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Journals / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Examination of the dietary, physical activity, and screen use habits of adults with and without a cancer diagnosis: A hospital-based case-control study

Kanser tanısı bulunan ve bulunmayan erişkin bireylerin beslenme, fizik aktivite ve ekran kullanım alışkanlıklarının araştırılması: Hastane tabanlı bir vaka-kontrol çalışması

Elif Nur Yıldırım Öztürk(ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ANKARA TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-1447-9756
Mehmet Uyar(NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MERAM TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-3954-7471
Tuğçe Sarıtaş(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2805-9402
Mehmet Artaç(NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MERAM TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2335-3354
Tahir Kemal Şahin(NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MERAM TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-4836-1759
Mehtap Yücel(Bilecik Merkez Toplum Sağlığı Merkezi)0000-0001-6091-3205
Pages
499–506
Publication Date
2024-12-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Adherence to the WHO's healthy diet indicator and overall cancer risk in the EPIC-NL cohort.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Introduction: This study aimed to investigate and compare the dietary, physical activity, and screen use habits of adults with and without a cancer diagnosis.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study was conducted in 2019 at a university hospital in K…, Turkey.
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Conclusion & Impact:Adherence to the WHO's healthy diet indicator and overall cancer risk in the EPIC-NL cohort.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2019 Verileri
⚙️Variables:kanser · beslenme · fizik aktivite

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate and compare the dietary, physical activity, and screen use habits of adults with and without a cancer diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based case-control study. The study was conducted in 2019 at a university hospital in K…, Turkey. The study included 151 individuals, 49 in the case group and 102 in the control group, who met the inclusion criteria. Research data were collected using a data collection form. The research data were analyzed using independent samples t-test / Mann-Whitney U-test, and Chi-squared test. Odds Ratio (OR) and Cohen's d effect size were also calculated. Results: After stratification by age, there was statistical significance between the case and control groups for water consumption at age ≤55 years and coffee consumption at age ≥56 years (p<0.05). In addition, the effect sizes calculated for water and coffee were small/moderate. No statistical significance was found between the case and control groups for other dietary and physical activity habits, but an OR was obtained suggesting that liquid oils at room temperature were more protective than solid oils (OR=0.439; 95% CI=0.198-0.977). A statistically significant difference was found between the case and control groups for the variables of television viewing status and computer use time (p<0.05). The calculated ORs were less than 1 and were protective. Conclusion: Many variables thought to be associated with cancer, such as red meat consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, and active lifestyle, were not statistically significant. The relationship between cancer and dietary, physical activity, and screen use habits, which are an integral part of daily life, is still unclear and needs to be clarified. References American Cancer Society (ACS). (2023). All about cancer-Understanding cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/understanding-cancer/what-is-cancer.html Bassiony, M., Aqil, M., Khalili, M., Radosevich J. A., & Elsabaa H. M. (2015). Tobacco consumption and oral, pharyngeal and lung cancers. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 1(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874079001508010001 Berentzen, N. E., Beulens, J. W., Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., Kampman, E., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Romaguera-Bosch, D., Peeters, P. H., & May, A. M. (2013). Adherence to the WHO's healthy diet indicator and overall cancer risk in the EPIC-NL cohort. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e70535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070535 Biddle, S. J. H., García Bengoechea, E., Pedisic, Z., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., & Wiesner, G. (2017). Screen time, other sedentary behaviours, and obesity risk in adults: A review of reviews. Current Obesity Reports, 6(2), 134-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0256-9 de Martel, C., Georges, D., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Clifford, G. M. (2020). Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: A worldwide incidence analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 8(2), e180-e190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 Friedenreich, C. M., & Orenstein, M. R. (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: Etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(11 Suppl), 3456S-3464S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.11.3456S Friedenreich, C. M., Shaw, E., Neilson, H. K., & Brenner, D. R. (2017). Epidemiology and biology of physical activity and cancer recurrence. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 95(10), 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-017-1558-9 Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell, 144(5), 646-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 Hunter, R. F., Murray, J. M., & Coleman, H. G. (2020). The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: Findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00997-6 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) & World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Agents classified by the IARC Monographs. Volume 102. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2020). Cancer today-cancer fact sheets-all cancers. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/fact-sheets-cancers Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., & Carroll, J. E. (2016). Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014 Kohler, L. N., Garcia, D. O., Harris, R. B., Oren, E., Roe, D. J., & Jacobs, E. T. (2016). Adherence to diet and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines and cancer outcomes: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 25(7), 1018-1028. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0121 Lee, D. S., Yoon, S. Y., Looi, L. M., Kang, P., Kang, I. N., Sivanandan, K., Ariffin, H., Thong, M. K., Chin, K. F., Mohd Taib, N. A., Yip, C. H., & Teo, S. H. (2012). Comparable frequency of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort suggests TP53 screening should be offered together with BRCA1/2 screening to early-onset breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research, 14(2), R66. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3172 Lee, J. (2020). Associations between physical activity and liver cancer risks and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238943 Liu, W., Wang, T., Zhu, M., & Jin, G. (2023). Healthy diet, polygenic risk score, and upper gastrointestinal cancer risk: A prospective study from UK Biobank. Nutrients, 15(6), 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061344 Lynch, B. M. (2010). Sedentary behavior and cancer: A systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(11), 2691-2709. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815 McTiernan, A. (2008). Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2325 McTiernan, A., Friedenreich, C. M., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Macko, R., Buchner, D., Pescatello, L. S., Bloodgood, B., Tennant, B., Vaux-Bjerke, A., George, S. M., Troiano, R. P., Piercy, K. L., & 2018 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES ADVISORY COMMITTEE. (2019). Physical activity in cancer prevention and survival: A systematic review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 1252-1261. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001937 Mittelman, S. D. (2020). The role of diet in cancer prevention and chemotherapy efficacy. Annual Review of Nutrition, 40, 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-013120-041149 Mohania, D., Chandel, S., Kumar, P., Verma, V., Digvijay, K., Tripathi, D., Choudhury, K., Mitten, S. K., & Shah, D. (2017). Ultraviolet radiations: Skin defense-damage mechanism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 996, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_7 Mortazavi, S. A. R., Tahmasebi, S., Parsaei, H., Taleie, A., Faraz, M., Rezaianzadeh, A., Zamani, A., Zamani, A., & Mortazavi, S. M. J. (2022). Machine learning models for predicting breast cancer risk in women exposed to blue light from digital screens. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 12(6), 637-644. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2105-1341 Pan, S. Y., Ugnat, A. M., & Mao, Y. (2005). Physical activity and the risk of ovarian cancer: A case-control study in Canada. International Journal of Cancer, 117(2), 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21157 Potter, J., Brown, L., Williams, R. L., Byles, J., & Collins, C. E. (2016). Diet quality and cancer outcomes in adults: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(7), 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071052 Rezende, L. F. M., Sá, T. H., Markozannes, G., Rey-López, J. P., Lee, I. M., Tsilidis, K. K., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Eluf-Neto, J. (2018). Physical activity and cancer: An umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770,000 cancer cases. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098391 Rocka, A., Jasielska, F., Madras, D., Krawiec, P., & Pac-Kożuchowska, E. (2022). The impact of digital screen time on dietary habits and physical activity in children and adolescents. Nutrients, 14(14), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142985 Sánchez-Alcoholado, L., Ramos-Molina, B., Otero, A., Laborda-Illanes, A., Ordóñez, R., Medina, J. A., Gómez-Millán, J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2020). The role of the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer development and therapy response. Cancers, 12(6), 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061406 Tambalis, K. D., Panagiotakos, D. B., Psarra, G., & Sidossis, L. S. (2020). Screen time and its effect on dietary habits and lifestyle among schoolchildren. Central European Journal of Public Health, 28(4), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a6097 Teegarden, D., Romieu, I., & Lelièvre, S. A. (2012). Redefining the impact of nutrition on breast cancer incidence: Is epigenetics involved? Nutrition Research Reviews, 25(1), 68-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422411000199 Tomasetti, C., Li, L., & Vogelstein, B. (2017). Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention. Science, 355(6331), 1330-1334. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9011 Wang, A., Qin, F., Hedlin, H., Desai, M., Chlebowski, R., Gomez, S., Eaton, C. B., Johnson, K. C., Qi, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Womack, C., Wakelee, H. A., & Stefanick, M. L. (2016). Physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to lung cancer incidence and mortality in older women: The Women's Health Initiative. International Journal of Cancer, 139(10), 2178-2192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30281 Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010). A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's physical activity guidelines for adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-39 World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Cancer-Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

Özet

Giriş ve Amaç: Bu çalışmada kanser tanısı bulunan ve bulunmayan erişkin bireylerin beslenme, fizik aktivite ve ekran kullanım alışkanlıklarının araştırılması ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma hastane tabanlı bir vaka-kontrol çalışmasıdır. Araştırma 2019 yılında K…, Türkiye’de bir üniversite hastanesinde yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamına dahil etme kriterlerini karşılayan 49’u vaka grubunda ve 102’si kontrol grubunda 151 kişi alınmıştır. Araştırma verileri bir veri toplama formuyla toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri bağımsız gruplarda t testi/Mann-Whitney U testi, Ki-kare testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Odds Ratio (OR) ve Cohen d etki büyüklüğü hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Vaka ve kontrol grupları arasında, yaşa göre tabakalandıktan sonra ≤55 yaşta su tüketimi ve ≥56 yaşta kahve tüketimi açısından istatistiksel açıdan anlamlılık vardı (p<0,05). Ayrıca su ve kahve için hesaplanan etki büyüklükleri küçük/orta düzeylerdeydi. Beslenme ve fizik aktivite alışkanlıkları açısından vaka ve kontrol grupları arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlılık saptanmadı ancak oda sıcaklığında sıvı olan yağların katı olan yağlara göre daha koruyucu olduğu düşündüren bir OR elde edildi (OR=0,439; %95 CI=0,198-0,977). Vaka ve kontrol grupları arasında televizyon izleme durumu ve bilgisayar kullanma süresi değişkenlerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık belirlendi (p<0,05). Hesaplanan OR’ler 1’den küçük olup koruyucu nitelikteydi. Sonuç: Kanserle ilişkili olduğu düşünülen kırmızı et tüketimi, meyve-sebze alımı, aktif yaşam alışkanlıkları gibi pek çok değişken istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Günlük yaşamın ayrılmaz bir parçası olan beslenme, fizik aktivite ve ekran kullanım alışkanlıkları ile kanser arasındaki ilişki hala net değildir ve açıklığa kavuşturulması gerekmektedir. References American Cancer Society (ACS). (2023). All about cancer-Understanding cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/understanding-cancer/what-is-cancer.html Bassiony, M., Aqil, M., Khalili, M., Radosevich J. A., & Elsabaa H. M. (2015). Tobacco consumption and oral, pharyngeal and lung cancers. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 1(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874079001508010001 Berentzen, N. E., Beulens, J. W., Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., Kampman, E., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Romaguera-Bosch, D., Peeters, P. H., & May, A. M. (2013). Adherence to the WHO's healthy diet indicator and overall cancer risk in the EPIC-NL cohort. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e70535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070535 Biddle, S. J. H., García Bengoechea, E., Pedisic, Z., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., & Wiesner, G. (2017). Screen time, other sedentary behaviours, and obesity risk in adults: A review of reviews. Current Obesity Reports, 6(2), 134-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0256-9 de Martel, C., Georges, D., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Clifford, G. M. (2020). Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: A worldwide incidence analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 8(2), e180-e190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 Friedenreich, C. M., & Orenstein, M. R. (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: Etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(11 Suppl), 3456S-3464S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.11.3456S Friedenreich, C. M., Shaw, E., Neilson, H. K., & Brenner, D. R. (2017). Epidemiology and biology of physical activity and cancer recurrence. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 95(10), 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-017-1558-9 Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell, 144(5), 646-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 Hunter, R. F., Murray, J. M., & Coleman, H. G. (2020). The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: Findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00997-6 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) & World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Agents classified by the IARC Monographs. Volume 102. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2020). Cancer today-cancer fact sheets-all cancers. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/fact-sheets-cancers Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., & Carroll, J. E. (2016). Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014 Kohler, L. N., Garcia, D. O., Harris, R. B., Oren, E., Roe, D. J., & Jacobs, E. T. (2016). Adherence to diet and physical activity cancer prevention guidelines and cancer outcomes: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 25(7), 1018-1028. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0121 Lee, D. S., Yoon, S. Y., Looi, L. M., Kang, P., Kang, I. N., Sivanandan, K., Ariffin, H., Thong, M. K., Chin, K. F., Mohd Taib, N. A., Yip, C. H., & Teo, S. H. (2012). Comparable frequency of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort suggests TP53 screening should be offered together with BRCA1/2 screening to early-onset breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research, 14(2), R66. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3172 Lee, J. (2020). Associations between physical activity and liver cancer risks and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238943 Liu, W., Wang, T., Zhu, M., & Jin, G. (2023). Healthy diet, polygenic risk score, and upper gastrointestinal cancer risk: A prospective study from UK Biobank. Nutrients, 15(6), 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061344 Lynch, B. M. (2010). Sedentary behavior and cancer: A systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(11), 2691-2709. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815 McTiernan, A. (2008). Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2325 McTiernan, A., Friedenreich, C. M., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Macko, R., Buchner, D., Pescatello, L. S., Bloodgood, B., Tennant, B., Vaux-Bjerke, A., George, S. M., Troiano, R. P., Piercy, K. L., & 2018 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES ADVISORY COMMITTEE. (2019). Physical activity in cancer prevention and survival: A systematic review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 1252-1261. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001937 Mittelman, S. D. (2020). The role of diet in cancer prevention and chemotherapy efficacy. Annual Review of Nutrition, 40, 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-013120-041149 Mohania, D., Chandel, S., Kumar, P., Verma, V., Digvijay, K., Tripathi, D., Choudhury, K., Mitten, S. K., & Shah, D. (2017). Ultraviolet radiations: Skin defense-damage mechanism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 996, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_7 Mortazavi, S. A. R., Tahmasebi, S., Parsaei, H., Taleie, A., Faraz, M., Rezaianzadeh, A., Zamani, A., Zamani, A., & Mortazavi, S. M. J. (2022). Machine learning models for predicting breast cancer risk in women exposed to blue light from digital screens. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 12(6), 637-644. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2105-1341 Pan, S. Y., Ugnat, A. M., & Mao, Y. (2005). Physical activity and the risk of ovarian cancer: A case-control study in Canada. International Journal of Cancer, 117(2), 300-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21157 Potter, J., Brown, L., Williams, R. L., Byles, J., & Collins, C. E. (2016). Diet quality and cancer outcomes in adults: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(7), 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071052 Rezende, L. F. M., Sá, T. H., Markozannes, G., Rey-López, J. P., Lee, I. M., Tsilidis, K. K., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Eluf-Neto, J. (2018). Physical activity and cancer: An umbrella review of the literature including 22 major anatomical sites and 770,000 cancer cases. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098391 Rocka, A., Jasielska, F., Madras, D., Krawiec, P., & Pac-Kożuchowska, E. (2022). The impact of digital screen time on dietary habits and physical activity in children and adolescents. Nutrients, 14(14), 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142985 Sánchez-Alcoholado, L., Ramos-Molina, B., Otero, A., Laborda-Illanes, A., Ordóñez, R., Medina, J. A., Gómez-Millán, J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2020). The role of the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer development and therapy response. Cancers, 12(6), 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061406 Tambalis, K. D., Panagiotakos, D. B., Psarra, G., & Sidossis, L. S. (2020). Screen time and its effect on dietary habits and lifestyle among schoolchildren. Central European Journal of Public Health, 28(4), 260-266. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a6097 Teegarden, D., Romieu, I., & Lelièvre, S. A. (2012). Redefining the impact of nutrition on breast cancer incidence: Is epigenetics involved? Nutrition Research Reviews, 25(1), 68-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422411000199 Tomasetti, C., Li, L., & Vogelstein, B. (2017). Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention. Science, 355(6331), 1330-1334. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9011 Wang, A., Qin, F., Hedlin, H., Desai, M., Chlebowski, R., Gomez, S., Eaton, C. B., Johnson, K. C., Qi, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Womack, C., Wakelee, H. A., & Stefanick, M. L. (2016). Physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to lung cancer incidence and mortality in older women: The Women's Health Initiative. International Journal of Cancer, 139(10), 2178-2192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30281 Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010). A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's physical activity guidelines for adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-39 World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Cancer-Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

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Öztürk, E. N. Y., Uyar, M., Sarıtaş, T., Artaç, M., Şahin, T. K., Yücel, M. (2024). Examination of the dietary, physical activity, and screen use habits of adults with and without a cancer diagnosis: A hospital-based case-control study. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 499–506. https://doi.org/10.52880/sagakaderg.1469215

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References (36)

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