4): 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12391
  21. Coelho, L., N. Torres, Fernandes C., & A. J. Santos. 2017. “Quality of Play, Social Acceptance and Reciprocal Friendship in Preschool Children.” European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25 (6): 812-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1380879
  22. Cutler, J., J. P. Nitschke, Lamm C., & P. L. Lockwood. 2021. “Older Adults Across The Globe Exhibit Increased Prosocial Behavior but also Greater In-Group Preferences.” Nature Aging 1 (10): 880-888.
  23. Çiftçi, Y. 2021. “Yukarı Mezopotamya Bölgesi, Başlangıcından Neolitik Çağ'ın Sonuna Kadar Anıtsal Yapıların Kültürel, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bağlamda Değerlendirilmesi.” Doctoral dissertation, The University of Van Yüzüncü Yıl.
  24. Dahl, A. 2018. “How, not whether: contributions of others in the development of infant helping.” Current opinion in psychology 20: 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.038
  25. Dahl, A., & C. A. Brownell. 2019. “The Social Origins of Human Prosociality.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 28 (3): 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419830386
  26. Demetriou, K. 2021. “Intentions of children without disabilities to form friendship with peers with physical disability: a small scale study.” Early Child Development and Care 191 (13): 2141-2157.
  27. Dunfield, K. A. 2014. “A construct divided: Prosocial behavior as helping, sharing, and comforting subtypes.” Frontiers in psychology 5, 958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00958
  28. Eggum-Wilkens, N., R. Fabes, S. Castle, L. Zhang, Hanish L., & C. Martin. 2014. “Playing with others: Head Start children’s peer play and relations with kindergarten school competence.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29 (3): 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.04.008
  29. Erdoğan, F. K., & S. Baş. 2018. “Özel gereksinimli birey farkındalığının 4-6 yaş çocuklarına kazandırılması [Bringing Special Needs İndividual Awareness to 4-6 Aged Children].” Yaratıcı Drama Dergisi 13 (1): 101-114. https://doi.org/10.21612/yader.2018.007
  30. Escrig-Espuig, J. M., Martí-Vilar M., & F. González-Sala. 2023. “Criminal thinking: Exploring its relationship with prosocial behavior, emotional intelligence and cultural dimensions.” Anuario de Psicología Jurídica 33, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2022a2
  31. Favazza, P., M. M. Ostrosky, Mouzourou C., & L.Van Lulling. 2016. The Making Friends program: Supporting acceptance in your K-2 classroom. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.
  32. Ferreira, M., C. Aguiar, N. Correia, Fialho M., & J. S. Pimentel. 2017. “Social Experiences of Children with Disabilities in Inclusive Portuguese Preschool Settings.” Journal of Early Intervention 39 (1): 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053815116679414
  33. Forrest, C. L., Gibson J. L., & M. C. St Clair. 2021. “Social Functioning as a Mediator between Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Emotional Problems in Adolescents.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (3): 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031221
  34. Garrote, A. 2017. “The Relationship between Social Participation and Social Skills of Pupils with an İntellectual Disability: A study in inclusive classrooms.” Frontline Learning Research, 5 (1): 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i1.266
  35. Gilbert, P., J. Basran, MacArthur M., & J. N. Kirby. 2019. “Differences in The Semantics of Prosocial Words: an Exploration of Compassion and Kindness.” Mindfulness 10 (11): 2259-2271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01191-x
  36. Girard, L. C., J. B. Pingault, O. Doyle, Falissard B., & R. E. Tremblay. 2017. “Expressive Language and Prosocial Behaviour in Early Childhood: Longitudinal Associations in the UK Millennium Cohort Study.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 14 (4): 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1215300
  37. Gryczkowski, M., Jordan S. S., & S. H. Mercer. 2018. “Moderators of The Relations between Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Practices and Children’s Prosocial Behavior.” Child Psychiatry & Human Development 49 (3): 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0759-3
  38. Gülay-Ogelman, H. 2018. Okul öncesi dönemde akran ilişkileri. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  39. Gürbüz, S., & F. Şahin. 2015. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: Felsefe-yöntem-analiz. Ankara: Seçkin.
  40. Hammond, S. I., E. Al-Jbouri, V. Edwards& L. E. Feltham. 2017. “Infant Helping in The First Year of life: Parents’ recollection of infants’ Earliest Prosocial Behaviors.” Infant Behavior and Development (47): 54-57.
  41. Hay, D. F., Payne A., & A. Chadwick. 2004. “Peer relations in childhood.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 (1): 84-108. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021- 9630.2003.00308.x
  42. Holvoet, C., Scola, C., Arciszewski, T., & Picard, D. 2016.“Infants' preference for prosocial behaviors: A literature review.” Infant behavior & development 45 (Pt B): 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.10.008.
  43. Ilari, B., Helfter S., & T. Huynh. 2020. “Associations between musical participation and young children’s prosocial behaviors.” Journal of Research in Music Education 67 (4): 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224294198781
  44. Jang, H., & P. C. Tan. 2024. Inclusive education in action: Singapore teachers’ efficacy in early childhood and primary school education. Education 3-13, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2024.2410948.
  45. Jeitler, M., Högl M., Peters A., Schumann D., Murthy V., Bringmann H.,. & C. S. Kessler. 2020. “Qualitative study of yoga for Young adults in school sports.” Complementary therapies in medicine 55, 102584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102584
  46. Karadağ, F., Yıldız-Demirtaş V., & A. Girli. 2014. “Okul öncesi dönemde akranların sınıflarındaki özel gereksinimli öğrenciyi tercih etme durumları.” Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 1 (31):191-215. https://doi.org/10.21764/efd.24605
  47. Karaman, N. N., Tatlı S., & M. Yavuzekinci. 2017. “İletişim derslerinin empatik eğilim ve prososyal davranışlar üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi [An Investıgatıon on The Effect of Communıcatıon Courses on Empathıc Tendency and Prosocıal Behavıors].” Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 10 (2): 91-104.
  48. Kemp, C. R. 2016. “Early Childhood Inclusion in Australia.” Infants & Young Children 29 (3): 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000062
  49. Kirschner, S., & M. Tomasello. 2010. “Joint music making promotes prosocial behavior in 4-year-old children.” Evolution And Human Behavior 31 (5): 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.04.004
  50. Laws, G., & E. Kelly. 2005. “The attitudes and friendship intentions of children in United Kingdom mainstream schools towards peers with physical or intellectual disabilities.” International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 52 (2): 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10349120500086298
  51. Lu, C., Huang Z., & Y. E. 2023. “Peer trust and prosocial behavior among rural left-behind adolescents: The negative moderating role of hope.” Journal of Moral Education 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2023.2220934
  52. Lukačıková, M. 2011. “Prosocial behaviour of adolescent in school and after-school environment.” Education And Healthcare 21, 211-216.
  53. Menteş, H. S. 2020. “Otizm spektrum bozukluğuna sahip bir çocuğun okul öncesi kaynaştırma sınıfındaki akran ilişkilerinin incelenmesi.” Master dissertation, Çukurova Üniversitesi.
  54. Odom, S. L., Buysse V., & E. Soukakou. 2011. “Inclusion for young children with disabilities: Aquarter century of research perspectives.” Journal of Early Intervention 33 (4): 344-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815111430094
  55. Oliveira, R., Arriaga, P., Santos, F. P., Mascarenhas, S., & Paiva, A. 2021. “Towards prosocial design: A scoping review of the use of robots and virtual agents to trigger prosocial behaviour.” Computers in Human Behavior 114, 106547.
  56. Ostrosky, M. M., Mouzourou, C., Dorsey, E. A., Favazza, P. C., & Leboeuf, L. M. 2015. “Pick a book,any book: Using children’s books to support positive attitudes toward peers with disabilities.” Young Exceptional Children 18 (1): 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096250613512666
  57. Özcan, U. (2022). Sosyolojide toplumsal değer ve norm kavramlarına yeniden bir bakış. Sosyologca, (23), 19-31.
  58. Özdemir, E., & Y. Burak. 2023. Okul öncesi dönem çocukların özel gereksinimli çocuğa karşı prososyal davranışları ile akran kabulleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası V. Çocuk Gelişimi Kongresi. 262-263. Ankara: Türkiye Hedef Yayıncılık.
  59. Patel, S., & S. Singh. 2024. Inclusive or exclusionary? A study of representation of disability in Indian primary school textbooks. Education 3-13, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2024.2412696
  60. Paulus M. 2020. “Is young children's helping affected by helpees' need? Preschoolers, but not infants selectively help needy others.” Psychological research 84 (5): 1440–1450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01148-8.
  61. Paulus, M., Kühn-Popp, N., Licata, M., Sodian, B., & Meinhardt, J. 2013. “Neural correlates of prosocial behavior in infancy: different neurophysiological mechanisms support the emergence of helping and comforting.” NeuroImage, 66, 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.04.
  62. Paz, Y., Davidov, M., Orlitsky, T., Hayut, M., Roth-Hanania, R., & Zahn-Waxler, C. 2023. “Prosocial behavior in toddlerhood and early childhood: Consistency across subtypes and over time.” Frontiers in psychology 14, 950160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.950160
  63. Peter, J., Kühne R., & A. Barco. 2021. “Can social robots affect children's prosocial behavior? An experimental study on prosocial robot models.” Computers in Human Behavior 120, 106712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106712
  64. Redondo-Pacheco, J., Inglés-Saura, C. J., Parra-Galvis, L. K., Nieto-Barroso, L. M., & Navarro-Galvis, M. L. 2016. “Prosocial behavior: Theoretical perspectives.” International Journal of Psychology Research 11 (3/4): 299-320.
  65. Salı, G. 2014. “Okulöncesi Dönem Çocuklarında Akran İlişkilerinin ve Akran Şiddetine Maruz Kalmanın Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi [An Examination of Peer Relationships And Exposure to Peer Violence Among Pre-School Children in Terms of Different Variables].” Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal 43 (2): 195-216. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.2014.020
  66. Shpendi-Şirin, T., & E. Ahmetoğlu. 2024. “The Making Friends Program: Impact on Social Acceptance in Inclusive Preschool Settings.” The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 33, 1189–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00789-z
  67. Siqi, X. 2021. “The effect of music training on prosocial behavioral tendencies of preschool children.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Yunnan Normal.
  68. Sommerville, J. A., Enright, E. A., Horton, R. O., Lucca, K., Sitch, M. J., & Kirchner-Adelhart, S. 2018. “Infants' prosocial behavior is governed by cost-benefit analyses.” Cognition 177: 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.021
  69. Stordeur, D. 2012. "Les villages et L’organisation des Groupes au Néolithique Preceramique A. L’exemple de Jerf El Ahmar, Syrie du Nord. In Du Village Néolithique a la Ville Syro-Mesopotamienne, edited by J.L. Montero Fenollos, 35-54. Espagne: Soc. Luso Gallega Est. Mesopotamıcos.
  70. Sun, J., Liu, J., Liu, M., Feng, Y., & Li, Y. 2023. “Maternal Warmth and Prosocial Behaviors Among Chinese Preschool Children: The Roles of Social Competence Sibling Presence.” Early Education and Development 35 (4): 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2023.2200338
  71. Taş, S. 2020. “Emıle durkheım’ın sosyolojik anlayışında toplumsal işbölümü, sosyolojik yöntemin kuralları, din, anomi ve intihar [Socıal Dıvısıon of Labor, The Rules of Socıologıcal Method, Relıgıon, Anomy and Suıcıde In Emıle Durkheım’s Socıology].” Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi 13 (29): 442-449. https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.679079
  72. Terzioğlu, N. K. 2022. “Özel Eğitimde Akran Zorbalığı: Öğretmen Görüşlerine Dayalı Nitel Bir Çalışma [Peer Bullying in Special Education: AQualitative Study Based on Teachers' Opinions].” Turkish Journal of Special Education Research and Practice, 4 (1): 64-90. https://doi.org/10.37233/TRSPED.2022.0123
  73. Thielmann, I., Spadaro G., & D. Balliet. 2020. “Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin, 146 (1): 30-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000217
  74. Webb, B., Hine, A. C., & Bailey, P. E. 2016. “Difficulty in differentiating trustworthiness from untrustworthiness in older age.” Developmental Psychology, 52 (6): 985–995. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000126
  75. Woodgate, R. L., Gonzalez, M., Demczuk, L., Snow, W. M., Barriage, S., & Kirk, S. 2019. “How dopeers promote social inclusion of children with disabilities? A mixed-methods systematic review.” Disability and Rehabilitation 1 (27): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1561955
  76. Yao, Z., & R. Enright. 2020. “Belief in altruistic human nature and prosocial behavior: A serial mediation analysis.” Ethics & Behavior 30 (2): 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2019.1591963
  77. Yu, S., Ostrosky M. M., & S. A. Fowler. 2014. “The relationship between preschoolers’ attitudes and play behaviors toward classmates with disabilities.” Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35 (1): 40-51. https://doi:10.1177/0271121414554432
  78. Yüceol, G., Aytaç B., & Z. Uçanok. 2020. “Erken Dönem Olumlu Sosyal Davranış Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlaması ve psikometrik özellikleri [The Adaptation of Early Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire (EPBQ) into Turkısh and Its Psychometric Properties].” Nesne Dergisi, 8 (16): 82-94. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-16-06
  79. Zakai-Mashiach, M., Dromi E., & M. Al-Yagon. 2020. “Social inclusion of preschool children with ASD: The role of typical peers.” The Journal of Special Education 00 (0): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022466920926132
  80. Zhu, Y., Zhang G., & T. Anme. 2023. “Intergenerational associations of adverse and positive maternal childhood experiences with young children’s psychosocial well-being.” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 14 (1): 2185414. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2185414
  81. Zorbaz, S., Arıkan İ., & S. Gül. 2022. Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarında akranlar tarafından dışlanmanın yordayıcıları. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi 12 (1): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.884775.
  82. Blaskova, L. J., & J. L. Gibson.2024. “Exploring Concepts of Friendship Formation in Children with Language Disorder Using A Qualitative Framework Analysis.” International journal of language & communication disorders 59 (4): 1578-1598. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.13021
  83. Jeitler, M., Högl M., Peters A., Schumann D., Murthy V., Bringmann H.,. & C. S. Kessler. 2020. “Qualitative study of yoga for Young adults in school sports.” Complementary therapies in medicine 55, 102584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102584
  84. Oliveira, R., Arriaga, P., Santos, F. P., Mascarenhas, S., & Paiva, A. 2021. “Towards prosocial design: A scoping review of the use of robots and virtual agents to trigger prosocial behaviour.” Computers in Human Behavior 114, 106547.
  85. Paulus, M., Kühn-Popp, N., Licata, M., Sodian, B., & Meinhardt, J. 2013. “Neural correlates of prosocial behavior in infancy: different neurophysiological mechanisms support the emergence of helping and comforting.” NeuroImage, 66, 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.04.
  86. Zorbaz, S., Arıkan İ., & S. Gül. 2022. Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarında akranlar tarafından dışlanmanın yordayıcıları. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi 12 (1): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.884775.