SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Kommagene Biyoloji Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Locomotor Impairment Induced by the Pyrethroid Tau-fluvalinate in Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Chironomus riparius’ta (Diptera: Chironomidae) Piretroit Tau-fluvalinatın Neden Olduğu Akut Toksisite ve Subletal Lokomotor Bozukluk

Adile Sarı(PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8247-6103
Fikret Sarı(PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-6141-0690
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-01-26
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

As the first study to evaluate the effects of tau-fluvalinate on the non-target organism C. riparius, our findings demonstrate that tau-fluvalinate poses a considerable risk to C. riparius populations, largely due to its environmental persistence, and that its prolonged presence in aquatic ecosystems constitutes an environmental hazard.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:As pesticides negatively affect non-target organisms, their excessive and indiscriminate use poses a threat to the environment and aquatic ecosystems.
📊
Key Findings & Data:For this aim, acute toxicity of tau-fluvalinate was evaluated through a 96-h mortality test, and changes in the locomotor activity of C. riparius were examined after 72- and 144-h exposures to different sublethal concentrations.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:As the first study to evaluate the effects of tau-fluvalinate on the non-target organism C. riparius, our findings demonstrate that tau-fluvalinate poses a considerable risk to C. riparius populations, largely due to its environmental persistence, and that its prolonged presence in aquatic ecosystems constitutes an environmental hazard.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Pestisit · hedef dışı organizma · akuatik ekosistemler

Abstract

As pesticides negatively affect non-target organisms, their excessive and indiscriminate use poses a threat to the environment and aquatic ecosystems. In this study, it was aimed to examine the lethal and sublethal effects of tau-fluvalinate, a pyrethroid pesticide, on the non-target organism Chironomus riparius. For this aim, acute toxicity of tau-fluvalinate was evaluated through a 96-h mortality test, and changes in the locomotor activity of C. riparius were examined after 72- and 144-h exposures to different sublethal concentrations. Mortality tests indicated that both concentration (F9, 240 = 133,80; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.83) and exposure duration (F3, 240 = 18,93; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.19) had statistically significant effects on mortality. In locomotor activity tests conducted at sublethal concentrations (2.75, 5.5, 11, and 22 µg/L) selected based on the calculated 96-h median lethal concentration (44.53 µg/L), concentration (F4, 60 = 236,7; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.94), exposure duration (F1, 60 = 35,48; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.37) and their interaction (F4, 60 = 3,629; P = 0.0103; ηp2 = 0.19) were found to have statistically significant effects on locomotor activity. As the first study to evaluate the effects of tau-fluvalinate on the non-target organism C. riparius, our findings demonstrate that tau-fluvalinate poses a considerable risk to C. riparius populations, largely due to its environmental persistence, and that its prolonged presence in aquatic ecosystems constitutes an environmental hazard.

Özet

Pestisitler hedef dışı organizmaları olumsuz etkilediğinden, aşırı ve gelişigüzel kullanımları çevre ve akuatik ekosistemler için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bir piretroit pestisit olan tau-fluvalinatın hedef dışı bir organizma olan Chironomus riparius üzerindeki letal ve subletal etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 96 saatlik bir mortalite testi ile tau-fluvalinatın akut toksisitesi belirlenmiş ve farklı subletal konsantrasyonlara 72 ve 144 saatlik maruziyetler sonrasında C. riparius’un lokomotor aktivitesindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Mortalite testleri, hem konsantrasyonun (F9, 240 = 133,80; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.83) hem de maruziyet süresinin (F3, 240 = 18,93; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.19) mortalite üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Hesaplanan 96 saatlik medyan letal konsantrasyon (44,53 µg/L) temel alınarak seçilen subletal konsantrasyonlarda (2.75, 5.5, 11 ve 22 µg/L) gerçekleştirilen lokomotor aktivite testlerinde, konsantrasyonun (F4, 60 = 236,7; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.94), maruziyet süresinin (F1, 60 = 35,48; P<0.0001; ηp2 = 0.37) ve bu iki değişkenin etkileşiminin (F4, 60 = 3,629; P = 0.0103; ηp2 = 0.19) lokomotor aktivite üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilerinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Tau-fluvalinatın hedef dışı bir organizma olan C. riparius üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendiren ilk çalışma olarak bulgularımız, tau-fluvalinatın özellikle çevresel kalıcılığı nedeniyle C. riparius popülasyonları için önemli bir risk oluşturduğunu ve akuatik ekosistemlerde uzun süreli varlığının çevresel bir tehlike teşkil ettiğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Sarı, A., Sarı, F. (2026). Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Locomotor Impairment Induced by the Pyrethroid Tau-fluvalinate in Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Kommagene Biyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1781504

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (30)

  1. Ahmad, M.F., Ahmad, F.A., Alsayegh, A.A., Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A.M., Muzammil, K., … & Hussain, S. (2024). Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible counter measures. Heliyon, 10(7), e29128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29128
  2. Akbulut, C., Öztürk, C., & Yön Ertuğ, N.D. (2024). Histological disruptive effects of tau-fluvalinate in zebrafish (Danio rerio) testis. Environmental Toxicology and Ecology, 4(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.59838/etoxec.1362835
  3. Aktar, M.W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
  4. Carvalho, F.P. (2017). Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.108
  5. Chrustek, A., Hołyńska-Iwan, I., Dziembowska, I., Bogusiewicz, J., Wróblewski, M., Cwynar, A., & Olszewska-Słonina, D. (2018). Current research on the safety of pyrethroids used as insecticides. Medicina, 54(4), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina54040061
  6. Davies, T.G.E., Field, L.M., Usherwood, P.N.R., & Williamson, M.S. (2007). DDT, pyrethrins, pyrethroids and insect sodium channels. IUBMB Life, 59(3), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15216540701352042
  7. Duran, M., Michailova, P., Sari, A., Ilkova, J., Sen, A., & Karadurmus, E. (2012). Assessment of the sediment toxicity in Bulgarian and Turkish rivers using the biomarkers in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Supplement 4, 167-173.
  8. Field, L.M., Davies, T.G.E., O’Reilly, A.O., Williamson, M.S., & Wallace, B.A. (2017). Voltage-gated sodium channels as targets for pyrethroid insecticides. European Biophysics Journal, 46(7), 675-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-016-1195-1
  9. Gajendiran, A., & Abraham, J. (2018). An overview of pyrethroid insecticides. Frontiers in Biology, 13(2), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-018-1489-z
  10. İli, P. (2024). Examination of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of a tau-fluvalinate-containing insecticide using Allium test. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 14(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1326695
  11. Ili, P., & Sari, F. (2024). Evaluation of the cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of an abamectin-based pesticide on Allium cepa roots. Archives of Biological Sciences, 76(4), 477-490. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS241025038I
  12. Jia, Q., Xu, N., Mu, P., Wang, B., Yang, S., & Qiu, J. (2015). Stereoselective separation and acute toxicity of tau-fluvalinate to zebrafish. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, 931908. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/931908
  13. Lebrun, J.D., Uher, E., & Fechner, L.C. (2017). Behavioural and biochemical responses to metals tested alone or in mixture (Cd-CuNi-Pb-Zn) in Gammarus fossarum: from a multi-biomarker approach to modelling metal mixture toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology, 193, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.018
  14. Mehennaoui, K., Georgantzopoulou, A., Felten, V., Andreï, J, Garaud, M., Cambier, S., Serchi, T., Pain-Devin, S., Guérold, F., Audinot, J.N., Giambérini, L., & Gutleb, A.C. (2016). Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) as a model organism to study the effects of silver nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, 566-567, 1649-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.068
  15. Michailova, P.V. (2011). Rearrangements in Chironomidae (Diptera) genomes induced by various environmental stress factors. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research, 1(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059711010035
  16. Nørum, U., Frederiksen, M.A.T., & Bjerregaard, P. (2011). Locomotory behaviour in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex exposed to the pyrethroid cypermethrin. Chemistry and Ecology, 27(6), 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2011.596831
  17. Oris, J.T., & Bailer, A.J. (1997). Equivalence of concentration–response relationships in aquatic toxicology studies: Testing and implications for potency estimation. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(10), 2204-2209. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620161031
  18. Oruc, H.H., Hranitz, J.M., Sorucu, A., Duell, M., Cakmak, I., Aydin, L., & Orman, A. (2012). Determination of acute oral toxicity of flumethrin in honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 105(6), 1890-1894. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC12055
  19. Pierce, C.A., Block, R.A., & Aguinis, H. (2004). Cautionary note on reporting eta-squared values from multifactor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(6), 916-924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164404264848
  20. Saha, R., & Dutta, S.M. (2025). Pyrethroids have become a barrier to the daily existence of molluscs (Review). Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters, 6, 100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2025.100144
  21. Sari, A., & Sari, F. (2021). A comparative examination of acute toxicities of three disazo dyes to freshwater macroinvertebrates Gammarus roeseli (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and Chironomus riparius (Insecta: Diptera). Chemistry and Ecology, 37(8), 683-703. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1974008
  22. Sari, F. (2022a). Evaluation of mortality effect and acute toxicity of two disazo dyes on Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 10(4), 1984-1997. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1031641
  23. Sari, F. (2022b). Lethal and sublethal effects of the pyrethroid insecticide tau-fluvalinate on the non-target organism Gammarus roeseli: A study of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and locomotor activity. Archives of Biological Sciences, 74(4), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1
  24. Sari, F. (2025). Molecular evidence of polyandry and polygyny in the mating system of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Archives of Biological Sciences, 77(3), 285-298. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS250725023S
  25. Sogorb, A., Andreu-Moliner, E.S., Almar, M.M., del Ramo, J., & Núñez, A. (1988). Temperature-toxicity relationships of fluvalinate (synthetic pyrethroid) on Procambarus clarkii (Girard) under laboratory conditions. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01689379
  26. Tudi, M., Ruan, H.D., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., Chu, C., & Phung, D.T. (2021). Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112
  27. Zhou, T., Zhou, W., Wang, Q., Dai, P.L., Liu, F., Zhang, Y.L., & Sun, J.H. (2011). Effects of pyrethroids on neuronal excitability of adult honeybees Apis mellifera. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100(1), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.02.001
  28. Zhou, W., Li, M., & Achal, V. (2025). A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage. Emerging Contaminants, 11(1), 100410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100410
  29. Zhu, Q., Yang, Y., Zhong, Y., Lao, Z., O’Neill, P., Hong, D., Zhang, K., & Zhao, S. (2020). Synthesis, insecticidal activity, resistance, photodegradation and toxicity of pyrethroids (A review). Chemosphere, 254, 126779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126779
  30. Zucker, E. 1985. Hazard Evaluation Division Standard Evaluation Procedure: Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, USA, 16 pp.