SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türkiye Teknoloji ve Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 2026

Walnut Shell Immobilized Methacrylate-Based Polymeric Sorbent for the Extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II)

Cu(II) ve Cd(II)’nin Ekstraksiyonu için Ceviz Kabuğu ile İmmobilize Edilmiş Metakrilat Tabanlı Polimerik Sorbent

İbrahim Teğin(SİİRT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5661-7195
Selma Akdeniz(SİİRT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0007-6865-8203
Gurbet Canpolat(SİİRT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8014-7760
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-04-08
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Consequently, the prepared low-cost adsorbent was successfully used for the determination of the mentioned metals in various real samples such as Van Lake water, Billoris Spa water and tap, salty, wastewater of Siirt (Türkiye).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the potential of cross-linked poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (PSMAA) as a support material for the immobilization of walnut shells was systematically investigated.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysing the influence of various experimental parameters such as pH of the solution, concentration of the eluent, flow rate, solution volume, mass of the sorbent, matrix interference and reusability.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Consequently, the prepared low-cost adsorbent was successfully used for the determination of the mentioned metals in various real samples such as Van Lake water, Billoris Spa water and tap, salty, wastewater of Siirt (Türkiye).
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Katı faz ekstraksiyonu · ağır metal · polimerik sorbent

Abstract

In this study, the potential of cross-linked poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) (PSMAA) as a support material for the immobilization of walnut shells was systematically investigated. The resulting immobilized walnut shell sorbent (WNS-PSMAA) was subsequently used for the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from spiked aqueous solutions. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysing the influence of various experimental parameters such as pH of the solution, concentration of the eluent, flow rate, solution volume, mass of the sorbent, matrix interference and reusability. Under optimized conditions, the method enabled a 60-fold enrichment for Cu(II) and a 10-fold enrichment for Cd(II) with recoveries of 100.00% ± 2.30 and 99.89% ±2.83, respectively, confirmed by triplicate analyzes with a confidence level of 95. Method accuracy was verified by employing the certified reference material for aquatic plants (BCR-670). Consequently, the prepared low-cost adsorbent was successfully used for the determination of the mentioned metals in various real samples such as Van Lake water, Billoris Spa water and tap, salty, wastewater of Siirt (Türkiye).

Özet

Bu çalışmada, ceviz kabuklarının immobilizasyonu için destek malzemesi olarak çapraz bağlı poli(stiren-ko-metakrilik asit) (PSMAA)’in potansiyeli sistematik olarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen immobilize ceviz kabuğu sorbenti (WNS-PSMAA) daha sonra, katkılı sulu çözeltilerden Cu(II) ve Cd(II) iyonlarının ekstraksiyonu için kullanılmıştır. Çözeltinin pH'ı, elüent konsantrasyonu, akış hızı, çözelti hacmi, sorbent kütlesi, matris etkileşimi ve yeniden kullanılabilirlik gibi çeşitli deneysel parametrelerin etkisi analiz edilerek giderme verimliliği değerlendirilmiştir. Optimize edilmiş koşullar altında, yöntem Cu(II) için 60 kat ve Cd(II) için 10 kat zenginleştirme sağladı ve sırasıyla %100,00 ± 2,30 ve %99,89 ±2,83 geri kazanım oranları elde edildi. Bu sonuçlar, %95 güven aralığı ile üç kez tekrarlanan analizlerle doğrulandı. Yöntemin doğruluğu, sucul bitkiler için sertifikalı referans materyali (BCR-670) kullanılarak doğrulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, hazırlanan düşük maliyetli adsorban, Van Gölü suyu, Billoris Kaplıca suyu, Siirt (Türkiye) musluk suyu, tuzlu su, atık suyu gibi çeşitli gerçek numunelerde belirtilen metallerin tayini için başarıyla kullanılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Teğin, İ., Akdeniz, S., Canpolat, G. (2026). Walnut Shell Immobilized Methacrylate-Based Polymeric Sorbent for the Extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II). Türkiye Teknoloji ve Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı: 2026. https://doi.org/10.70562/tubid.1777794

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (38)

  1. Abdollahi, N., Moussavi, G. and Giannakis, S. (2022) A review of heavy metals’ removal from aqueous matrices by Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): State-of-the art and recent advances. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10, 107394.
  2. Alan, M., Kara, D. and Fisher, A. (2007) Preconcentration of heavy metals and matrix elimination using silica gel chemically modified with 2, 3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Separation Science and Technology, 42, 879–895.
  3. Benalia, M. C., Youcef, L., Bouaziz, M. G., Achour, S. and Menasra, H. (2022) Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater by chemical precipitation: mechanisms and sludge characterization. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47, 5587–5599.
  4. Buldağ, E. and Yavuz, Ö. (2023) Adsorption Kinetics of Cu (II) and Ni (II) Ions Using Clay in Kulp District of Diyarbakır Province. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 10, 78–88.
  5. Da Mota, I. D. O., De Castro, J. A., De Góes Casqueira, R. and De Oliveira Junior, A. G. (2015) Study of electroflotation method for treatment of wastewater from washing soil contaminated by heavy metals. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 4, 109–113.
  6. El-Sayed, G. O., Dessouki, H. A. and Ibrahiem, S. (2011) Removal of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Mn (II) from aqueous solutions by adsorption on maize stalks. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 15, 8–21.
  7. Enache, A. C., Samoila, P., Cojocaru, C., Apolzan, R., Predeanu, G. and Harabagiu, V. (2023) An eco-friendly modification of a walnut shell biosorbent for increased efficiency in wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 15, 2704.
  8. Farch, S., Yahoum, M. M., Toumi, S., Tahraoui, H., Lefnaoui, S. and Kebir, M. (2023) Application of walnut shell biowaste as an inexpensive adsorbent for methylene blue dye: isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and modeling. Separations, 10, 60.
  9. Fu, Z.J., Jiang, S.K., Chao, X.Y., Zhang, C.X., Shi, Q., Wang, Z.Y., Liu, M.L. and Sun, S.P., 2022. Removing miscellaneous heavy metals by all-in-one ion exchange-nanofiltration membrane. Water research, 222, p.118888.
  10. Gao, X. and Meng, X. (2021) Photocatalysis for heavy metal treatment: A review. Processes, 9, 1729.
  11. Hayasi, M. and Karimi, M. (2017) Synthesis of poly (styrene-co-methacrylic acid)-coated magnetite nanoparticles as effective adsorbents for the removal of crystal violet and Rhodamine B: a comparative study. Polymer Bulletin, 74, 1995–2016.
  12. Ismail, U. M., Vohra, M. S. and Onaizi, S. A. (2024) Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: Progress of adsorbents development and their effectiveness. Environ Res, 251, 118562.
  13. Jomova, K., Alomar, S. Y., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K. and Valko, M. (2025) Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects. Arch Toxicol, 99, 153–209.
  14. José Martínez-Pérez, M. and Koelle, D. (2017) NanoSQUIDs: Basics & recent advances. Physical Sciences Reviews, 2, 20175001.
  15. Krishna, R. H., Chandraprabha, M., Samrat, K., Murthy, T. K., Manjunatha, C. and Kumar, S. G. (2023) Carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials for adsorptive removal of metal ions–a review on surface functionalization and related adsorption mechanism. Applied Surface Science Advances, 16, 100431.
  16. Lambert, M., Leven, B. and Green, R. (2000) New methods of cleaning up heavy metal in soils and water. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens, 7, 133–163.
  17. Li, S., Qiu, M., Zeng, Z. and Xue, W. (2019) Effective modified walnut shell adsorbent: synthesis and adsorption behavior for Pb2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solution. Environmental Engineering Science, 36, 1421–1432.
  18. Li, S., Wang, W., Liang, F. and Zhang, W. X. (2017) Heavy metal removal using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): Theory and application. J Hazard Mater, 322, 163–171.
  19. Lin, G., Zeng, B., Li, J., Wang, Z., Wang, S. and Hu, T. (2023) A systematic review of metal organic frameworks materials for heavy metal removal: Synthesis, applications and mechanism. Chemical Engineering Journal, 460, 141710.
  20. Mansoorian, H. J., Mahvi, A. H. and Jafari, A. J. (2014) Removal of lead and zinc from battery industry wastewater using electrocoagulation process: Influence of direct and alternating current by using iron and stainless steel rod electrodes. Separation and Purification Technology, 135, 165–175.
  21. Mccaffrey, Z., Torres, L. F., Chiou, B. S., Hart-Cooper, W., Mcmahan, C. and Orts, W. J. (2024) Almond and walnut shell activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption. ACS Sustainable Resource Management, 1, 1421–1431.
  22. Merroune, A., Ait Brahim, J., Achiou, B., Kada, C., Mazouz, H. and Beniazza, R. (2024) Closed-loop purification process of industrial phosphoric acid: selective recovery of heavy metals and rare earth elements via solvent extraction. Desalination, 580, 117515.
  23. Naghash, H. J., Karimzadeh, A., Momeni, A. R., Massah, A. R. and Alian, H. (2007) Preparation and properties of triethoxyvinylsilane-modified styrene-butyl acrylate emulsion copolymers. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 31, 257–269.
  24. Nnaji, N. D., Onyeaka, H., Miri, T. and Ugwa, C. (2023) Bioaccumulation for heavy metal removal: a review. SN Applied Sciences, 5, 125.
  25. Nyika, J. and Dinka, M. O. (2023) The application of microorganism-derived biosorbents in the removal of heavy metals and dyes. Adsorption Applications for Environmental Sustainability. Bristol, UK: IOP Publishing.
  26. Ozdemir, S., Okumus, V., Kilinc, E., Bilgetekin, H., Dundar, A. and Ziyadanog Ullari, B. (2012) Pleurotus eryngii immobilized Amberlite XAD-16 as a solid-phase biosorbent for preconcentrations of Cd2+ and Co2+ and their determination by ICP-OES. Talanta, 99, 502–6.
  27. Paranjape, P. and Sadgir, P. (2023) Heavy metal removal using plant origin biomass and agricultural waste-derived biomass from aqueous media: a review. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 8, 9.
  28. Rout, D. R., Jena, H. M., Baigenzhenov, O. and Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A. (2023) Graphene-based materials for effective adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants: A critical and comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ, 863, 160871.
  29. Rusu, L., Grigoras, C. G., Suceveanu, E. M., Simion, A. I., Dediu Botezatu, A. V., Istrate, B. and Doroftei, I. (2021) Eco-Friendly Biosorbents Based on Microbial Biomass and Natural Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for the Removal of Drugs and Dyes from Aqueous Solutions. Materials (Basel), 14, 4810.
  30. Saygi, K. O., Tuzen, M., Soylak, M. and Elci, L. (2008) Chromium speciation by solid phase extraction on Dowex M 4195 chelating resin and determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. J Hazard Mater, 153, 1009–14.
  31. Teğin, İ. and Akdeniz, S. (2018) The removal of Cd and Cu from aqueous solution using sorbents Siirt peanut shells immobilized on amberlite XAD-4. Power, 70, 90.
  32. Teğin, İ., Akdeniz, S., Canpolat, G. and Acar, O. (2025) Cost-Effective Removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from Wastewater Using Walnut Shell-Immobilized Amberlite XAD-4 as a Sorbent. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 236, 477.
  33. Tu, B., Wen, R., Wang, K., Cheng, Y., Deng, Y., Cao, W., Zhang, K. and Tao, H. (2020) Efficient removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium by activated carbon derived from Bermuda grass. J Colloid Interface Sci, 560, 649–658.
  34. Wang, W., Ren, G., Yang, Y., Cai, W. and Chen, T. (2015) Synthesis and properties study of the uniform nonspherical styrene/methacrylic acid copolymer latex particles. Langmuir, 31, 105–9.
  35. Wulan, D. R. and Hariyadi, H. R. (2015) Effect of electrodeposition reactor type on nickel recovery from electroplating wastewater. Procedia Chemistry, 16, 155–163.
  36. Xu, L. and Wang, J. (2017) The application of graphene-based materials for the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from water and wastewater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 1042–1105.
  37. Zhang, Y., Cao, L., Zhang, J., Wang, J. and Tian, G. (2024) Eco-friendly preparation of biochar nanomaterials from waste walnut shell and their adsorption application. Industrial Crops and Products, 213, 118462.
  38. Zheng, C., Wu, Q., Hu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, S. and Zheng, H. (2021) Adsorption behavior of heavy metal ions on a polymer-immobilized amphoteric biosorbent: Surface interaction assessment. J Hazard Mater, 403, 123801.