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Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Issue: 2026-1

Systematic Screening of Oil, Surfactant, and Cosurfactant for Ibuprofen Nanoemulsion

Rina Widiastuti(Gadjah Mada)0009-0004-5669-4141
Akhmad Kharis Nugroho(Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta)0000-0003-4277-5413
Ronny Martien(Gadjah Mada)0000-0001-7291-6497
Endang Lukitaningsih(Gadjah Mada)0000-0002-4969-5128
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-04-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These results provide a preliminary basis for excipient selection in ibuprofen nanoemulsion development and suggest the potential for developing a stable topical delivery.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), provides effective symptomatic relief; however, its oral administration is often associated with systemic side effects.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Topical delivery via nanoemulsion systems offers a promising strategy to enhance local bioavailability while minimizing systemic exposure.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These results provide a preliminary basis for excipient selection in ibuprofen nanoemulsion development and suggest the potential for developing a stable topical delivery.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Ibuprofen · Topical delivery · Excipient screening

Abstract

Ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), provides effective symptomatic relief; however, its oral administration is often associated with systemic side effects. Topical delivery via nanoemulsion systems offers a promising strategy to enhance local bioavailability while minimizing systemic exposure. This study aimed to systematically screen and identify optimal oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant components for ibuprofen nanoemulsion formulations. Ibuprofen solubility was assessed in various oils, followed by screening surfactants and cosurfactants based on emulsification efficiency, drug-loading capacity, and compatibility. Nanoemulsions were prepared using high-energy sonication methods and characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), drug loading, and physical stability over 30 days. Capryol 90 exhibited the highest solubility for ibuprofen (103.01 ± 0.53 mg/mL), while Kolliphor RH 40 produced nanoemulsions with the smallest droplet size (109.7 ± 56.9 nm) and lowest PDI (0.214 ± 0.02). Transcutol P enabled the highest drug loading (280 mg/mL) and supported formulation stability. Ultrasonic bath sonication resulted in smaller, more uniform droplets than homogenizer sonication, and the optimized nanoemulsion maintained its droplet size and PDI throughout 30 days of storage. These results provide a preliminary basis for excipient selection in ibuprofen nanoemulsion development and suggest the potential for developing a stable topical delivery.

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Cite This Article

Widiastuti, R., Nugroho, A. K., Martien, R., Lukitaningsih, E. (2026). Systematic Screening of Oil, Surfactant, and Cosurfactant for Ibuprofen Nanoemulsion. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Issue: 2026-1. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1787016

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  55. Maded ZK, Sfar S, Taqa GAA, Lassoued MA, Ben Hadj Ayed O, Fawzi HA. Development and Optimization of Dipyridamole- and Roflumilast-Loaded Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel for Enhanced Skin Permeation: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Assessment. Pharmaceuticals [Internet]. 2024;17(6). Available from:.
  56. Rahman MA, Mittal V, Wahab S, Alsayari A, Bin Muhsinah A, Almaghaslah D. Intravenous Nanocarrier for Improved Efficacy of Quercetin and Curcumin against Breast Cancer Cells: Development and Comparison of Single and Dual Drug–Loaded Formulations Using Hemolysis, Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake Studies. Membranes (Basel) [Internet]. 2022;12(7):1–12. Available from:.
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  60. Pavoni L, Perinelli DR, Ciacciarelli A, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Miano A, et al. Properties and stability of nanoemulsions: How relevant is the type of surfactant? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020;58(May):101772. Available from:.
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  64. Hussain A, Altamimi MA, Imam SS, Ahmad MS, Alnemer OA. Green Nanoemulsion Water/Ethanol/Transcutol/LabM-Based Treatment of Pharmaceutical Antibiotic Erythromycin-Contaminated Aqueous Bulk Solution. ACS Omega [Internet]. 2022;7(51):48100−48112. Available from:.
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  69. Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils for prospective use in formulation of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2021;13(4). Available from:.
  70. Koehl NJ, Holm R, Kuentz M, Jannin V, Griffin BT. Exploring the Impact of Surfactant Type and Digestion: Highly Digestible Surfactants Improve Oral Bioavailability of Nilotinib. Mol Pharm [Internet]. 2020;17(9):3202–13. Available from:.
  71. Krawczyk-Santos AP, Marreto RN, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Taveira SF. Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes formed by mixed micelles and α-cyclodextrin enhance terbinafine nail permeation to deeper layers. Int J Pharm X [Internet]. 2022;4(May). Available from:.
  72. Yu F, Miao Y, Wang M, Liu Q, Yuan L, Geng R, et al. Predicting nanoemulsion formulation and studying the synergism mechanism between surfactant and cosurfactant: A combined computational and experimental approach. Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2022;615(September 2021):121473. Available from:.
  73. Pratap-Singh A, Guo Y, Lara Ochoa S, Fathordoobady F, Singh A. Optimal ultrasonication process time remains constant for a specific nanoemulsion size reduction system. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2021;11(1):1–12. Available from:.
  74. Bollenbach L, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. Poloxamer 188 as surfactant in biological formulations – An alternative for polysorbate 20/80? Int J Pharm [Internet]. 2022;620(April). Available from:.
  75. Bunchongprasert K, Shao J. Effect of fatty acid ester structure on cytotoxicity of self-emulsified nanoemulsion and transport of nanoemulsion droplets. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces [Internet]. 2020;194(June):111220. Available from:.
  76. Barradas TN, de Holanda e Silva KG. Nanoemulsions of essential oils to improve solubility, stability and permeability: a review. Environ Chem Lett [Internet]. 2021;19(2):1153–71. Available from:.
  77. Gawin-Mikołajewicz A, Nawrot U, Malec KH, Krajewska K, Nartowski KP, Karolewicz BL. The Effect of High-Pressure Homogenization Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Designed Fluconazole-Loaded Ocular Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2024;16(1):1–28. Available from:.