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Journals / Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bilimi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Experimental Models of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury: Animal Species, Organ-Specific Approaches, Molecular Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

İSKEMİ-REPERFÜZYON HASARININ DENEYSEL MODELLERİ: HAYVAN TÜRLERİ, ORGANA ÖZGÜ YAKLAŞIMLAR, MOLEKÜLER BİYOBELİRTEÇLER VE TERAPÖTİK HEDEFLER

Hikmet Özgün İşcan(ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5786-9247
Abdurrahman Aksoy(ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, VETERİNER PR.)0000-0001-9486-312X
Pages
193–205
Publication Date
2026-09-23
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Greater standardisation of experimental design, transparent reporting, and incorporation of animal welfare and bias-reduction measures are necessary to improve reproducibility and clinical translation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury results from the combined effects of restricted tissue perfusion and potentially damaging consequences of blood flow restoration.
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Key Findings & Data:Experimental animal models are essential for investigating the cellular and molecular events underlying I/R injury; however, their outcomes are strongly influenced by the species, target organ, method and duration of vascular occlusion/ligation/clamping, reperfusion interval, anaesthetic protocol, sampling time, and analytical approach.
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Conclusion & Impact:Greater standardisation of experimental design, transparent reporting, and incorporation of animal welfare and bias-reduction measures are necessary to improve reproducibility and clinical translation.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:biyobelirteçler · deneysel modeller · iskemi

Abstract

Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury results from the combined effects of restricted tissue perfusion and potentially damaging consequences of blood flow restoration. Experimental animal models are essential for investigating the cellular and molecular events underlying I/R injury; however, their outcomes are strongly influenced by the species, target organ, method and duration of vascular occlusion/ligation/clamping, reperfusion interval, anaesthetic protocol, sampling time, and analytical approach. This narrative review examines commonly used cardiac, cerebral, hepatic, renal, intestinal, pulmonary, spinal cord, and skeletal-muscle I/R models, with emphasis on their methodological characteristics and translational limitations. It also critically evaluates biomarkers and mechanistic endpoints associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ionic dysregulation, autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Conventional measures—including malondialdehyde, antioxidant-enzyme activities, cytokines, caspases, and histopathological scores—remain widely used but often lack organ specificity and are highly dependent on sampling time and assay methodology. Emerging approaches based on microRNAs, metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and mitochondrial functional measurements may improve mechanistic resolution, although most candidate markers require independent and cross-species validation. Reliable interpretation therefore requires the integration of molecular, biochemical, functional, and histological outcomes rather than reliance on a single marker. Greater standardisation of experimental design, transparent reporting, and incorporation of animal welfare and bias-reduction measures are necessary to improve reproducibility and clinical translation.

Özet

İskemi ve reperfüzyon (I/R) hasarı, doku perfüzyonunun kısıtlanmasının etkileri ile kan akışının yeniden sağlanmasının olası zararlı sonuçlarının birleşiminden kaynaklanır. Deneysel hayvan modelleri, I/R hasarının temelindeki hücresel ve moleküler olayların araştırılmasında vazgeçilmez araçlardır; ancak bu modellerden elde edilen sonuçlar, kullanılan tür, hedef organ, vasküler oklüzyonun yöntemi ve süresi, reperfüzyon aralığı, anestezi protokolü, örnekleme zamanı ve analitik yaklaşım gibi birçok faktörden önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu derleme, yaygın olarak kullanılan kardiyak, serebral, hepatik, renal, intestinal, pulmoner, omurilik ve iskelet kası I/R modellerini metodolojik özellikleri ve translasyonel sınırlılıkları açısından incelemektedir. Ayrıca oksidatif ve nitrozatif stres, inflamasyon, mitokondriyal disfonksiyon, iyonik düzensizlik, otofaji, apoptoz, nekroptoz, piroptoz ve ferroptoz ile ilişkili biyobelirteçler ve mekanistik sonlanım noktaları eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmektedir. Malondialdehit, antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri, sitokinler, kaspazlar, serum enzimleri ve histopatolojik skorlar gibi geleneksel ölçütler yaygın olarak kullanılmaya devam etmekle birlikte, çoğu zaman organ özgüllüğünden yoksundur ve örnekleme zamanı ile analiz yöntemine yüksek derecede bağımlıdır. MikroRNA’lar, metabolomik, proteomik, lipidomik ve mitokondriyal fonksiyon ölçümlerine dayanan yeni yaklaşımlar mekanistik çözünürlüğü artırma potansiyeline sahip olmakla birlikte, aday belirteçlerin büyük çoğunluğu bağımsız ve türler arası doğrulamaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu nedenle güvenilir yorumlama, tek bir belirtece dayanmak yerine moleküler, biyokimyasal, fonksiyonel ve histolojik sonuçların bütüncül biçimde değerlendirilmesini gerektirir. Tekrarlanabilirliğin ve klinik uygulamaya aktarılabilirliğin artırılması için deneysel tasarımın daha fazla standardize edilmesi, şeffaf raporlama uygulamalarının benimsenmesi ve hayvan refahı ile yanlılığı azaltmaya yönelik önlemlerin araştırmalara entegre edilmesi gerekmektedir.

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Cite This Article

İşcan, H. Ö., Aksoy, A. (2026). Experimental Models of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury: Animal Species, Organ-Specific Approaches, Molecular Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bilimi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 193–205. https://doi.org/10.62425/jlasp.1980645

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