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Journals / Tarsus Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Human Development in the Context of Education and Health Expenditures and Carbon Emissions in OECD Countries

OECD ÜLKELERİNDE EĞİTİM VE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI İLE KARBON EMİSYONLARI BAĞLAMINDA İNSANİ GELİŞME

Zümre Özdemir Güler(Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi)0000-0003-2730-4584
Pages
1–27
Publication Date
2026-10-02
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that the relationships are sensitive to model and sample structure and that social investment policies should be designed together with carbon-reduction targets.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Assessing the contribution of social investments to human development independently of environmental sustainability is an important limitation in sustainable development debates.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Using an unbalanced panel of 38 OECD countries over the period 2000–2021, this study examines the relationship between education and health expenditures, carbon emissions, and human development.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate that the relationships are sensitive to model and sample structure and that social investment policies should be designed together with carbon-reduction targets.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2000–2021 Verileri
⚙️Variables:İnsani Gelişme Endeksi · Sosyal Yatırım · Karbon Emisyonları

Abstract

Assessing the contribution of social investments to human development independently of environmental sustainability is an important limitation in sustainable development debates. Using an unbalanced panel of 38 OECD countries over the period 2000–2021, this study examines the relationship between education and health expenditures, carbon emissions, and human development. The Human Development Index is the dependent variable while education and health expenditures, unemployment, per capita GDP growth, and changes in CO₂ emissions are included as explanatory variables. In the two-way fixed-effects model, education and growth are insignificant, health expenditure and unemployment are negative, and CO₂ change is positive and significant. However, the CO₂ result is not retained with country-specific trends, the first-difference model, or the balanced subsample. The findings indicate that the relationships are sensitive to model and sample structure and that social investment policies should be designed together with carbon-reduction targets.

Özet

Sosyal yatırımların insani gelişmeye katkısının çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutundan bağımsız değerlendirilmesi, sürdürülebilir kalkınma tartışmalarının önemli sınırlılıklarından biridir. Çalışmada, 2000–2021 döneminde 38 OECD ülkesini kapsayan dengesiz panel veri seti kullanılarak eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları, karbon emisyonları ve insani gelişme arasındaki ilişki panel veri yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. İnsani Gelişme Endeksi bağımlı değişken; eğitim ve sağlık harcamaları, işsizlik, kişi başına GSYH büyümesi ve CO₂ emisyon değişimi açıklayıcı değişkenlerdir. İki yönlü sabit etkiler modelinde eğitim ve büyüme anlamsız, sağlık ve işsizlik negatif, CO₂ değişimi pozitif ve anlamlıdır. Ancak CO₂ bulgusu ülkeye özgü eğilimler, birinci fark modeli ve dengeli alt örneklemde korunmamaktadır. Sonuçlar, ilişkilerin model ve örneklem yapısına duyarlı olduğunu ve sosyal yatırım politikalarının karbon azaltım hedefleriyle birlikte tasarlanması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Güler, Z. Ö. (2026). Human Development in the Context of Education and Health Expenditures and Carbon Emissions in OECD Countries. Tarsus Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.56400/tarsusiibfdergisi.1980116

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