Journals / Diplomasi ve Strateji Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 13

Intra-ethnic Rivalry and Narrative: Rivalry Between PJAK and PDKI in Iran

Etnik Grup-İç Rekabet ve Anlatı: İran'da PJAK ve İKDP Rekabeti

Pages
48–77
Publication Date
2026-07-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Research findings reveal that while PDKI maintains a traditional nationalist line based on democratic socialism and historical precedence narratives, PJAK has developed a radical narrative grounded in jineology and democratic confederalism.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Competition among ethnic-separatist armed groups constitutes a significant research area in the literature on intra-ethnic rivalry.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This study examines the narrative rivalry between the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), both operating within the Iranian Kurdish political movement.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Research findings reveal that while PDKI maintains a traditional nationalist line based on democratic socialism and historical precedence narratives, PJAK has developed a radical narrative grounded in jineology and democratic confederalism.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:etnik grup · rekabet · pjak

Abstract

Competition among ethnic-separatist armed groups constitutes a significant research area in the literature on intra-ethnic rivalry. This study examines the narrative rivalry between the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), both operating within the Iranian Kurdish political movement. Employing a comparative methodology, the study analyses the ideological foundations, leadership structures, claims of ethnic group representation, and political objectives of both organisations. Research findings reveal that while PDKI maintains a traditional nationalist line based on democratic socialism and historical precedence narratives, PJAK has developed a radical narrative grounded in jineology and democratic confederalism. These narrative differences shape both organisations' claims to be the "ideal representative" and "protector" of Iranian Kurds, constituting the fundamental dynamic of intra-ethnic rivalry.

Özet

Etnik-ayrılıkçı silahlı gruplar arasındaki rekabet, etnik grup içi rekabet literatüründe önemli bir araştırma alanı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, her ikisi de İran Kürt siyasi hareketi içinde faaliyet gösteren İran Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi (İKDP) ve Kürdistan Özgür Yaşam Partisi (PJAK) arasındaki anlatısal rekabeti incelemektedir. Karşılaştırmalı bir metodoloji kullanan çalışma, her iki örgütün ideolojik temellerini, liderlik yapılarını, etnik grup temsili iddialarını ve siyasi hedeflerini analiz etmektedir. Araştırma bulguları, İKDP'nin demokratik sosyalizm ve tarihsel öncelik anlatılarına dayalı geleneksel bir milliyetçi çizgiyi sürdürürken, PJAK'ın jineoloji ve demokratik konfederalizm temelinde radikal bir anlatı geliştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu anlatısal farklılıklar, her iki örgütün de İran Kürtlerinin "ideal temsilcisi" ve "koruyucusu" olma iddialarını şekillendirmekte ve etnik gruplar arası rekabetin temel dinamiğini oluşturmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Balcı, Ç. (2026). Intra-ethnic Rivalry and Narrative: Rivalry Between PJAK and PDKI in Iran. Diplomasi ve Strateji Dergisi, Sayı: 13, 48–77. https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1885066

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (55)

  1. Ahmadzadeh, Hashem and Gareth Stansfield. 2010. “The Political, Cultural, and Military Re-Awakening of the Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Iran.” Middle East Journal 64 (1): 11–27. https://doi.org/10.3751/64.1.11
  2. Al-Ali, Nadje and Isabel Käser. 2020. “Beyond Feminism? Jineolojî and the Kurdish Women’s Freedom Movement.” Politics & Gender 18 (1): 212–243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000501
  3. Aleviansiklopedisi. n.d. “Ahl-e Haqq (Yarsanism).” Alevi Ansiklopedisi. Accessed: 18.02.2026. https://www.aleviansiklopedisi.com/en/madde-x/ahl-e-haqq-yarsanism-7990/.
  4. ANF. 2022a. “A Ten-Dimensional Revolution Project from KJAR.” https://firatnews.com/kurdistan/kjar-dan-10-boyutlu-bir-devrim-projesi-177521.
  5. ANF. 2022b. “Declaration from PJAK.” https://firatnews.com/kurdistan/pjak-tan-Iran-ve-rojhilat-taki-serhildan-icin-deklarasyon-176699.
  6. Bakke, Kristin M., Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham and Lee J. M. Seymour. 2012. “A Plague of Initials: Fragmentation, Cohesion, and Infighting in Civil Wars.” Perspectives on Politics 10 (2): 265–283.
  7. Balcı, Ç. 2022. “The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran as a Leading Actor in the Iranian Kurdish Political Movement.” Ulisa: International Studies Journal 6 (1): 18–32.
  8. Balcı, Ç. 2024. “Terrorist Organisations and the Instrumentalisation of Social Movements: PKK/PJAK and the Jin, Jiyan, Azadi Campaign in Iran.” Journal of Turkish-Iranian Studies 3 (6): 1–20.
  9. Barkey, Henri J. and Graham E. Fuller. 1998. Turkey’s Kurdish Question. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  10. Blanchard, C. M. 2026. “Iranian Kurds and Possible Support.” Congressional Research Service, IF13172. Accessed: 07.03.2026. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13172.
  11. Brass, Paul R. 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  12. Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  13. Bruinessen, Maarten van. 1992. Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books.
  14. Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  15. Wolfe, Lisa Reynolds. 2012. “The White Revolution in Iran.” Cold War Studies. Accessed: 13.01.2026. https://coldwarstudies.com/2012/05/30/the-white-revolution-in-iran/.
  16. Conrad, Justin, Kevin T. Greene and Brian J. Phillips. 2023. “Introducing ViNSAR: Dyadic Data on Violent Non-State Actor Rivalry.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 68 (9): 1884–1908. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027231208708
  17. Conrad, Justin, Kevin T. Greene, Brian J. Phillips and S. Daly. 2021. “Competition from Within: Ethnicity, Power, and Militant Group Rivalry.” Defence and Peace Economics 32 (6): 757–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2021.1951595
  18. Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher, Kristin M. Bakke and Lee J. M. Seymour. 2012. “Shirts Today, Skins Tomorrow: Dual Contests and the Effects of Fragmentation in Self-Determination Disputes.” Journal of
  19. Conflict Resolution 56 (1): 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711429697 Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. 2011. “Divide and Conquer or Divide and Concede: How Do States Respond to Internally Divided Challengers?” American Political Science Review 105 (2): 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000013
  20. Ghaderi, Farangis. 2023. “Jin, Jiyan, Azadi and the Historical Erasure of Kurds.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 55: 718–723. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074382300137X
  21. Ghazanjani, Mehri. 2020. “The Making and Unmaking of Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism in Iran.” Thesis (PhD), McGill University.
  22. Haner, Murat, Francis T. Cullen and Michael L. Benson. 2019. “Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism.” International Criminal Justice Review 30 (3): 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567719826632.
  23. Hassaniyan, Allan. 2021. Kurdish Politics in Iran: Crossborder Interactions and Mobilisation since 1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009029971.
  24. Home Office. 2025. “Country Policy and Information Note: Kurds and Kurdish Political Groups, Iran.” Accessed: 21.10.2025. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/iran-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-kurds-and-kurdish-political-groups-iran-october-2025-accessible.
  25. Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  26. Jindergi. 2023. “Jin, Jiyan, Azadî: Kürdistan’ın dört parçasında direnen Kürt kadınları.” Accessed: 15.09.2025. https://jindergi.com/ceviri/jin-jiyan-azadi-kurdistan-4-parcasinda-direnen-kurt-kadinlari/.
  27. Khdir, K. A. and H. A. Mahmood. 2025. “The Role and Participation of Women in the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) (1945–1990).” Journal of University of Raparin 12 (4): 451–476.
  28. Koohi-Kamali, Farideh. 2003. The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  29. Kurdish Peace Institute. 2022. “A New Strategy for Kurds as Changes Sweep Iran.” Accessed: 23.04.2025. https://www.kurdishpeace.org/research/conflict-resolution-and-peacebuilding/a-new-strategy-for-kurds-as-changes-sweep-iran/.
  30. Marsden, Sarah. 2014. “A Social Movement Theory Typology of Militant Organisations: Contextualising Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 28 (4): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2014.954039
  31. MERIP. 1986. “Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran.” Middle East Research and Information Project. Accessed: 21.02.2026. https://www.merip.org/1986/07/major-kurdish-organizations-in-iran/.
  32. Milburn, F. 2017. “Iranian Kurdish Militias: Terrorist-Insurgents, Ethno Freedom Fighters, or Knights on the Regional Chessboard?” Zurich: ETH Zurich Centre for Security Studies.
  33. Milton-Edwards, Beverley and Stephen Farrell. 2010. Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  34. Monazzami, Ali. 2011. “Ghassemlou’s Ideas of Democracy and Iranian Kurdish Relations in Contemporary Iran.” Thesis (MA), University of Tromsø.
  35. Öcalan, Abdullah. 2013. Liberating Life: Woman’s Revolution. Cologne: International Initiative Edition and Mesopotamian Publishers.
  36. Phillips, Brian J. 2018. “Terrorist Group Rivalries and Alliances: Testing Competing Explanations.” SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3109068. Accessed: 16.08.2025. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3109068.
  37. PJAK. 2020. Esasname and Bername [PJAK Programme and Statute (PJAK Programı ve Tüzüğü)]. Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê.
  38. PJAK. 2022. “Dema Parastına Şoreşa Jınê Ye.” Accessed: 15.04.2024. https://pjak.net/ku/7576.
  39. PJAK. 2025. “ئەهوەن چیاکۆ: شۆڕشی ژن ژیان ئازادی كۆماری ئیسلامی تەنگەتاو كردووە.” Accessed: 20.10.2025. https://pjak.net/so/10530.
  40. Radio Liberty. 2026. “Exiled Kurdish Groups Form New Alliance as They Seek to Capitalize on Iran’s Frailty.” Accessed: 25.02.2026. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-exiled-kurdish-alliance-tehran/33685461.html.
  41. Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  42. Rojhelatinfo. 2014. “Axîn Maku: HPJ Is a Necessity for Women in Rojhelat and Iran.” Accessed: 19.07.2025. https://rojhelat.info/en/?p=8040.
  43. Romano, David. 2006. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  44. Sharifi, S. 2014. “The Possible Implementation of a Federalist Model and the Kurdish Claims to Self-Determination: A Comparative Study of Iran and Turkey.”, Thesis (MA), Stellenbosch University.
  45. Tapper, R. (Ed.). (1983). The conflict of tribe and state in Iran and Afghanistan. Croom Helm.
  46. The National Context. 2026a. “Four Maps That Explain Iran’s Complex Kurdish Provinces.” Accessed: 13.02.2026. https://thenationalcontext.com/four-maps-iran-kurdish-provinces/.
  47. The National Context. 2026b. “What Makes Iranian Kurds Different and Why It Matters Now.” Accessed: 15.02.2026. https://thenationalcontext.com/what-makes-iranian-kurds-different-and-why-it-matters-now/.
  48. The National Context. 2026c. “Iran’s Kurdish Opposition Unveils a New Alliance, but Leaves the Hard Questions Unanswered.” Accessed: 24.02.2026. https://thenationalcontext.com/irans-kurdish-opposition-unveils-a-new-alliance-but-leaves-the-hard-questions-unanswered/.
  49. Vali, Abbas. 2005. The Origins of Kurdish Nationalism. İstanbul: Avesta Publications.
  50. Vali, Abbas. 2011. Kurds and State in Iran. London: IB Tauris.
  51. Vali, Abbas. 2020. The Forgotten Years of Kurdish Nationalism in Iran. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  52. Washington Kurdish Institute. 2018. “Q&A with Mustafa Hijri, Secretary General of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI).” Accessed: 14.11.2025. https://dckurd.org/2018/06/29/qa-with-mustafa-hijri/.
  53. Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  54. Wimmer, Andreas. 2013. Ethnic Boundary Making: Institutions, Power, Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  55. Yıldız, Kerim and Tanyel B. Taysi. 2007. The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future. London: Pluto Press.