Journals / Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 19

Evaluation of Capital Gains Tax Systems of OECD Member Countries in Terms of Effective Taxation Principle

OECD Üyesi Ülkelerin Sermaye Kazançları Vergisi Sistemlerinin Efektif Vergileme İlkesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Ali Çelikkaya(ESKISEHIR OSMANGAZI UNIV)0000-0003-4218-404X
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-07-21
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results, various options for reducing the lock-in effects and tax avoidance opportunities caused by the differential tax treatment of capital gains include: i) inflation adjustment, ii) normal return deduction, iii) tax spreading, iv) facilitating loss carry forwards, v) harmonization of tax rates, vi) deemed realization, vii) retrospective taxation, and viii) accrual basis.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The purpose of this study is to discuss alternative approaches that would effectively tax capital gains, limited to the tax systems of OECD member countries, and to offer some recommendations to strengthen the typical realization approach.
📊
Key Findings & Data:To this end, a detailed literature review was conducted, and countries’ current capital tax regimes as of 2023 were analyzed.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:According to the results, various options for reducing the lock-in effects and tax avoidance opportunities caused by the differential tax treatment of capital gains include: i) inflation adjustment, ii) normal return deduction, iii) tax spreading, iv) facilitating loss carry forwards, v) harmonization of tax rates, vi) deemed realization, vii) retrospective taxation, and viii) accrual basis.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Sermaye Kazançları Vergisi · Kilitleme Etkisi · Geriye Dönük Vergileme

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to discuss alternative approaches that would effectively tax capital gains, limited to the tax systems of OECD member countries, and to offer some recommendations to strengthen the typical realization approach. In this respect, the study is a theoretical study in the nature of policy analysis. To this end, a detailed literature review was conducted, and countries’ current capital tax regimes as of 2023 were analyzed. According to the results, various options for reducing the lock-in effects and tax avoidance opportunities caused by the differential tax treatment of capital gains include: i) inflation adjustment, ii) normal return deduction, iii) tax spreading, iv) facilitating loss carry forwards, v) harmonization of tax rates, vi) deemed realization, vii) retrospective taxation, and viii) accrual basis. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these options should be carefully evaluated. However, the deemed realization approach can play a significant role in strengthening the typical realization approach by preventing some gains from escaping tax entirely.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı OECD ülkelerinin vergi sistemleri ile sınırlı olarak sermaye kazançlarının efektif vergilendirilmesine yönelik alternatifleri tartışmak ve tipik gerçekleşme yaklaşımının güçlendirilmesine yönelik önerilerde bulunmaktır. Bu bakımdan çalışma politika analizi niteliğinde kuramsal bir çalışmadır. Bunun için ayrıntılı bir literatür taraması yapılmış ve ülkelerin 2023 yılı itibariyle güncel sermaye vergisi rejimleri analiz edilmiştir. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre sermaye kazançlarının farklı vergi muamelesine tabi tutulmasının neden olduğu kilitlenme etkilerini ve vergiden kaçınma fırsatlarını azaltabilmek için çeşitli seçenekler arasında; i) enflasyon ayarlaması, ii) normal getiri indirimi, iii) verginin yayılması, iv) zararları devretme kolaylığı sağlanması, v) vergi oranlarının uyumlaştırılması, vi) varsayılan gerçekleşme, vii) geriye dönük vergileme ve viii) tahakkuk esası bulunmaktadır. Bu seçeneklerin her birinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerinin dikkatlice değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bununla birlikte, varsayılan gerçekleşme yaklaşımı bazı kazançların vergiden tamamen kaçmasını önleyerek tipik gerçekleşme yaklaşımını güçlendirmede önemli bir rol oynayabilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çelikkaya, A. (2026). Evaluation of Capital Gains Tax Systems of OECD Member Countries in Terms of Effective Taxation Principle. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, Sayı: 19. https://doi.org/10.29067/muvu.1782282

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (47)

  1. Adam, S., Advani, A., Miller, H., ve Summers, A.(2024). Capital gains tax reform. Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), 336, https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2024.0336
  2. Adam, S., ve Helen, M. (2021). Taxing work and investment across legal forms: pathways to welldesigned taxes. Erişim Adresi: https://ifs.org.uk/sites/default/files/output_url_files/R184-Taxing-work-andinvestment- across-legal-forms.pdf
  3. Advani, A. (2021). Policy forum: the taxation of capital gains-principles, practice, and directions for reform. Canadian Tax Journal, 69 (4), 1231–1250. https://doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.4.pf.advani
  4. Advani, A., Hughson, H., Lonsdale, A., ve Summers, A. (2024). Should capital gains be tax privileged? Erişim Adresi: https://arunadvani.com/slides/AdvaniHughsonLonsdaleSummers2024_ShouldCapitalGainsBeTaxPrivileged.pdf
  5. Advani, A., Andrew, L., ve Summers, A. (2024). Reforming capital gains tax: revenue and distributional effects. Erişim Adresi: https://centax.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/AdvaniLonsdaleSummers2024_CGTReform.pdf
  6. Advani, A., ve Summers, A. (2022). Measuring and taxing top incomes and wealth. Erişim Adresi: https://ifs.org.uk/inequality/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Measuringand- taxing-top-incomes-and-wealth-IFS-Deaton-Review-Inequality.pdf
  7. Auerbach, A., J. (1991). Retrospective capital gains taxation. The American Economic Review, 81 (1), 167–178.
  8. Baselgia, E., ve Isabel Z., M. (2023). Behavioral responses to special tax regimes for the super-rich: insights from Swiss rich lists. EU Tax Observatory Working Paper, 12, 36.
  9. Blackman, S., R. (2024). Taxation and risk-taking: solving New Zealand’s foreign investment fund liquidity problem with a retrospective capital gains tax. Erişim Adresi: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/Prizes/2024-1.pdf
  10. Boadway, R., ve Spiritus, K. (2024), Optimal taxation of normal and excess returns to risky assets. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12566.
  11. Brys, B., Sarah, P, Alastair, T., ve Pierce O’R. (2016). Tax design for inclusive economic growth, OECD Taxation Working Papers,26, ss. 1-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlv74ggk0g7-en
  12. Buchanan, J., M. (1960). The Public Finance. Illinois: Richard D. Irwin Inc.
  13. Burman, L., E. (2009). Taxing capital gains in Australia: assessment and recommendations. Erişim Adresi: https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/411857-Taxing-Capital-Gains-in-Australia-Assessment-and-Recommendations.
  14. Çelikkaya A. (2025). Eşitsizliğin giderilmesine yönelik vergi reformları, Mali Hukuk Dergisi, 21 (248), ss. 1361–1388. Erişim adresi. https://legal.com.tr/kitaplik/arama
  15. Dominguez, J. M., Jose, M., Molina, C. ve Montes, A. P. (2024). Personal income tax and the taxation of billionaires: is the Haig-Simons model feasible?. Research in Economics and Mathematics, 0326-2024, 1-19,
  16. Edizdoğan, N., ve Çelikkaya, A. (2022). Vergilerin ekonomik analizi, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  17. Eckstein, Otto. (1973). Public Finance, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey,
  18. Enda, G., ve Gale, W. G. (2020). How could changing capital gains taxes raise more revenue?. Erişim Adresi: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-could-changing-capital-gains-taxes-raise-morerevenue/
  19. Fellows, M., L. (1990). A Comprehensive attack on tax deferral. Michigan Law Review, 88 (4), 722–813. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289127
  20. Foster, M., Ignacio, G., Mary, H., Juan, M., ve William, M. (2025). Technical note on the economics of taxing capital gains. Erişim Adresi: https://aura.american.edu/articles/report/Technical_Note_on_the_Economics_of_Taxing_Capital_Gains/28404686?file=53480231
  21. Fox, E. G., ve Liscow, Z. (2024). No more tax-free lunch for billionaires: closing the borrowing loophole, Tax Notes. Erişim Adresi: https://www.taxnotes.com/special-reports/individual-incometaxation/ no-more-tax-free-lunch-billionaires-closing-borrowing-loophole/2024/01/19/7j3bg
  22. Gravelle, J. G. (2018). Indexing capital gains taxes for inflation. Erişim Adresi: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45229.pdf
  23. Griffith, R., Hines, J. R, Sorensen, P. B. (2010). International Capital Taxation, ın Dimensions of Tax Design: Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  24. Hayman, D., N. (1996). Public Finance: A Contemporary Application of Theory to Policy. The Dreyden Press.
  25. Hourani. D., ve Perret, S. (2025). Taxing capital gains: Country experiences and challenges. OECD Taxation Working Papers, 2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9e33bd2b-en
  26. Hourani, D., Bethany, M. P., Perret, S., ve Ramm, A. (2023). The taxation of labour vs. capital income: a focus on high earners. OECD Taxation Working Papers 65.
  27. Kaplow, L. (1994). Taxation and risk taking: a general equilibrium perspective. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, 3079, 1–30.
  28. Kesselman, J. R. (2023). Pathways to reform of capital gains taxation in Canada, FON Commentaries. 3(5), 1–68.
  29. Kleven, H., Landais, C., Munoz, M., ve Stantcheva, S. (2020). Taxation and migration: evidence and policy implications. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34 (2), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.119
  30. Land, S. (1996). Defeating deferral: A proposal for retrospective taxation. Tax L. Rev, 52 (45). Lindhe, T., ve Södersten, J. (2011). The Norwegian shareholder tax reconsidered. International Tax and Public Finance, 19 (3), 424–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-011-9195-7.
  31. Mankiw, N., G. (2004). Principles of Macroeconomics. Ohio: Thomson.
  32. McCaffery, E. J. (2020). The death of the income tax (or the rise of America’s universal wage tax). Indiana Law Journal, 95, 1233.
  33. McClelland, R., ve Hunter, L. (2024). Taxing capital gains of high-income taxpayers. Erişim Adresi: https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefs/taxing-capital-gains-high-income-taxpayers
  34. Mirrlees J., Adam, S., Besley, T., Blundell, R. Bond, S., Chote, R., Gammie, M., Johnson, P., Myles G., and Poterba, J. (2011). The Mirrlees review: conclusions and recommendations for reform. Fiscal Studies. 32(3).
  35. Moretti, E., ve Wilson, D. J. (2023). Taxing billionaires: Estate taxes and the geographical location of the ultra-wealthy. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 15(2), 424–466.
  36. Musgrave, R., A and Musgrave, P., B (1973). Public Finance in Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  37. OECD (2024). Taxation and inequality: OECD report to the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors. https://doi.org/10.1787/8dbf9a62-en
  38. OECD (2021). Inheritance taxation in OECD countries. OECD Tax Policy Studies, 28, https://doi.org/10.1787/e2879a7d-en
  39. Ritz, B., ve Kilander, A. (2024). Better way to tax unearned income. Erişim Adresi: https://www.progressivepolicy.org/a-better-way-to-tax-unearned-income/
  40. Rosenthal, S. M., ve McClelland, R. (2022), Taxing capital gains at death at a higher rate than during life. Erişim Adresi: https://taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/taxing-capital-gains-deathhigher-
  41. Saez, E., Yagan, D., ve Zucman, G. (2021). Capital gains withholding. Erişim Adresi: https://eml.berkeley.edu/~yagan/CapitalGainsWithholding.pdf
  42. Scheuer, F. (2025). Taxing capital, but right: why realized gains, not asset values, should guide tax policy, UBS Center of Economics in Society, University of Zurich, Policy Brief, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-279121
  43. Şener, O. (2006). Teori ve Uygulamada Kamu Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Beta.
  44. Tapper, A., ve Fenna, A. (2019). The Relationship between Income, wealth and age in Australia. Australian Economic Review, 52(4), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12326
  45. Toder, E., ve Viard, A. D. (2016). A proposal to reform the taxation of corporate income. Erişim Adresi: https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000817-proposal-to-reform-the-taxation-of-corporate-income.pdf
  46. Wyden, R. (2019). Treat wealth like wages. Erişim Adresi: https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Treat%20Wealth%20Like%20Wages%20RM%20Wyden.pdf
  47. Zawisza, T., Perret, S., O’Reilly, P., ve Ramm, A. (2024). Tax arbitrage through closely held businesses: Implications for OECD tax systems. OECD Taxation Working Papers, 70, https://doi.org/10.1787/24b4ed4d-en