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Journals / İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURES: THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY AND JAPAN

SAĞLIK HARCAMALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: ABD, ALMANYA VE JAPONYA ÖRNEĞİ

Merve Bayraktar(İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, DIŞ TİCARET BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-4333-4724
Canan Bulut(İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5092-5261
Pages
235–249
Publication Date
2025-12-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Germany and Japan achieve better health outcomes with lower overall spending.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose: This study compares the healthcare expenditures and financing models of the United States (USA), Germany, and Japan to examine structural differences related to healthcare access and key health indicators.
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Key Findings & Data:Rather than measuring causal impact, it provides a comparative assessment of how spending levels and financing structures relate to health system performance.
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Conclusion & Impact:Germany and Japan achieve better health outcomes with lower overall spending.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Sağlık Harcamaları · Sağlık Finansmanı · Evrensel Sağlık Sigortası

Abstract

Purpose: This study compares the healthcare expenditures and financing models of the United States (USA), Germany, and Japan to examine structural differences related to healthcare access and key health indicators. Rather than measuring causal impact, it provides a comparative assessment of how spending levels and financing structures relate to health system performance. Method: Descriptive statistical and comparative analyses were conducted using data from the OECD, World Bank, and World Health Organization (WHO). Key indicators include per capita healthcare expenditure, the share of healthcare spending in GDP, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, health insurance coverage, and out-of-pocket expenditure rates. Findings: The USA exhibits the highest per capita healthcare spending but lags behind Germany and Japan in outcomes such as life expectancy and infant mortality. Germany and Japan achieve better health outcomes with lower overall spending. The USA’s predominantly private insurance model and higher out-of-pocket payments contribute to inequities in healthcare access. Conclusion: High expenditure alone does not guarantee superior health outcomes. Publicly financed universal insurance systems demonstrate greater cost-effectiveness and equity. Policymakers should focus on the governance of resources and sustainability of financing mechanisms rather than solely on spending levels.

Özet

Öz Amaç: Bu çalışma, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Almanya ve Japonya'nın sağlık harcamaları ve finansman modellerini karşılaştırarak, bu sistemlerin temel sağlık göstergeleri ve hizmetlere erişim ile ilişkili yapısal farklılıklarını değerlendirmektedir. Araştırma, harcama düzeyi ile sağlık sistemi performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemekte ve farklı finansman yaklaşımlarının güçlü ve sınırlı yönlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Yöntem: OECD, Dünya Bankası ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) verileri kullanılarak betimsel istatistiksel ve karşılaştırmalı analiz yapılmıştır. Kişi başına sağlık harcaması, sağlık harcamalarının GSYİH içindeki payı, beklenen yaşam süresi, bebek ölüm oranı, sağlık sigortası kapsamı ve cepten yapılan harcama oranı gibi göstergeler incelenmiştir. Bulgular: ABD, kişi başına sağlık harcamasında en yüksek seviyeye sahip olmasına karşın, beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranı gibi göstergelerde Almanya ve Japonya'nın gerisinde kalmıştır. Almanya ve Japonya ise daha düşük harcama ile daha iyi sağlık çıktıları sunmaktadır. ABD’de özel sigorta temelli sistem ve yüksek cepten ödeme oranı erişim eşitsizliklerine yol açmaktadır. Sonuç: Yalnızca harcama miktarının yüksekliği, daha iyi sağlık çıktıları sağlamamaktadır. Kamu finansmanına dayalı evrensel sigorta sistemleri, maliyet etkinliği ve kapsayıcılık açısından daha dengeli sonuçlar vermektedir. Politika yapıcılar için kaynakların yönetimi ve finansman mekanizmalarının sürdürülebilirliği, harcama seviyesinden daha kritik bir unsurdur.

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Cite This Article

Bayraktar, M., Bulut, C. (2025). COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTH EXPENDITURES: THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY AND JAPAN. İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.61349/iesbad.1833274

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