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Journals / Research in Agricultural Sciences / 2026 / Volume: 57 Issue: 1

Determination of Antifungal Activities of Some Plant Fixed and Essential Oils Against Three Penicillium Species

Bazı Bitkisel Sabit ve Uçucu Yağların Üç Penicillium Türüne Karşı Antifungal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Ahsen Özdemir(TRAKYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ)0009-0001-6199-9888
Gülçin Özcan Ateş(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu)0000-0002-8467-2378
Burhan Şen(TRAKYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-8477-9570
Pages
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Publication Date
2025-12-24
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, plant fixed, and essential oils can act as natural antifungal agents.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Some members of the Penicillium genus are storage molds that cause spoilage of agricultural products during storage and distribution.
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Key Findings & Data:Therefore, in this study, the antifungal activities of 135 plant fixed and essential oils against Penicillium digitatum (CECT 2954), Penicillium italicum (CECT 2294), and Penicillium notatum (NRRL 807) were evaluated using agar well diffusion, microdilution, and radial growth inhibition methods.
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Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, plant fixed, and essential oils can act as natural antifungal agents.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Antifungal activity · Essential oil · Penicillium

Abstract

Some members of the Penicillium genus are storage molds that cause spoilage of agricultural products during storage and distribution. It is crucial to control Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, which are green-blue molds that cause spoilage, especially of citrus fruits, during storage. While synthetic chemical preservatives can be used for this purpose, the increasing concern over synthetic chemicals and the rising consumer interest in natural products make it important to explore alternative natural options for protecting products during storage. Therefore, in this study, the antifungal activities of 135 plant fixed and essential oils against Penicillium digitatum (CECT 2954), Penicillium italicum (CECT 2294), and Penicillium notatum (NRRL 807) were evaluated using agar well diffusion, microdilution, and radial growth inhibition methods. Nine oils showed antifungal activity against the tested Penicillium species using the agar well diffusion method. Thyme oil (77) demonstrated both MIC and MFC values of 1 μL/mL and exhibited fungicidal activity. Lemon oil (84) and peppermint oil (93, 94) were found to have MIC values of 1 μL/mL and MFC values of 20 μL/mL, respectively, and exhibited fungistatic properties. When the effect of thyme oil on the radial growth of Penicillium species was examined over 21 days, it was observed that 100% inhibition was achieved, while the effects of lemon and peppermint oils decreased over time. In conclusion, plant fixed, and essential oils can act as natural antifungal agents. However, their effectiveness may decrease over time during storage due to the volatility of their components. As a result, creating various controlled release or delivery systems is essential.

Özet

Penicilium cinsinin bazı üyeleri depo küfü olup, tarımsal ürünlerin depolama ve taşıma sürecinde bozulmaya neden olmaktadır. Yeşil-mavi küf olan ve depolama sürecinde özellikle narenciye ürünlerinin bozulmasına neden olan Penicillium digitatum ve Penicillium italicum türlerinin kontrol altına alınması oldukça önemlidir. Bu amaçla sentetik kimyasal koruyucular kullanılabilmekle birlikte, günümüzde sentetik kimyasal maddelerin kullanılmasına yönelik tepkilerin artması ve tüketicilerin doğal ürünlere olan ilgisinin artması nedeniyle depolama sürecinde ürünlerin korunması amacıyla alternatif doğal ürünlerin araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Penicillium digitatum (CECT 2954), Penicillium italicum (CECT 2294) ve Penicillium notatum (NRRL 807) türlerine karşı 135 adet bitki sabit ve esansiyel yağının antifungal etkileri agar kuyu difüzyon, mikrodilüsyon ve radyal büyüme inhibisyonu yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. 9 tane yağın agar kuyu difüzyon yöntemiyle test edilen Penicillium türlerine karşı antifungal aktiviteye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle test edilen kekik yağının (77) hem MİK hem de MFK değerinin 1 μL/mL olduğu ve fungisidal aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Test edilen limon yağı (84), nane yağı (93) ve nane yağı (94)’nın ise MİK değerinin 1 μL/mL iken MFK değerinin 20 μL/mL fungistatik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kekik yağının 21. gün süre ile test edilen Penicillium türlerinin radyal büyümesine olan etkisi incelendiğinde ise %100 inhibisyon sağladığı, buna karşın limon ve nane yağlarının zamanla etkilerinde azalma gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bitki sabit ve esansiyel yağları doğal antifungal ajanlar olarak kullanılabilir, fakat sahip oldukları uçucu bileşenler nedeniyle etkinlikleri depolama sürecinde azalabilir. Bu nedenle kontrollü salınım sağlayan veya taşıyıcı farklı sistemlerin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

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Cite This Article

Özdemir, A., Ateş, G. Ö., Şen, B. (2025). Determination of Antifungal Activities of Some Plant Fixed and Essential Oils Against Three Penicillium Species. Research in Agricultural Sciences, Volume: 57 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.17097/agricultureatauni.1748639

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