SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türkiye Su Bilimi ve Yönetimi Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 2026

Designation of Reference Areas for Turkish Lakes Based on the Estimations of Phytoplankton Quality Element

Nilsun Demir(ANKARA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-3895-7655
Tolga Coşkun(ANKARA UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5732-7424
Tolga Çetin(T.R. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Directorate General of Water Management)0000-0002-7817-3222
Tuğba Ongun Sevindik(SAKARYA UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7682-0142
Abuzer Çelekli(GAZIANTEP UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-2448-4957
Elif Neyran Soylu(GIRESUN UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-7583-3416
Faruk Maraşlıoğlu(HITIT UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-7784-9243
Burak Öterler(TRAKYA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-9064-1666
Haşim Sömek(IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4281-9738
Cüneyt Nadir Solak(DUMLUPINAR UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-2334-4271
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-16
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In addition, the approaches and precautions taken to protect the reference areas are explained.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Phytoplankton is the most suitable quality element for assessing the ecological status of standing surface water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs.
📊
Key Findings & Data:For this purpose, a total of 275 lakes and reservoirs were investigated in three sampling periods and at several sampling points according to lake size from eight basins in 2017, nine basins in 2018 and eight basins in 2019.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In addition, the approaches and precautions taken to protect the reference areas are explained.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2017 Verileri
⚙️Variables:phytoplankton · reference areas · biovolume

Abstract

Phytoplankton is the most suitable quality element for assessing the ecological status of standing surface water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs. In order to evaluate changes in these water bodies, it is important to determine the reference areas (REFS) and maximum ecological potential areas (MEPS) so as to explain the deviations from the reference conditions and maintain or improve the ecological condition of the water bodies. This study explains the methodology used in the designation of the REFS and MEPS based on the phytoplankton quality element in inland surface waters by the Project for the Establishment of a Reference Monitoring Network in Türkiye. For this purpose, a total of 275 lakes and reservoirs were investigated in three sampling periods and at several sampling points according to lake size from eight basins in 2017, nine basins in 2018 and eight basins in 2019. The evaluation of phytoplankton was mainly based on phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biovolumes. Phytoplankton biovolume metrics (PT-BV and CY-BV) have been developed for the sampled shallow and deep standing water bodies. A total of 79 lakes and reservoirs from eighteen typologies were determined as REFS and MEPS according to phytoplankton. In addition, the approaches and precautions taken to protect the reference areas are explained.

Özet

Göl ve baraj gölleri gibi durgun su kütlelerinden olan göllerin ve baraj göllerinin ekolojik durumlarının tahmininde en uygun kalite bileşeni fitoplanktondur. Su kütlelerinde oluşan değişimleri değerlendirebilmek için referans alanların (REFS) ve maksimum ekolojik potansiyel alanların (MEPS) belirlenmesi, referans koşullardan sapmaların açıklanması ve su kütlelerinin iyi/çok iyi ekolojik koşullara getirilebilmesi veya iyi durumun korunabilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Referans İzleme Ağının Kurulması Projesi ile yerüstü sularda fitoplankton kalite bileşenine dayalı olarak REFS ve MEPS belirlenmesinde uygulanan metodolojiye yöneliktir. Bu amaçla 2017 yılında 8 havza, 2018 yılında 9 havza ve 2019 yılında 8 havzada yer alan toplam 275 göl ve baraj gölünden üçer dönem ve göllerin büyüklüklerine göre farklı noktalardan örnekleme yapılmıştır. Fitoplanktonun değerlendirilmesinde fitoplankton biyohacmi ve siyanobakteri biyohacmi temel alınmıştır. Örneklenen sığ ve derin durgun su kütleleri için fitoplankton biyohacim metrikleri (PT-BV ve CY-BV) geliştirilmiştir. Fitoplanktona göre 18 tipolojide 79 göl ve baraj gölü REFS ve MEPS olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca referans alanların korunması için alınması gereken önlemler ve yaklaşımlar açıklanmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Demir, N., Coşkun, T., Çetin, T., Sevindik, T. O., Çelekli, A., Soylu, E. N., Maraşlıoğlu, F., Öterler, B., Sömek, H., Solak, C. N. (2026). Designation of Reference Areas for Turkish Lakes Based on the Estimations of Phytoplankton Quality Element. Türkiye Su Bilimi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, Sayı: 2026. https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.1220178

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (33)

  1. Addinsoft. (2014). XLSTAT (Version 5.03). Lumivero. https://www.xlstat.com/en/
  2. Barinova, S. (2017). On the classification of water quality from an ecological point of view. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 2(2), 555581. doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2017.02.555581
  3. Birk, S., Willby, N.J., Kelly, M.G., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Poikane, S., & van de Bund, W. (2013). Intercalibrating classifications of ecological status: Europe's quest for common management objectives for aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 454-455, 490-499. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.037
  4. Borja, A., Franco, J., Valencia, V., Bald, J., Muxika, I., Belzunce, M.J., & Solaun, O. (2004). Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive from the Basque country (Northern Spain): a methodological approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(3-4), 209-218. doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.001
  5. Bouleau, G., & Pont, D. (2015). Did you say reference conditions? Ecological and socio-economic perspectives on the European Water Framework Directive. Environmental Science & Policy, 47, 32-41. doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.10.012
  6. DGWM. (2015). Türkiye’de Havza Bazında Hassas Alanların ve Su Kalitesi Hedeflerinin Belirlenmesi Projesi. Nihai Rapor Cilt I. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  7. DGWM. (2020). Türkiye’de Referans İzleme Ağının Kurulması Projesi Nihai Raporu. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
  8. EC. (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Official Journal European Communities, L. No. 327:1-72. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060
  9. EC. (2003a). Common implementation strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC): Guidance document no: 4 identification and designation of heavily modified and artificial water bodies. Office for official publications of the European Communities. https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/f9b057f4-4a91-46a3-b69a-e23b4cada8ef/Guidance%20No%204%20-%20heavily%20modified%20water%20bodies%20-%20HMWB%20(WG%202.2).pdf
  10. EC. (2003b). Common implementation strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC): Guidance document no: 5 transitional and coastal waters – typology, reference conditions and classification systems. Office for official publications of the European Communities. https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/85912f96-4dca-432e-84d6-a4dded785da5/Guidance%20No%205%20%20characterisation%20of%20coastal%20wate rs%20-%20COAST%20(WG%202.4).pdf
  11. Ertürk, A., Gürel, M., Ekdal, A., Cüceloğlu, G., Karpuzcu, M.E., Karahan Özgün, Ö., … Çetinkaya, S. (2022). A Flexible water quality modelling simulator based on matrix algebra. Turkish Journal of Water Science & Management, 6(1), 31 – 88. doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.831510
  12. European Committee for Standardization. (2004). Water quality – Guidance for the routine sampling and preparation of benthic diatoms from rivers and lakes, EN 13946, Brussels.
  13. European Committee for Standardization. (2006). TS EN 15204. Water quality – Guidance standard on the enumeration of phytoplankton using inverted microscopy (Utermöhl technique), EN 15204, Brussels.
  14. European Committee for Standardization. (2016). EN 16698. Water quality - Guidance on quantitative and qualitative sampling of phytoplankton from inland waters, EN 16698, Brussels.
  15. Gök, C., İşeri Aydın, B.A., Uğurluoğlu, A., Soytürk, O., Gökdereli, G., & Ural, A. (2019). Su Kaynaklarının Sınıflandırılması. In Z. Selek & Y. Karaaslan (Eds.), Ekosistem Esaslı Su Kalitesi Yönetimi (pp. 97-122). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Yayını.
  16. Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. (2020). AlgaeBase. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.algaebase.org
  17. Hassas Su Kütleleri ile Bu Kütleleri Etkileyen Alanların Belirlenmesi ve Su Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi Hakkında Yönetmelik. (2016). Resmi Gazete Tarih: 23.12.2016 Sayı: 29927. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/12/20161223M1-1.htm
  18. Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C.D., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher U., & Zohary T. (1999). Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology, 35(2), 403–424. doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520403.x
  19. Hutorowicz, A., & Pasztaleniec, A. (2014). Phytoplankton metric of ecological status assessment for Polish lakes and its performance along nutrient gradients. Polish Journal of Ecology, 62, 525-542. doi.org/10.3161/104.062.0312
  20. Kelly, M.G., Birk, S., Willby, N.J., Denys, L., Drakare, S., Kahlert, M., … Poikane, S. (2016). Redundancy in the ecological assessment of lakes: Are phytoplankton, macrophytes and phytobenthos all necessary? Science of the Total Environment, 568, 594-602. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.024
  21. Lepistö, L., Holopainen, A.L., & Vuoristo, H. (2004). Type-specific and indicator taxa of phytoplankton as a quality criterion for the assessing the ecological status of Finnish boreal lakes. Limnologica, 34(3), 236-248. doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(04)80048-3
  22. Maraşlıoğlu, F., Soylu, E.N., Demir, N., Çelekli, A., Sömek, H., Öterler, B., … Temizel, B. (2021). New records for the Turkish freshwater algal flora in twenty five river basins of Türkiye, Part VI: Charophyta. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 22(2), 111-129. doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.875740
  23. Maraşlıoğlu, F., Öterler, B., Ongun Sevindik, T., Soylu, E.N., Demir, N., Çelekli, A., … Yılmaz, E. (2022). New records for the Turkish Freshwater algal flora in twenty-five river basins of Türkiye, Part II: Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, Euglenozoa. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 22(8), TRJFAS19319. doi.org/10.4194/TRJFAS19319
  24. Philips, G., Morabito, G., Carvalho, L., Solheim, A. L., Skjelbred, B., Moe, J., Andersen, T., Mischke, U., Hoyos, C., & Borics, G. (2011). WISER Deliverable D3.1-1: Report on lake phytoplankton composition metrics, including a common metric approach for use in intercalibration by all GIGs. Norwegian Institute for Water Research. http://www.wiser.eu/download/D3.1-1_draft.pdf
  25. Sondergaard, M., Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J.P., & Amsinck, S.L. (2005). Water Framework Directive: Ecological classification of Danish lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(4), 616-629. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01040.x
  26. Sun, J., & Liu, D. (2003). Geometric models for calculating cell biovolume and surface area for phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 25, 1331-1346. doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbg096
  27. Tanık, A., Hanedar, A., Girgin, E., Güneş, E., Görgün, E., Karakaya, N., … Karaaslan, Y. (2021). Setting measures for tackling agricultural diffuse pollution of Küçük Menderes Basin. Turkish Journal of Water Science & Management, 5(2), 148-177. doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.802530
  28. Utermöhl, H. (1958). Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitteilungen der Internationale Vereinigung der theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 5, 567–596.
  29. Wallin, M., Wiederholm, T., & Johnson, R.K. (2003). Final guidance on establishing reference conditions and ecological status class boundaries for inland surface waters. EU Common Implementation Strategy Working Group for the Water Framework Directive. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240310895_Guidance_on_Establishing_Referenc e_Conditions_and_Ecological_Status_Class_Boundaries_for_Inland_Surface_Waters
  30. Wolfram, G., Argillier, C., de Bortoli, J., Buzzi, F., Dalmiglio, A., Dokulil, M.T., … Urbanic, G. (2009). Reference conditions and WFD compliant class boundaries for phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a in Alpine lakes. Hydrobiologia, 633, 45–58. doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-9875-9
  31. Wolfram, G., Buzzi, F., Dokulil, M., Friedl, M., Hoehn, E., Laplace-Treyture, C., … Urbanic, G. (2014). Water Framework Directive intercalibration technical report: Alpine lake phytoplankton ecological assessment methods. Joint Research Centre. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/da6188e5-47e3-44e4-a390- b4fa55c1eee0/language-en
  32. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. (2016). Resmi Gazete Tarih: 10.08.2016 Sayı: 29797. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/06/20210616- 1.htm
  33. Yerüstü Suları, Yeraltı Suları ve Sedimentten Numune Alma ve Biyolojik Örnekleme Tebliği. (2015). Resmi Gazete Tarih: 21.02.2015 Sayı: 29274. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/02/20150221-11.htm