SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Turkish Journal of Kinesiology / 2026 / Volume: 11 Issue: 3

The relationship between foot proprioception and balance performance in young adults with pes planus

Ramazan Yıldız(ERZURUM TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8007-7854
Ayşe Yildiz(ERZURUM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES)0000-0002-1101-1069
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The cross-sectional design of the study, the limited age range of the sample, and the fact that pes planus assessment was performed only in the static position limit the generalizability of the results and interpretations of causality.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between foot proprioception and balance performance in young adults with pes planus.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Thirty-four young adults with pes planus (mean age 20.15 ± 1.23 years) were included in the study.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The cross-sectional design of the study, the limited age range of the sample, and the fact that pes planus assessment was performed only in the static position limit the generalizability of the results and interpretations of causality.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Flat foot · position sense · postural balance

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between foot proprioception and balance performance in young adults with pes planus. Thirty-four young adults with pes planus (mean age 20.15 ± 1.23 years) were included in the study. Pes planus evaluation was divided into 3 categories according to the Feiss line. Balance performance of the participants was evaluated with the Y Balance test and foot proprioception was evaluated with a digital goniometer at plantar flexion and dorsiflexion angles. The relationship between the variables was analyzed by spearman correlation analysis. A significant correlation was found between plantar flexion absolute error value and balance results in anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions (r:-0.473, p 0.05). Significant negative correlations were identified between the severity of pes planus and Y-balance test scores in the anterior (r = -0.553, p < 0.05), posterolateral (r = -0.475, p < 0.05), and posteromedial (r = -0.387, p < 0.05) directions. Significant positive correlations were observed between the severity of pes planus and the absolute error values of ankle proprioception in plantar flexion (r = 0.516, p < 0.05) and dorsiflexion (r = 0.423, p < 0.05). This relationship should be taken into consideration in the evaluation and treatment programs of people with pes planus. The cross-sectional design of the study, the limited age range of the sample, and the fact that pes planus assessment was performed only in the static position limit the generalizability of the results and interpretations of causality.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yıldız, R., Yildiz, A. (2025). The relationship between foot proprioception and balance performance in young adults with pes planus. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, Volume: 11 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1684639

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (31)

  1. Alshehri, S. H. S., Alshahrani, M. S., Al Adal, S. Y., Alyazedi, F. M., Alnakhli, H. H., & Reddy, R. S. (2025). An examination of ankle joint position sense, postural control and associated neuromuscular deficits in patients with plantar fasciitis: a cross-sectional analysis with advanced biomechanical and psychosocial correlates. J Orthop Surg Res, 20(1), 67. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05485-w
  2. Amrinder, S., Deepinder, S., & Singh, S. J. (2012). Effect of proprioceptive exercises on balance and center of pressure in athletes with functional ankle instability. Sports Medicine Journal/Medicina Sportivâ, 8(3), 1927-1933.
  3. Babu, D., & Bordoni, B. (2020). Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, medial longitudinal arch of the foot. StatPearls.
  4. Birinci, T., & Demirbas, S. B. (2017). Relationship between the mobility of medial longitudinal arch and postural control. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 51(3), 233-237. doı: 10.1016/j.aott.2016.11.004
  5. Buldt, A. K., Levinger, P., Murley, G. S., Menz, H. B., Nester, C. J., & Landorf, K. B. (2015). Foot posture is associated with kinematics of the foot during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet. Gait Posture, 42(1), 42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.004
  6. Dikici, T. F., & Demirdel, E. (2023). The relationship between pes planus severity and lower extremity functional performance in young adults. Turk J Physiother Rehabil, 34(3), 304-312.
  7. Drummond, A., Paz, C. C. d. S. C., & Menezes, R. L. d. (2018). Proprioceptive activities to postural balance of the elderly-systematic review. Fisioterapia Em Movimento, 31, e003135. doi: 10.1590/1980-5918.031.AO35
  8. Ghorbani, M., Yaali, R., Sadeghi, H., & Koumantakis, G. A. (2025). The impact of flatfeet on the correlation between functional movement scores, balance, agility, and core muscle strength in young females: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep, 15, 5077 (2025). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89364-8.
  9. Ghorbani, M., Yaali, R., Sadeghi, H., & Luczak, T. (2023). The effect of foot posture on static balance, ankle and knee proprioception in 18-to-25-year-old female student: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 24(1), 547. doı: 10.1186/s12891-023-06678-2
  10. Goble, D. J., Coxon, J. P., Van Impe, A., Geurts, M., Doumas, M., Wenderoth, N., & Swinnen, S. P. (2011). Brain activity during ankle proprioceptive stimulation predicts balance performance in young and older adults. J Neurosci, 31(45), 16344-16352. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011
  11. Grigg, P. (1994). Peripheral neural mechanisms in proprioception. J Sport Rehabil, 3(1), 2-17.
  12. Harry-Leite, P., Paquete, M., Teixeira, J., Santos, M., Sousa, J., Fraiz-Brea, J. A., & Ribeiro, F. (2022). Acute impact of proprioceptive exercise on proprioception and balance in athletes. Appl Sci, 12(2), 830. doi: 10.3390/app12020830
  13. Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med, 30, 1-15. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
  14. Hussain, S. A., Gardezi, F., Ain, Q. U., Sajid, A., Afzal, R., Hassan, Z., & Khurshid, A. (2024). Effect of weight bearing on medial longitudinal arch of foot in healthy adults. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research, 4(1), 442-446. doi: 10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.427
  15. Jagger, K., Frazier, A., Aron, A., & Harper, B. (2020). Scoring performance variations between the Y-balance test, a modified Y-balance test, and the modified star excursion balance test. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 15(1), 34-41.
  16. Karaduman, A. A., Yılmaz, Ö. T., & Akel, B. S. (2016). Fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon. Hipokrat Publishing.
  17. Kattilakoski, O., Kauranen, N., Leppänen, M., Kannus, P., Pasanen, K., Vasankari, T., & Parkkari, J. (2023). Intrarater reliability and analysis of learning effects in the Y balance test. Method Protocol, 6(2), 41.
  18. Kothari, A., Dixon, P., Stebbins, J., Zavatsky, A., & Theologis, T. (2015). The relationship between quality of life and foot function in children with flexible flatfeet. Gait Posture, 41(3), 786-790. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.02.012
  19. Lee, D.-K., Kim, G.-M., Ha, S.-M., & Oh, J.-S. (2014). Correlation of the Y-balance test with lower-limb strength of adult women. J Phys Ther Sci, 26(5), 641-643. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.641
  20. Octavius, G. S., Sugiarto, T., Handy, F., & Hartanto, R. N. (2020). Flat foot at 5 to 6-year-old and history of delayed walking. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 60(6), 321-327. doı: 10.14238/pi60.6.2020.321-7
  21. Persiane, A. S., Negrão, D. M. G., Alves, R. D. P., Freitas, D. G. D., Cazarini, C., & Alves, V. L. D. S. (2021). Subtalar joint in neutral and relaxed positions for evaluation of medial longitudinal arch. Acta Ortop Bras, 29(4), 177-180. doi: 10.1590/1413-785220212904240893
  22. Primal, D., Kusumaningtyas, S., & Ibrahim, E. I. (2022). Pes planus plantaris (flat foot) decreases postural stability of basketball student-athletes through ground reaction force vector (vGRF). Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support (icSPORTS 2022, pp. 143-151). Valletta, Malta.
  23. Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012). The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol Rev, 92(4), 1651-1697. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2011.
  24. Rakhmatova, R., Miçooğulları, M., & Tok, M. I. (2024). How does pes planus affect jumping performance and balance ability? J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, doi: 10538127251324728.
  25. Robinson, R. H., & Gribble, P. A. (2008). Support for a reduction in the number of trials needed for the star excursion balance test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89(2), 364-370. doı: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.139
  26. Spörndly-Nees, S., Dåsberg, B., Nielsen, R. O., Boesen, M. I., & Langberg, H. (2011). The navicular position test–A reliable measure of the navicular bone position during rest and loading. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 6(3), 199.
  27. Suetterlin, K. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2014). Proprioception: where are we now? A commentary on clinical assessment, changes across the life course, functional implications and future interventions. Age Ageing, 43(3), 313-318. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft174
  28. Van Boerum, D. H., & Sangeorzan, B. J. (2003). Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Foot Ankle Clin, 8(3), 419-430. doi: 10.1016/s1083-7515(03)00084-6
  29. Van Deursen, R. W. M., & Simoneau, G. (1999). Foot and ankle sensory neuropathy, proprioception, and postural stability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 29(12), 718-726. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1999.29.12.718
  30. Viseux, F. J. (2020). The sensory role of the sole of the foot: Review and update on clinical perspectives. Neurophysiol Clin, 50(1), 55-68. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.12.003
  31. Wang, H., Ji, Z., Jiang, G., Liu, W., & Jiao, X. (2016). Correlation among proprioception, muscle strength, and balance. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(12), 3468-3472. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.3468