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Journals / Turkish Journal of Science and Technology / 2026 / Volume: 21 Issue: 2

miRNAs in Health and Disease

Sağlık ve Hastalıkta miRNA'lar

Tugce Kaymaz(NEVSEHIR HACI BEKTAS VELI UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-7389-9390
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Advances in nanotechnology, high-throughput sequencing, CRISPR-based tools, and precision medicine support the development of miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics, but routine clinical use still depends on standardized assays, reliable delivery, and evidence of safety and clinical benefit in the relevant biological context.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules (~19–24 nucleotides) that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation or translational repression.
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Key Findings & Data:Since the discovery of lin-4 in 1993, a milestone honored with the 2024 Nobel Prize, miRNAs have been estimated to regulate over 60% of human protein-coding genes.
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Conclusion & Impact:Advances in nanotechnology, high-throughput sequencing, CRISPR-based tools, and precision medicine support the development of miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics, but routine clinical use still depends on standardized assays, reliable delivery, and evidence of safety and clinical benefit in the relevant biological context.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2024 Verileri
⚙️Variables:mİRNAs · post-transcriptional gene regulation · circulating biomarkers

Abstract

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules (~19–24 nucleotides) that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation or translational repression. Since the discovery of lin-4 in 1993, a milestone honored with the 2024 Nobel Prize, miRNAs have been estimated to regulate over 60% of human protein-coding genes. This review examines the canonical and non-canonical biogenesis pathways of miRNAs, emphasizing their role as homeostatic rheostats across major physiological systems, including embryogenesis, immunity, metabolism, neurobiology, and cardiovascular function. Dysregulation of these evolutionarily conserved regulatory networks contributes to the pathogenesis of human disorders, notably cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions. Given their stability in biofluids, circulating miRNAs have potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers; however, most candidate signatures remain investigational and require prospective clinical validation. Therapeutic strategies based on miRNA mimics and inhibitors have reached preclinical and early-phase clinical testing, with outcomes ranging from completed proof-of-concept studies to terminated trials. Advances in nanotechnology, high-throughput sequencing, CRISPR-based tools, and precision medicine support the development of miRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics, but routine clinical use still depends on standardized assays, reliable delivery, and evidence of safety and clinical benefit in the relevant biological context.

Özet

mikroRNA'lar (miRNA'lar), mRNA bozunmasını veya translasyonel baskılamayı indükleyerek gen ekspresyonunu transkripsiyon sonrası düzenleyen küçük, kodlayıcı olmayan RNA molekülleridir (~19-24 nükleotid). 1993 yılında lin-4'ün keşfinden (2024 Nobel Ödülü ile onurlandırılan bir dönüm noktası) bu yana, miRNA'lar insan protein kodlayan genlerinin %60'ından fazlasını düzenlediği tahmin edilen transkripsiyon sonrası düzenleyiciler olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derleme, miRNA'ların kanonik ve kanonik olmayan biyogenez yollarını inceler ve embriyogenez, bağışıklık, metabolizma, nörobiyoloji ve kardiyovasküler fonksiyon dahil olmak üzere başlıca fizyolojik sistemlerde homeostatik düzenleyiciler olarak rollerini vurgular. Evrimsel olarak korunmuş bu düzenleyici ağların düzensizliği, başta kanser, nörodejenerasyon, metabolik hastalıklar ve otoimmün durumlar olmak üzere çeşitli insan hastalıklarının patogenezine katkıda bulunur. Biyolojik sıvılardaki kararlılıkları nedeniyle dolaşımdaki miRNA'lar, tanısal ve prognostik biyobelirteçler olarak potansiyel taşımaktadır; ancak aday imzaların çoğu hâlen araştırma aşamasındadır ve prospektif klinik doğrulama gerektirir. miRNA taklitleri ve inhibitörlerine dayalı terapötik stratejiler preklinik ve erken faz klinik değerlendirmeye ulaşmış olup, çalışmaların sonuçları tamamlanmış kavram kanıtlama çalışmalarından sonlandırılmış çalışmalara kadar değişmektedir. Nanoteknoloji, yüksek verimli dizileme, CRISPR tabanlı araçlar ve hassas tıp alanlarındaki gelişmeler miRNA temelli tanı ve tedavilerin geliştirilmesini desteklese de rutin klinik kullanım için standartlaştırılmış testlere, güvenilir taşıma yöntemlerine ve ilgili biyolojik bağlamda güvenlik ile klinik yararı gösteren kanıtlara ihtiyaç vardır.

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Cite This Article

Kaymaz, T. (2026). miRNAs in Health and Disease. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, Volume: 21 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1989356

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