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Journals / Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Simultaneous HPLC-UV quantification of donepezil and rivastigmine in human plasma using an SBA-15/graphene oxide nanocomposite based DLLME dSPE approach

Yeni bir SBA-15/Grafen Oksit Nanokompozit Tabanlı DLLME dSPE Yaklaşımı Kullanılarak İnsan Plazmasında Donepezil ve Rivastigminin Eş Zamanlı HPLC-UV Kantifikasyonu

Mohammad Reza Vardast(Urmia University of Medical Science)0000-0002-6570-4063
Haniye Ranjkeshzadeh(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences)0000-0003-0428-9246
Pages
253–263
Publication Date
2026-09-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Moreover, the procedure is rapid, with a total preparation time of less than 45 minutes, consumes minimal organic solvent (under 2 mL per sample), and adheres strictly to green analytical chemistry principles.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive, environmentally friendly analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of donepezil and rivastigmine in human plasma to support therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).
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Key Findings & Data:The approach combined a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) utilizing a purposely synthesized SBA-15/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and TGA with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by HPLC-UV detection.
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Conclusion & Impact:Moreover, the procedure is rapid, with a total preparation time of less than 45 minutes, consumes minimal organic solvent (under 2 mL per sample), and adheres strictly to green analytical chemistry principles.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2018 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Donepezil · Rivastigmin · Dağıtıcı sıvı-sıvı mikroekstraksiyonun dağıtıcı katı faz ekstraksiyonu ile birleştirilmesi (DLLME-dSPE)

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive, environmentally friendly analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of donepezil and rivastigmine in human plasma to support therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The approach combined a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) utilizing a purposely synthesized SBA-15/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and TGA with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by HPLC-UV detection. Critical parameters affecting extraction efficiency, including sorbent amount, desorption/disperser solvent, sample pH, equilibration time, and ionic strength, were systematically optimized, and the method was validated according to ICH M10 and FDA (2018) guidelines. The optimized SBA-15/GO nanocomposite displayed a highly ordered mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 66.77 nm, with optimal extraction achieved using 0.001 g of sorbent, acetonitrile as the desorption/disperser solvent, a sample pH of 6.0, a 30-minute equilibration time, and no salt addition. The method exhibited excellent linearity over 0.15–200 µg/mL for donepezil and 0.01–50 µg/mL for rivastigmine (R² = 0.998 for both), with limits of detection of 0.04 and 0.002 µg/mL, respectively. Absolute extraction recoveries reached 83% for donepezil and 79% for rivastigmine, with enrichment factors of 10, while intra- and inter-assay precision (RSD) remained below 7.8% and 8.2%, respectively, and accuracy (RE) ranged from –6.0% to +7.1%. Clinical applicability was assessed by analyzing plasma samples from six medicated patients receiving either donepezil (5 or 10 mg/day) or rivastigmine (1.5 or 3 mg/day), with results confirming dose-proportional concentrations and demonstrating the method's suitability for routine TDM. Moreover, the procedure is rapid, with a total preparation time of less than 45 minutes, consumes minimal organic solvent (under 2 mL per sample), and adheres strictly to green analytical chemistry principles.

Özet

This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive, environmentally friendly analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of donepezil and rivastigmine in human plasma to support therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The approach combined a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) utilizing a purposely synthesized SBA-15/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and TGA with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by HPLC-UV detection. Critical parameters affecting extraction efficiency, including sorbent amount, desorption/disperser solvent, sample pH, equilibration time, and ionic strength, were systematically optimized, and the method was validated according to ICH M10 and FDA (2018) guidelines. The optimized SBA-15/GO nanocomposite displayed a highly ordered mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 66.77 nm, with optimal extraction achieved using 0.001 g of sorbent, acetonitrile as the desorption/disperser solvent, a sample pH of 6.0, a 30-minute equilibration time, and no salt addition. The method exhibited excellent linearity over 0.15–200 µg/mL for donepezil and 0.01–50 µg/mL for rivastigmine (R² = 0.998 for both), with limits of detection of 0.04 and 0.002 µg/mL, respectively. Absolute extraction recoveries reached 83% for donepezil and 79% for rivastigmine, with enrichment factors of 10, while intra- and inter-assay precision (RSD) remained below 7.8% and 8.2%, respectively, and accuracy (RE) ranged from –6.0% to +7.1%. Clinical applicability was assessed by analyzing plasma samples from six medicated patients receiving either donepezil (5 or 10 mg/day) or rivastigmine (1.5 or 3 mg/day), with results confirming dose-proportional concentrations and demonstrating the method's suitability for routine TDM. Moreover, the procedure is rapid, with a total preparation time of less than 45 minutes, consumes minimal organic solvent (under 2 mL per sample), and adheres strictly to green analytical chemistry principles. ۲٬۰۱۷ Bu çalışma, terapötik ilaç izleme (TDM) çalışmalarını desteklemek amacıyla insan plazmasında donepezil ve rivastigminin eş zamanlı kantifikasyonu için hassas, çevre dostu bir analitik yöntem geliştirmeyi ve doğrulamayı amaçlamıştır. Yaklaşım, FT-IR, SEM ve TGA ile karakterize edilen özel olarak sentezlenmiş bir SBA-15/grafen oksit (GO) nanokompoziti kullanan yeni bir dağılımlı katı faz ekstraksiyonunu (dSPE) dağılımlı sıvı-sıvı mikroekstraksiyonu (DLLME) ile birleştirmiş ve ardından HPLC-UV dedektörü ile analiz etmiştir. Ekstraksiyon verimliliğini etkileyen kritik parametreler, sorbent miktarı, desorpsiyon/dağıtıcı çözücü, numune pH'ı, denge süresi ve iyonik kuvvet dahil olmak üzere sistematik olarak optimize edilmiş ve yöntem ICH M10 ve FDA (2018) kılavuzlarına göre doğrulanmıştır. Optimize edilmiş SBA-15/GO nanokompoziti, ortalama gözenek çapı 66,77 nm olan oldukça düzenli bir mezogözenekli yapı sergiledi; optimum ekstraksiyon, 0,001 g sorbent, desorpsiyon/dağıtıcı çözücü olarak asetonitril, 6,0'lık bir numune pH'ı, 30 dakikalık dengeleme süresi ve tuz ilavesi olmaksızın elde edildi. Yöntem, donepezil için 0,15–200 µg/mL ve rivastigmin için 0,01–50 µg/mL aralığında mükemmel doğrusallık gösterdi (her ikisi için de R² = 0,998), tespit limitleri sırasıyla 0,04 ve 0,002 µg/mL idi. Donepezil için mutlak ekstraksiyon geri kazanımı %83'e, rivastigmin için ise %79'a ulaşmıştır; zenginleştirme faktörleri 10 iken, intra- ve inter-analiz hassasiyeti (RSD) sırasıyla %7,8 ve %8,2'nin altında kalmış ve doğruluk (RE) -%6,0 ile +%7,1 arasında değişmiştir. Klinik uygulanabilirlik, donepezil (5 veya 10 mg/gün) veya rivastigmin (1,5 veya 3 mg/gün) alan altı ilaç kullanan hastadan alınan plazma örneklerinin analiz edilmesiyle değerlendirilmiş ve sonuçlar dozla orantılı konsantrasyonları doğrulayarak yöntemin rutin TDM için uygunluğunu göstermiştir. Dahası, işlem hızlıdır, toplam hazırlık süresi 45 dakikadan azdır, minimum organik çözücü tüketir (örnek başına 2 mL'den az) ve yeşil analitik kimya prensiplerine sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır.

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Cite This Article

Vardast, M. R., Ranjkeshzadeh, H. (2026). Simultaneous HPLC-UV quantification of donepezil and rivastigmine in human plasma using an SBA-15/graphene oxide nanocomposite based DLLME dSPE approach. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1977574

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