Journals / Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Model-Based and Molecular-Level Evaluation of Methyl Orange Adsorption onto a Hazelnut Shell-Based Carbonaceous Adsorbent

Metil Turuncusunun Fındık Kabuğu Temelli Karbonlu Bir Adsorban Üzerine Adsorpsiyonunun Model Tabanlı ve Moleküler Düzeyde Değerlendirilmesi

Nagihan Soyer(SİVAS CUMHURİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1342-2037
Sema Salgın(SIVAS CUMHURIYET UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6354-3553
Uğur Salgın(SIVAS CUMHURIYET UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-5683-7569
Pages
190–218
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the hazelnut shell-based carbonaceous adsorbent exhibited effective dye-removal performance, as supported by combined experimental and computational evidence.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study presents a combined model-based and molecular-level assessment of methyl orange uptake by a hazelnut shell-based carbonaceous adsorbent.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Batch experiments were conducted under previously optimized conditions, namely a dye concentration of 42.65 mg/L, adsorbent loading of 1.29 g/L, temperature of 30.4 °C, and pH 3.0.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the hazelnut shell-based carbonaceous adsorbent exhibited effective dye-removal performance, as supported by combined experimental and computational evidence.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Adsorpsiyon modellemesi · görünür termodinamik · yoğunluk fonksiyoneli teorisi (DFT)

Abstract

This study presents a combined model-based and molecular-level assessment of methyl orange uptake by a hazelnut shell-based carbonaceous adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted under previously optimized conditions, namely a dye concentration of 42.65 mg/L, adsorbent loading of 1.29 g/L, temperature of 30.4 °C, and pH 3.0. Kinetic, diffusion, equilibrium, apparent thermodynamic, surface charge, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and density functional theory analyses were used to evaluate the macroscopic adsorption behavior and to support possible molecular interaction pathways. The nonlinear pseudo-first-order model provided the most suitable empirical description of the kinetic profile, yielding qe = 32.62 ± 0.51 mg/g, k1 = 1.28 × 10−2 ± 5.63 × 10−4 min−1, and R2 = 0.9963. Weber–Morris and Boyd analyses suggested that the uptake behavior was consistent with coupled surface attachment, film diffusion, and intraparticle diffusion rather than a single rate-controlling step. Freundlich modeling suggested a heterogeneous adsorption description, with the Freundlich constant increasing from 15.05 to 46.09 (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n and n rising from 2.24 to 3.37 with increasing temperature. Negative apparent Gibbs free energy changes and positive apparent enthalpy and entropy changes suggested a favorable, endothermic, and entropy-favored tendency under the investigated conditions. Surface charge measurements, infrared spectral changes, and quantum chemical results collectively supported the possibility that acidic conditions favored electrostatic attraction, while π–π stacking, dispersion forces, and localized hydrogen bonding may have contributed to stabilization of the adsorbed state. Overall, the hazelnut shell-based carbonaceous adsorbent exhibited effective dye-removal performance, as supported by combined experimental and computational evidence.

Özet

Bu çalışma, metil turuncusunun fındık kabuğu temelli karbonlu bir adsorban tarafından tutulmasını model tabanlı ve moleküler düzeyde birlikte değerlendirmektedir. Kesikli sistem deneyleri daha önce optimize edilen koşullar altında yürütülmüştür: boya derişimi 42,65 mg/L, adsorban dozu 1,29 g/L, sıcaklık 30,4 °C ve pH 3,0. Kinetik, difüzyon, denge, görünür termodinamik, yüzey yükü, Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi ve yoğunluk fonksiyoneli teorisi analizleri, makroskobik adsorpsiyon davranışını değerlendirmek ve olası moleküler etkileşim yollarını desteklemek amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Doğrusal olmayan yalancı birinci derece model, kinetik profili en uygun şekilde tanımlamış; qe = 32,62 ± 0,51 mg/g, k1 = 1,28 × 10⁻² ± 5,63 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹ ve R² = 0,9963 değerlerini vermiştir. Weber–Morris ve Boyd analizleri, adsorpsiyon davranışının tek bir hız sınırlayıcı basamaktan ziyade yüzey tutunması, film difüzyonu ve partikül içi difüzyonun birlikte etkisiyle uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Freundlich modellemesi heterojen bir adsorpsiyon davranışına işaret etmiş; Freundlich sabiti sıcaklık artışıyla 15,05’ten 46,09 (mg/g)(L/mg)¹/ⁿ değerine, n değeri ise 2,24’ten 3,37’ye yükselmiştir. Negatif görünür Gibbs serbest enerji değişimleri ile pozitif görünür entalpi ve entropi değişimleri, incelenen koşullar altında adsorpsiyonun elverişli, endotermik ve entropi destekli bir eğilim gösterdiğini düşündürmektedir. Yüzey yükü ölçümleri, kızılötesi spektral değişimler ve kuantum kimyasal sonuçlar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, asidik koşulların elektrostatik çekimi desteklediği; π–π istiflenmesi, dispersiyon kuvvetleri ve lokalize hidrojen bağlarının ise adsorplanmış durumun kararlılığına katkı sağlamış olabileceği görülmektedir. Genel olarak, fındık kabuğu temelli karbonlu adsorban, deneysel ve hesaplamalı kanıtlarla desteklenen etkili bir boya giderim performansı sergilemiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Soyer, N., Salgın, S., Salgın, U. (2026). Model-Based and Molecular-Level Evaluation of Methyl Orange Adsorption onto a Hazelnut Shell-Based Carbonaceous Adsorbent. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 190–218. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1980845

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (75)

  1. T. Robinson, G. McMullan, R. Marchant, P. Nigam, Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: A critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative, Bioresour Technol, 77, 2001, 247–255.
  2. G. Crini, Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review, Bioresour Technol, 97, 2006, 1061–1085.
  3. E. Forgacs, T. Cserháti, G. Oros, Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: A review, Environ Int, 30, 2004, 953–971.
  4. A.A. Alghamdi, A.B. Al-Odayni, W.S. Saeed, A. Al-Kahtani, F.A. Alharthi, T. Aouak, Adsorption of Azo dye methyl orange from aqueous solutions using alkali-activated polypyrrole-based graphene oxide, Molecules, 24, 2019, 3685.
  5. N.S.M. Sayed, A.S.A. Ahmed, M.H. Abdallah, G.A. Gouda, ZnO@ activated carbon derived from wood sawdust as adsorbent for removal of methyl red and methyl orange from aqueous solutions, Sci Rep, 14, 2024, 5384.
  6. C. Diaz-Uribe, J. Ortiz, F. Duran, W. Vallejo, J. Fals, Methyl orange adsorption on biochar obtained from Prosopis juliflora waste: Thermodynamic and kinetic study, ChemEngineering, 7, 2023, 114.
  7. G. Crini, E. Lichtfouse, L.D. Wilson, N. Morin-Crini, Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment, Environ Chem Lett, 17, 2019, 195–213.
  8. X. Tan, Y. Liu, G. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Gu, Z. Yang, Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 125, 2015, 70–85.
  9. N.X. Loc, P.T.T. Tuyen, L.C. Mai, D.T.M. Phuong, Chitosan-modified biochar and unmodified biochar for methyl orange: Adsorption characteristics and mechanism exploration, Toxics, 10, 2022, 500.
  10. Z. Alasmary, M.A. Akanji, Iron-modified biochar derived from poultry manure for efficient removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution, Sustainability, 17, 2025, 6008.
  11. Z. Tigrine, O. Benhabiles, L. Merabti, N. Chekir, M. Mellal, S. Aoudj, Sustainable activated carbon from agricultural waste: A study on adsorption efficiency for humic acid and methyl orange dyes, Sustainability, 16, 2024, 9308.
  12. A.B. Al-Odayni, F.S. Alsubaie, N.A.Y. Abdu, H.M. Al-Kahtani, W.S. Saeed, Adsorption kinetics of methyl orange from model polluted water onto N-doped activated carbons prepared from N-containing polymers, Polymers, 15, 2023, 1983.
  13. İ.M. Hasdemir, E. Yılmazoğlu, S. Güngör, B. Hasdemir, Adsorption of acetic acid onto activated carbons produced from hazelnut shell, orange peel, and melon seeds, Appl Water Sci, 12, 2022, 271.
  14. N. Soyer, S. Salgın, U. Salgın, Data-driven predictive modeling and optimization of methyl orange adsorption onto hazelnut shell-derived activated carbon using RSM and ANN (abstract), 7th International Eurasian Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology, Jun 24-26, Ankara, 2026, Türkiye, 519–528.
  15. V.N. Klushin, W.M. So, V.M. Mukhin, T.A. Si, A.V. Nistratov, Method of producing crushed active coal, 2017, RU2605967C1.
  16. D. Özdeş, C. Duran, B. Şeker, V.N. Bulut, Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by Brevibacillus agri-loaded clay: Kinetic, isotherm, and artificial neural network modeling, Turk J Anal Chem, 8, 2026, 103–116.
  17. B. Kabak, Magnetic biochar derived from olive pomace for efficient tetracycline removal from water, Turk J Anal Chem, 7, 2025, 268–281.
  18. S. Lagergren, Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe, K Sven Vetenskapsakad Handl, 24, 1898, 1–39.
  19. Y.S. Ho, G. McKay, The kinetics of sorption of divalent metal ions onto sphagnum moss peat, Water Res, 34, 2000, 735–742.
  20. D.C. Montgomery, E.A. Peck, G.G. Vining, Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis (6th edition), 2021, USA, Wiley.
  21. W.J. Weber, J.C. Morris, Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution, J Sanit Eng Div, 89, 1963, 31–59.
  22. G.E. Boyd, A.W. Adamson, L.S. Myers, The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites. II. Kinetics, J Am Chem Soc, 69, 1947, 2836–2848.
  23. D. Reichenberg, Properties of ion-exchange resins in relation to their structure. III. Kinetics of exchange, J Am Chem Soc, 75, 1953, 589–597.
  24. I. Langmuir, The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Solids, J Am Chem Soc, 38, 1916, 2221–2295.
  25. H. Freundlich, Über die adsorption in lösungen, Z Phys Chem, 57U, 1907, 385–470. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723
  26. O. Redlich, D.L. Peterson, A useful adsorption isotherm, J Phys Chem, 63, 1959, 1024–1024. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150576a611
  27. Ü.C. Erim, Congo red removal from aqueous solution using 2-mercaptopropionic acid functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, Turk J Anal Chem, 7, 2025, 361–369.
  28. H. Akaike, A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 19, 1974, 716–723.
  29. G. Schwarz, Estimating the dimension of a model, Ann Stat, 6, 1978, 461–464.
  30. S.S. Shapiro, M.B. Wilk, An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples), Biometrika, 52, 1965, 591–611.
  31. A. Wald, J. Wolfowitz, On a test whether two samples are from the same population, Ann Math Stat, 11, 1940, 147–162.
  32. U. Salgın, N. Soyer, S. Salgın, Y.E. Salgın, Integrated experimental, computational, and density functional theory analysis of m-nitrophenol adsorption and supercritical CO2-assisted regeneration on β-cyclodextrin nanosponges, Sep Purif Technol, 401, 2026, 138516.
  33. U. Salgın, İ. Alomari, N. Soyer, S. Salgın, Adsorption of Bisphenol A onto β-cyclodextrin–based nanosponges and innovative supercritical green regeneration of the sustainable adsorbent, Polymers, 17, 2025, 856.
  34. M.J. Frisch, G.W. Trucks, H.B. Schlegel, G.E. Scuseria, M.A. Robb, J.R. Cheeseman, Gaussian 16, 2016, Wallingford, CT: Gaussian, Inc.
  35. S. Salgın, U. Salgın, Y.E. Salgın, N. Soyer, pH-dependent complexation of ketoprofen with β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Integrated experimental and computational insights, J Mol Struct, 1373, 2026, 146755.
  36. T. Lu, F. Chen, Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer, J Comput Chem, 33, 2012, 580–592.
  37. T. Lu, A comprehensive electron wavefunction analysis toolbox for chemists, Multiwfn, J Chem Phys, 161, 2024, 082503.
  38. W. Humphrey, A. Dalke, K. Schulten, VMD: Visual molecular dynamics, J Mol Graph, 14, 1996, 33–38.
  39. K. Kuśmierek, A. Świątkowski, The influence of different agitation techniques on the adsorption kinetics of 4-chlorophenol on granular activated carbon, React Kinet Mech Catal, 116, 2015, 261–271.
  40. M.M. Nassar, Energy consumption and mass transfer during adsorption using gas and mechanical stirring systems, Water Res, 32, 1998, 3071–3079.
  41. J.P. Simonin, On the comparison of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws in the modeling of adsorption kinetics, Chem Eng J, 300, 2016, 254–263.
  42. H.N. Tran, S.J. You, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, H.P. Chao, Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: A critical review, Water Res, 120, 2017, 88–116.
  43. K.Y. Foo, B.H. Hameed, Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems, Chem Eng J, 156, 2010, 2–10.
  44. N. Ayawei, A.N. Ebelegi, D. Wankasi, Modelling and interpretation of adsorption isotherms, J Chem, 2017, 3039817.
  45. B. Subramanyam, A. Das, Linearised and non-linearised isotherm models optimization analysis by error functions and statistical means, J Environ Health Sci Eng, 12, 2014, 92.
  46. N. Mohammadi, H. Khani, V.K. Gupta, E. Amereh, S. Agarwal, Adsorption process of methyl orange dye onto mesoporous carbon material–kinetic and thermodynamic studies, J Colloid Interface Sci, 362, 2011, 457–462.
  47. F. Liu, Z. Guo, H. Ling, Z. Huang, D. Tang, Effect of pore structure on the adsorption of aqueous dyes to ordered mesoporous carbons, Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 227, 2016, 104–111.
  48. Y. Liu, Is the free energy change of adsorption correctly calculated?, J Chem Eng Data, 54, 2009, 1981–1985.
  49. E.C. Lima, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, J.C. Moreno-Piraján, I. Anastopoulos, A critical review of the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters on adsorption equilibria. Wrong use of equilibrium constant in the Van’t Hoof equation for calculation of thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, J Mol Liq, 273, 2019, 425–434.
  50. H.N. Tran, E.C. Lima, R.S. Juang, J.C. Bollinger, H.P. Chao, Thermodynamic parameters of liquid–phase adsorption process calculated from different equilibrium constants related to adsorption isotherms: A comparison study, J Environ Chem Eng, 9, 2021, 106674.
  51. J.T. Bullerjahn, S.M. Hanson, Extracting thermodynamic properties from van ’t Hoff plots with emphasis on temperature-sensing ion channels, Temperature, 11, 2024, 60–71.
  52. M. Kosmulski, The pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge, J Colloid Interface Sci, 353, 2011, 1–15.
  53. J. Gutierrez-Martinez, V. Hernandez-Montoya, M.A. Montes-Moran, M. Perez-Mendoza, Point of zero charge, isoelectric point, and potential of zero charge on activated carbons: A comprehensive interpretation about their interrelation, Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci, 40, 2026, 101247.
  54. M. Kosmulski, pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge. IV. Update and new approach, J Colloid Interface Sci, 337, 2009, 439–448.
  55. C. Moreno-Castilla, Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials, Carbon, 42, 2004, 83–94.
  56. S. Grimme, Do special noncovalent π–π stacking interactions really exist?, Angew Chem Int Ed, 47, 2008, 3430–3434.
  57. S. Grimme, J. Antony, S. Ehrlich, H. Krieg, A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H-Pu, J Chem Phys, 132, 2010, 154104.
  58. S.F. Boys, F. Bernardi, The calculation of small molecular interactions by the differences of separate total energies. Some procedures with reduced errors, Mol Phys, 19, 1970, 553–566.
  59. D.L. Carballeira, N. Ramos-Berdullas, I. Pérez-Juste, J.L.C. Fajín, M.N.D.S. Cordeiro, M. Mandado, A computational study of the interaction of graphene structures with biomolecular units, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 18, 2016, 15312–15321.
  60. A. Molla, Y. Li, B. Mandal, S.G. Kang, S.H. Hur, J.S. Chung, Selective adsorption of organic dyes on graphene oxide: Theoretical and experimental analysis, Appl Surf Sci, 464, 2019, 170–177.
  61. X. Cheng, H. Deng, Z. Liu, C. Ding, X. Liang, H. Rong, Multi-stage adsorption of methyl orange on the nitrogen-rich biomass-derived carbon adsorbent: DFT and MD evaluation, Chemosphere, 338, 2023, 139218.
  62. P. Politzer, J.S. Murray, The fundamental nature and role of the electrostatic potential in atoms and molecules, Theor Chem Acc, 108, 2002, 134–142.
  63. A.E. Reed, L.A. Curtiss, F. Weinhold, Intermolecular interactions from a natural bond orbital, donor-acceptor viewpoint, Chem Rev, 88, 1988, 899–926.
  64. E.R. Johnson, S. Keinan, P. Mori-Sánchez, J. Contreras-García, A.J. Cohen, W. Yang, Revealing noncovalent interactions, J Am Chem Soc, 132, 2010, 6498–6506.
  65. M. Thommes, K. Kaneko, A.V. Neimark, J.P. Olivier, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, J. Rouquerol, K.S.W. Sing, Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl Chem, 87, 2015, 1051–1069.
  66. K.A. Cychosz, M. Thommes, Progress in the physisorption characterization of nanoporous gas storage materials, Engineering, 4, 2018, 559–566.
  67. B. Grégoire, J.L. Bantignies, R. Le Parc, B. Prelot, J. Zajac, G. Layrac, D. Tichit, G. Martin-Gassin, Multiscale mechanistic study of the adsorption of methyl orange on the external surface of layered double hydroxide, J Phys Chem C, 123, 2019, 22212–22220.
  68. L. Wu, J. Ding, Y. Zheng, W. An, S. Deng, Study on the adsorption properties of methyl orange by natural one-dimensional nano-mineral materials with different structures, Sci Rep, 11, 2021, 10640.
  69. H.P. Boehm, Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: A critical assessment, Carbon, 40, 2002, 145–149.
  70. L. Zhang, X. Ding, H. Rong, Z. Chen, Coconut-based activated carbon fibers for efficient adsorption of various organic dyes, RSC Adv, 8, 2018, 42280–42291.
  71. A.A.M. Farag, A.M. Mansour, A.H. Ammar, M.A. Rafea, Characterization of electrical and optical absorption of organic based methyl orange for photovoltaic application, Synth Met, 161, 2011, 2135–2143.
  72. N. Agilee, E. Yılmazoğlu, İ.M. Hasdemir, S. Güngör, B. Hasdemir, Hazelnut shells as a tenable biosorbent for basic red 18 azo dye removal, Separations, 11, 2024, 343.
  73. T.J. Al-Musawi, G. McKay, A. Kadhim, M.M. Joybari, D. Balarak, Activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shell waste and magnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles for highly efficient adsorption of fluoride, Biomass Convers Biorefin, 14, 2024, 4687–4702.
  74. H. Moussout, H. Ahlafi, M. Aazza, H. Boualy, Towards a profound understanding of methyl orange removal from industrial wastewater using a raw walnut shell: Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and statistical physics calculations, J Mol Liq, 410, 2024, 125606.
  75. E. Demirbas, N. Dizge, M.T. Sulak, M. Kobya, Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of copper from aqueous solutions using hazelnut shell activated carbon, Chem Eng J, 148, 2009, 480–487.