SavedAdd your journal

Journals / International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications / 2026 / Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Geosciences: A Multiscale Framework from Mineral Interfaces to Earth-System Applications

Shahriyar Karimdoust(Department of Geology, Payame Noor University, Ardebil, Iran)
Dr. Adil Özdemir(New Energy Source GmbH, Bern, Switzerland)
Ekrem Kalkan(Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye)
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-04
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The review concludes that the next stage of nanogeoscience will depend less on demonstrating isolated nanoscale effects and more on quantitatively connecting them to field observables through correlative characterization, reactive-transport modeling, uncertainty analysis, and carefully designed field validation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This critical review develops a multiscale framework for nanoscience and nanotechnology in geosciences, linking atomic- and nanoscale processes to observable behavior in rocks, soils, sediments, aquifers, reservoirs, ore systems, and engineered subsurface environments.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The review distinguishes natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials; evaluates modern characterization strategies; and synthesizes applications in clay science, environmental geochemistry, hydrogeology, mineral exploration, petroleum systems, geotechnical engineering, atmospheric and soil processes, geothermal systems, carbon storage, and emerging subsurface energy technologies.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The review concludes that the next stage of nanogeoscience will depend less on demonstrating isolated nanoscale effects and more on quantitatively connecting them to field observables through correlative characterization, reactive-transport modeling, uncertainty analysis, and carefully designed field validation.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Nanogeoscience · Nanominerals · Mineral nanoparticles

Abstract

This critical review develops a multiscale framework for nanoscience and nanotechnology in geosciences, linking atomic- and nanoscale processes to observable behavior in rocks, soils, sediments, aquifers, reservoirs, ore systems, and engineered subsurface environments. The central argument is that nanoscale phenomena are not peripheral to geology: surface energy, interfacial charge, non-classical nucleation, colloid transport, redox reactions, adsorption, dissolution-precipitation, and nanoconfined fluids can govern macroscopic transport, mechanical response, resource recovery, and environmental risk. The review distinguishes natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials; evaluates modern characterization strategies; and synthesizes applications in clay science, environmental geochemistry, hydrogeology, mineral exploration, petroleum systems, geotechnical engineering, atmospheric and soil processes, geothermal systems, carbon storage, and emerging subsurface energy technologies. Particular attention is given to the gap between laboratory reactivity and field-scale performance, where aggregation, pore-throat filtering, mineralogical heterogeneity, salinity, natural organic matter, pressure-temperature conditions, and residence time can reverse conclusions drawn from simplified experiments. A risk-aware perspective is adopted for engineered nanomaterials, emphasizing transformation, exposure, reversibility, and standardized reporting. The review concludes that the next stage of nanogeoscience will depend less on demonstrating isolated nanoscale effects and more on quantitatively connecting them to field observables through correlative characterization, reactive-transport modeling, uncertainty analysis, and carefully designed field validation.

🔖

Cite This Article

Karimdoust, S., Özdemir, D. A., Kalkan, E. (2026). Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Geosciences: A Multiscale Framework from Mineral Interfaces to Earth-System Applications. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications, Volume: 8 Issue: 2. https://ajindex.com/articles/1494592

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (232)

  1. Abdilla, B., Lee, S.S., Fenter, P., Sturchio, N.C., 2024. Dynamic surface incorporation of Pb2+ ions at the actively dissolving calcite (104) surface. Environmental Science & Technology 58 (37), 16525-16534. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c03567.
  2. Akhtar, N., Muhammad, S. A., Syakir, M. I., Flafel, H. M., Husain, P., Park, S., Alfaisal, F. M., Alam, S., 2026. Water-energy nexus: Integrating hydrochemical characterization and life cycle assessment for a holistic profile of agricultural groundwater sustainability. Energy Nexus 21, 100616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100616.
  3. Al-Anssari, S., Barifcani, A., Wang, S., Lebedev, M., Iglauer, S., 2016. Wettability alteration of oil-wet carbonate by silica nanofluid. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 461, 435-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.09.051.
  4. Alivisatos, A.P., 2016. Nanoscience in the era of global science and global change—Cooperative, quantitative, and focused on benefit to humanity. Nano Research 9, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-0990-4.
  5. Anderson, R.L., Ratcliffe, I., Greenwell, H.C., Williams, P., Cliffe, S., Coveney, P., 2010. Clay swelling ‒ A challenge in the oilfield. Earth-Science Reviews 98, 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.11.003.
  6. Andrews, E.M., Hyman, J.D., Sweeney, M.R., Karra, S., Moulton, J.D., Navarre-Sitchler, A., 2023. Fracture intensity impacts on reaction front propagation and mineral weathering in three-dimensional fractured media. Water Resources Research, 59, e2022WR032121. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032121.
  7. Aqra, F., Ayyad, A.H., 2014. Surface free energy of alkali and transition metal nanoparticles. Applied Surface Science 314, 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.004.
  8. Ashworth, M., Elsheikh, A.H., Doster, F., 2022. Machine learning-based multiscale constitutive modelling: Development and application to dual-porosity mass transfer. Advances in Water Resources 163, 104166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104166.
  9. Assaf, M., Defoort, E., Hénocq, P., Thory, É., Guo, N., Dagnelie, R., 2026. Behavior of tributyl phosphate in clay rocks: Sorption, diffusion and the effect on radionuclides retention. Applied Clay Science 289, 108240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2026.108240.
  10. Babakhani, P., Bridge, J., Doong, R., Phenrat, T., 2017. Continuum-based models and concepts for the transport of nanoparticles in saturated porous media: A state-of-the-science review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 246, 75-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2017.06.002.
  11. Bade, S.O., Taiwo, K., Ndulue, U.F., Tomomewo, O.S., Oni, B.A., 2024. A review of underground hydrogen storage systems: Current status, modeling approaches, challenges, and future prospective. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 80, 449-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.187.
  12. Banfield, J.F., Zhang, H., 2001. Nanoparticles in the environment. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 44 (1), 1-58. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2001.44.01.
  13. Barhoum, A., García-Betancourt, M., Jeevanandam, J., Hussien, E., Mekkawy, S.A., Mostafa, M., Omran, M., Abdalla, M.S., Bechelany, M., 2022. Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations. Nanomaterials 12, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020177.
  14. Beckingham, L.E., Mitnick, E.H., Steefel, C.I., Zhang, S., Voltolini, M., Swift, A.M., Yang, L., Cole, D.R., Sheets, J.M., Ajo-Franklin, J.B., DePaolo, D.J., Mito, S., Xue, Z., 2016. Evaluation of mineral reactive surface area estimates for prediction of reactivity of a multi-mineral sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 188, 310-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.05.040.
  15. Beinlich, A., John, T., Vrijmoed, J., Tominaga, M., Magna, T., Podladchikov, Y., 2020. Instantaneous rock transformations in the deep crust driven by reactive fluid flow. Nature Geoscience 13, 307-311. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0554-9.
  16. Bercovici, D., Girard, J., Mulyukova, E., 2024. Upscaling from mineral microstructures to tectonic macrostructures, Geophysical Journal International 239 (1), 352-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae263.
  17. Bergaya, F., Lagaly, G., 2013. Handbook of Clay Science (2nd ed., Vol. 5). Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/developments-in-clay-science/vol/5/suppl/C.
  18. Bessa, M.J., Brandão, F., Viana, M., Gomes, J.F., Monfort, E., Cassee, F.R., Fraga, S., Teixeira, J.P., 2020. Nanoparticle exposure and hazard in the ceramic industry: an overview of potential sources, toxicity and health effects. Environmental Research 184, 109297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109297.
  19. Bila, A., Stensen, J.A., Torsæter, O., 2019. Experimental Investigation of Polymer-Coated Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Nanomaterials 9, 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060822.
  20. Bo, Z., Zeng, L., Chen, Y., Xie, Q., 2021. Geochemical reactions-induced hydrogen loss during underground hydrogen storage in sandstone reservoirs. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (38), 19998-20009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.116.
  21. Bonnet, M., Robin, V., Parrotin, F., Grozeva, N., Seigneur, N., Batbaatar, M., Descostes, M., 2024. Influence of clay minerals on pH and major cation concentrations in acid-leached sands: Column experiments and reactive-transport modeling. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 264, 104363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104363.
  22. Bouhadi, M., Javed, Q., Jakubus, M., Elkouali, M., Fougrach, H., Ansar, A., Ban, S. G., Ban, D., Heath, D., Černe, M., 2025. Nanoparticles for Sustainable Agriculture: Assessment of Benefits and Risks. Agronomy 15, 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051131.
  23. Bourg, I., Ajo-Franklin, J., 2017. Clay, Water, and Salt: Controls on the Permeability of Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks. Accounts of chemical research, 50 9, 2067-2074. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00261.
  24. Brantley, S.L., Shaughnessy, A., Lebedeva, M.I., Balashov, V.N., 2023. How temperature-dependent silicate weathering acts as Earth's geological thermostat. Science 379, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2922.
  25. Buseck, P.R., Adachi, K., 2008. Nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Elements 4 (6), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.4.6.389.
  26. Cao, F., He, J., Cao, H., Deng, H., La Croix, A. L., Jiang, R., Li, R., Li, J., 2025. Quantitative characterization of the multiscale mechanical properties of low-permeability sandstone roofs of coal seams based on nanoindentation and triaxial tests and its implications for CO2 geological sequestration. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 12, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-024-00739-0.
  27. Caputo, F., Vogel, R., Savage, J., Vella, G., Law, A., Della Camera, G., Hannon, G., Peacock, B., Mehn, D., Ponti, J., Geiss, O., Aubert, D., Prina‐Mello, A., Calzolai, L., 2021. Measuring particle size distribution and mass concentration of nanoplastics and microplastics: addressing some analytical challenges in the sub-micron size range. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 588, 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.039.
  28. Carsote, C., Balzano, A., Colombini, M., Moskovics, R. C., Degano, I., Herrera Díaz, R., Karapanagiotis, I., Kılıç‐Pekgözlü, A., Lucejko, J., Yuste Córdoba, F. J., Zborowska, M., Zikeli, F., Badea, E., Ionescu, C., 2026. Analytical Approaches for the Identification and Characterization of Tannins in Natural Matrices. A Comprehensive Review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2633530.
  29. Celebi, N., Nadaroglu, H., Kalkan, E., 2012. Removal of As (III) From Wastewater Using Erzurum Clay Soil. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21 (7a), 1982-1991.
  30. Çelebi, N., Nadaroğlu, H., Kalkan, E., Kotan, R., 2016. Removal of Copper from Copper-Contaminated River Water and Aqueous Solutions Using Methylobacterium Extorquens Modified Erzurum Clayey Soil. Archives of Environmental Protection 42 (4), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1515/aep-2016-0035.
  31. Chaudhary, E., Swami, D., Joshi, N., Reddy, K.R., 2024. Flow and contaminant transport dynamics in clay-amended barriers through flushing experiments and multi-porosity-based modeling. Environmental Pollution 355, 124138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124138.
  32. Cheng, H., Wang, F., Li, S., Guan, X., Yang, G., Cheng, Z., Yu, C., Yuan, Y., 2024. The roles of microstructure and water mobility in pre-Darcy flow formation in saturated clay soil. Journal of Hydrology 631, 130826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130826.
  33. Chogani, A., King, H. E., Tutolo, B., Živković, A., Plümper, O., 2025. Geochemistry of lithospheric aqueous fluids modified by nanoconfinement. Nature Geoscience 18, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01629-5.
  34. Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., Maunders, C., Wade, B.P., Ehrig, K., 2016. Focused Ion Beam and Advanced Electron Microscopy for Minerals: Insights and Outlook from Bismuth Sulphosalts. Minerals 6, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040112.
  35. Civeira, M.S., Ramos, C.G., Oliveira, M.L.S., Kautzmann, R.M., Taffarel, S.R., Teixeira, E.C., Silva, L.F.O., 2016. Nano-mineralogy of suspended sediment during the beginning of coal rejects spill. Chemosphere 145, 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.059.
  36. Cosenza, P., Giot, R., Hedan, S., 2023. Elastic moduli of clay minerals and their aggregates: A review. Applied Clay Science 236, 106878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106878.
  37. Crane, R.A., Scott, T.B., 2012. Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials 211-212, 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.073.
  38. de Vallejuelo, S.F-Q., Gredilla, A., da Boit, K., Teixeira, E.C., Sampaio, C.H., Madariaga, J.M., Silva, L.F.O., 2017. Nanominerals and potentially hazardous elements from coal cleaning rejects of abandoned mines: Environmental impact and risk assessment. Chemosphere 169, 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.125.
  39. Delage, P., Cui, Y.-J., Tang, A., 2010. Clays in radioactive waste disposal. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1235.2010.00111.
  40. Deng, H., Gharasoo, M., Zhang, L., Dai, Z., Hajizadeh, A., Peters, C. A., Soulaine, C., Thullner, M., Van Cappellen, P., 2022. A perspective on applied geochemistry in porous media: Reactive transport modeling of geochemical dynamics and the interplay with flow phenomena and physical alteration. Applied Geochemistry, 146, 105445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105445
  41. Diab, A. S., Allam, A. A., Rudayni, H. A., Abdelfadil, K. M., Arman, H., Al Zoubi, W., Abukhadra, M.R., 2026. Clay nanostructures in geotechnical engineering: A critical review of mechanisms, performance, and sustainable soil stabilization. Materials Today Sustainability, 33, 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101284.
  42. Dolai, J., Mandal, K., Jana, NR., 2021. Nanoparticle Size Effects in Biomedical Applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials 4 (7), 6471-6496. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c00987.
  43. Dopffel, N., Jansen, S., Gerritse, J., 2021. Microbial side effects of underground hydrogen storage – Knowledge gaps, risks and opportunities for successful implementation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (12), 8594-8606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.058.
  44. Dorn, R. I., Gordon, S. J., Jeong, A., 2021. Nanoscale Mineral Decay and Its Importance in Geomorphology. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences 3 116-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00150-4.
  45. Erfani, H., Joekar-Niasar, V., Farajzadeh, R., 2019. Impact of Microheterogeneity on Upscaling Reactive Transport in Geothermal Energy. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 3 (9), 2045-2057. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00056.
  46. Fenter, P., Sturchio, N., 2004. Mineral–water interfacial structures revealed by synchrotron X-ray scattering. Progress in Surface Science 77, 171-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2004.12.001.
  47. Filiberto, L. H., Putnis, C., Julia, M., 2023. Factors controlling reaction pathways during fluid–rock interactions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 178, 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02037-5.
  48. Gartman, A., Hannington, M., Jamieson, J.W., Peterkin, B., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Findlay, A.J., Fuchs, S., Kwasnitschka, T., 2017. Boiling-induced formation of colloidal gold in black smoker hydrothermal fluids. Geology 46, 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1130/g39492.1.
  49. Gilbert, B., Banfield, J.F., 2005. Molecular-scale processes involving nanoparticulate minerals in biogeochemical systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 59 (1), 109-155. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2005.59.6.
  50. Gill, J.C., 2017. Geology and the Sustainable Development Goals. Episodes 40 (1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i1/017010.
  51. Goodman, A., Doherty, M.E., Ranville, J.F. 2025. Investigating nanoparticle pathfinder geochemistry in stream sediments using single-particle ICP-MS: A case study at the Sundance gold mineralization, Wyoming, USA. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 25 (1). https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem2024-066.
  52. Goodman, A., Karkee, H., Huang, S., Pfaff, K., Kuiper, Y., Chang, Z., Gundlach-Graham, A., Ranville, J., 2024. Analysis of nano-mineral chemistry with single particle ICP-Time-of-Flight-MS; a novel approach to discriminate between geological environments. Chemical Geology 671, 122498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122498.
  53. Goswami, L., Kim, K., Deep, A., Das, P., Bhattacharya, S., Kumar, S., Adelodun, A., 2017. Engineered nano particles: Nature, behavior, and effect on the environment. Journal of Environmental Management 196, 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.011.
  54. Guan, Y., Liu, Y., 2026. Reactive nano-interfaces and fluid–rock interactions in orogenic mineral systems: implications for sustainable resource development. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 48, 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-026-03009-x.
  55. Guarena, N., Dominijanni, A., Manassero, M., 2022. The role of diffusion induced electro-osmosis in the coupling between hydraulic and ionic fluxes through semipermeable clay soils. Soils and Foundations 62 (4), 101177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101177.
  56. Guerra, F.D., Attia, M. F., Whitehead, D.C., Alexis, F., 2018. Nanotechnology for environmental remediation: Materials and applications. Molecules 23 (7), 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071760.
  57. Guimarães, V., Bobos, I., 2021. Role of clay barrier systems in the disposal of radioactive waste. Editor(s): Avelino Núñez-Delgado, Sorbents Materials for Controlling Environmental Pollution, Elsevier, 513-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820042-1.00011-0.
  58. Guimarães, V., Rodriguez-Castellon, E., Algarra, M., Rocha, F., Bobos, I., 2016. Kinetics of uranyl ions sorption on heterogeneous smectite structure at pH4 and 6 using a continuous stirred flow-through reactor. Applied Clay Science 134, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.03.028.
  59. Guo, Z., Liu, L., Liu, Z., Pan, Y., Shen, X., Lei, L., 2024. Experimental and numerical challenges in multiscale study ongeomechanical and hydrological systems. Advances in Geo-Energy Research 15 (2), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2025.02.02.
  60. Hajji, S., Montes-Hernandez, G., Sarret, G., Tordo, A., Morin, G., Ona-Nguema, G., Bureau, S., Turki, T., Mzoughi, N., 2019. Arsenite and chromate sequestration onto ferrihydrite, siderite and goethite nanostructured minerals: Isotherms from flow-through reactor experiments and XAS measurements. Journal of Hazardous Materials 362, 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.031.
  61. Haydar, M.S., Zuluaga, M.Y.A., Astolfi, S., Cesco, S., Pii, Y., 2025. From synthesis to soil: transformations and impacts of nanoparticles in agroecosystems. Science of The Total Environment 1000, 180374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180374.
  62. He, Z., Zheng, Y.-Y., Yin, Z.-Y., Wei, P., 2025. Nanoscale interfacial tribology behavior between clay and sand: effects of cations, normal load and sliding velocity. Acta Geotechnica 20, 2761-2778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02508-4.
  63. Hellmann, R., Wirth, R., Daval, D., Barnes, J-P., Penisson, J-M., Tisserand, D., Epicier, T., Florin, B., Hervig, R.L., 2012. Unifying natural and laboratory chemical weathering with interfacial dissolution–reprecipitation: A study based on the nanometer-scale chemistry of fluid–silicate interfaces. Chemical Geology 294-295, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.002.
  64. Hennig, T., Kühn, M., 2023. Uranium migration lengths in Opalinus Clay depend on geochemical gradients, radionuclide source term concentration and pore water composition. Advances in Geosciences 62, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-62-21-2023.
  65. Hennig, T., Stockmann, M., Joseph, C., Brendler, V., Reich, T., Sayahi, M., Kuhn, M., 2026. Reactive transport modelling of neptunium migration in Opalinus Clay. Applied Clay Science, 289, 108253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2026.108253.
  66. Higgo, J., 1987. Clay as a barrier to radionuclide migration. Progress in Nuclear Energy 19, 173-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-1970(87)90015-1.
  67. Hinsby, K., Négrel, P., De Oliveira, D. D., Barros, R., Venvik, G., Ladenberger, A., Griffioen, J., Piessens, K., Calcagno, P., Götzl, G., Broers, H., Gourcy, L., Van Heteren, S., Hollis, J., Poyiadji, E., Čápová, D., Tulstrup, J., 2024. Mapping and understanding Earth: Open access to digital geoscience data and knowledge supports societal needs and UN sustainable development goals. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 130, 103835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.103835. Hochella, M., 2008. Nanogeoscience: From Origins to Cutting-Edge Applications. Elements 4, 373-379. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.4.6.373.
  68. Hochella, M.F., Lower, S.K., Maurice, P.A., Penn, R.L., Sahai, N., Sparks, D.L., Twining, B.S., 2008. Nanominerals, Mineral Nanoparticles, and Earth Systems. Science 319, 1631-1635. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141134.
  69. Hochella, M.F., Jr., Lower, S.K., Maurice, P.A., Penn, R.L., Sahai, N., Sparks, D.L., Twining, B.S., 2008. Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems. Science, 319(5870), 1631-1635. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141134.
  70. Hochella, M.F., Jr., Mogk, D.W., Ranville, J., Allen, I.C., Luther, G.W., Marr, L.C., McGrail, B.P., Murayama, M., Qafoku, N. P., Rosso, K.M., Sahai, N., Schroeder, P.A., Vikesland, P., Westerhoff, P., Yang, Y., 2019. Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system. Science, 363(6434), eaau8299. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8299.
  71. Hu, G., Cao, J., Jiang, T., 2018. Discovery and prospecting significance of metal-bearing nanoparticles within natural invertebrate tissues. Ore Geology Reviews 99, 151-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.012.
  72. Huang, J., Li, Y., Xie, C., Zhao, H., Yin, X., 2025. Pore-Scale Study on Confined Aqueous Flow in Shale Nanopores with Effects of Clay Swelling and Mixed Wettability. SPE Journal 30 (4), 2127–2141. https://doi.org/10.2118/224444-pa.
  73. Huggett, R., Lee, R.M., 2024. Problems and prospects of portmanteau titles and other neologisms for interface disciplines in the Earth and life sciences. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 48, 551-570. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333241263859.
  74. ISO, 2023. ISO 80004-1:2023 Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 1: Core vocabulary. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/79525.html.
  75. Ikeagwuani, C.C., Nwonu, D.C., 2019. Emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation: A review. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 11, 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.08.013.
  76. Jagadeesh, P., Sanjay, M., Siengchin, S., 2023. Advanced characterisation techniques for nanostructured materials in biomedical applications. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 7 (1), 122-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.03.002.
  77. Jangda, Z., Menke, H., Busch, A., Geiger, S., Bultreys, T., Lewis, H., Singh, K., 2023. Pore-scale visualization of hydrogen storage in a sandstone at subsurface pressure and temperature conditions: Trapping, dissolution and wettability. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 629, Part B, 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.082.
  78. Javanbakht, M., Levitas, V., 2018. Nanoscale mechanisms for high-pressure mechanochemistry: a phase field study. Journal of Materials Science 53, 13343-13363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2175-x.
  79. Jilling, A., Grandy, A. S., Daly, A. B., Hestrin, R., Possinger, A., Abramoff, R., Annis, M., Cates, A., Dynarski, K. A., Georgiou, K., Heckman, K. A., Keiluweit, M., Lang, A., Phillips, R., Rocci, K., Shabtai, I., Sokol, N. W., Whalen, E., 2025. Evidence for the existence and ecological relevance of fast-cycling mineral-associated organic matter. Communications Earth & Environment 6, 690. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02681-8.
  80. Johnson, W., 2020. Quantitative Linking of Nanoscale Interactions to Continuum-Scale Nanoparticle and Microplastic Transport in Environmental Granular Media. Environmental Science & Technology 54 (13), 8032-8042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01172.
  81. Jonas, L., John, T., King, H., Geisler, T., Putnis, A., 2013. The role of grain boundaries and transient porosity in rocks as fluid pathways for reaction front propagation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 386, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.050.
  82. Ju, Y., Huang, C., Sun, Y., Wan, Q., Lu, X., Lu, S., He, H., Wang, X., Zou, C., Wu, J., Liu, H., Shao, L., Wu, X., Chao, H., Liu, Q., Qiu, J., Wang, M., Cai, J., Wang, G., Sun, Y., 2017. Nanogeosciences: Research History, Current Status, and Development Trends. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 17, 5930-5965. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.14436.
  83. Ju, Y., Li, X., Ju, L., Feng, H., Tan, F., Cui, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, X., Cao, J., Qiao, P., Xiao, L., Wang, P., Tao, L., 2022. Nanoparticles in the Earth surface systems and their effects on the environment and resources. Gondwana Research 110, 370-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.02.012.
  84. Jun, Y-S., Kim, D., Neil, C., 2016. Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles at Environmental Interfaces. Accounts of Chemical Research 49 (9), 1681-1690. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00208.
  85. Kalkan, E., 2006. Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for preparation of clay liners. Engineering Geology 87 (3-4), 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.07.002.
  86. Kalkan, E., Bayraktutan, M. S., 2008. Geotechnical Evaluation of Turkish Clay Deposits: A Case Study in Northern Turkey. Environmental Geology 55 (5), 937-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1044-8.
  87. Kalkan, E., Canbolat, Y.M., Yarbaşı, N., Özgul, M., 2012. Evaluation of Thermal Mud Characteristics of Erzurum (Köprüköy) Clayey Raw Materials (NE Turkey). International Journal of the Physical Sciences 7 (40), 5566-5576.
  88. Kandiel, Y.E., Attia, G.M., Metwalli, F.I., Khalaf, R.E., Mahmoud, O., 2025. Nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery: State-of-the-art review. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 15, 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-025-01965-1.
  89. Kaneda, M., Cao, T., Dong, D., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Bryantsev, V.S., Zhong, M., Elimelech, M., 2024. Inhibition of silica scaling with functional polymers: Role of ionic strength, divalent ions, and temperature. Water Research 258, 121705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121705.
  90. Kang, J., Qu, C., Chen, W., Cai, P., Chen, C., Huang, Q., 2024. Organo–organic interactions dominantly drive soil organic carbon accrual. Global Change Biology 30 (1), e17147. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17147.
  91. Karn, B., Kuiken, T., Otto, M., 2009. Nanotechnology and in situ remediation: A review of the benefits and potential risks. Environmental Health Perspectives 117 (12), 1823-1831. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900793.
  92. Karimdoust, S., 2022. Investigation of the effect of nano-montmorillonite modified for medical geology purposes on microorganism causing upper-gastrointestinal system diseases. PhD Thesis, Ataturk University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey (in Turkish).
  93. Kakımdoust, S., Kalkan, E., Bayhan, Y.K., Yousef, V., Gharibi, B., 2021. Development of Clay Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Industry. NanoEra 1 (2), 54-57.
  94. Karimdoust, S., Kalkan, E., Vasigh, Y., 2024. Investigating the Health Effects of Modified Montmorillonite Nanoclay on the Digestive System. Journal of Health 15 (1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.61186/j.health.15.1.39.
  95. Karimi, M., Bhattacharya, K., 2023. A Learning‐Based Multiscale Model for Reactive Flow in Porous Media. Water Resources Research 60, e2023WR036303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr036303.
  96. Katzourakis, V.E., Chrysikopoulos, C.V., 2024. Aggregating nanoparticle transport with nonlinear attachment: Modeling and experimental validation. Advances in Water Resources 193, 104819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2024.104819.
  97. Keith, M., Hayes, S.M., Ciobanu, C.L., Fougerouse, D., Reich, M., 2023. Micro-to nano-analytical challenges towards trace element characterization of ore minerals: new perspectives and applications for sustainable georesources. Frontiers in Earth Science 11, 1227737. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1227737.
  98. Keller, A. A., McFerran, S., Lazareva, A., & Suh, S. (2013). Global life cycle releases of engineered nanomaterials. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 15, 1692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1692-4.
  99. Khan, M.I., Machado, M.V.B., Khanal, A., Delshad, M., 2024. Evaluating capillary trapping in underground hydrogen storage: A pore-scale to reservoir-scale analysis. Fuel 376, 132755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132755.
  100. Khin, M. M., Nair, A. S., Babu, V. J., Murugan, R., & Ramakrishna, S. (2012). A review on nanomaterials for environmental remediation. Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 8075-8109. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE21818F.
  101. Kiliç, S., Kalkan, E., Nadaroğlu, H., 2022. Removal of Algae from Thermal Mud Pool: A Case Study in Koprukoy (Erzurum, Northeast (NE) Turkey) Thermal Spring Area. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 36 (3), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i3.5.
  102. Klaine, S.J., Alvarez, P.J.J., Batley, G.E., Fernandes, T.F., Handy, R.D., Lyon, D.Y., Mahendra, S., McLaughlin, M.J., Lead, J.R., 2008. Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27 (9), 1825-1851. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-090.1.
  103. Kleber, M., Bourg, I.C., Coward, E.K., Hansel, C.M., Myneni, S. C.B., Nunan, N., 2021. Dynamic interactions at the mineral-organic matter interface. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 2, 402-421. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00162-y.
  104. Koretsky, C., 2000. The significance of surface complexation reactions in hydrologic systems: a geochemist's perspective. Journal of Hydrology 230, 127-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00215-8.
  105. Kumah, E., Fopa, R. D., Harati, S., Boadu, P., Zohoori, F., Pak, T., 2023. Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: a scoping review of the current literature. BMC Public Health 23, 1059. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15958-4.
  106. Kumar, C. V. M., Karthick, V., Kumar, V. G., Inbakandan, D., Rene, E., Suganya, K., Embrandiri, A., Dhas, T., Ravi, M., Sowmiya, P., 2022. The impact of engineered nanomaterials on the environment: Release mechanism, toxicity, transformation, and remediation. Environmental Research 212 Part B, 113202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113202.
  107. Kumar, N., Kumar, P., Dubey, R.C., 2025. Nanomaterials in soil science for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Discover Environment 3, 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-025-00210-0.
  108. Kushch, V., 2023. Atomistic and continuum modeling of nanoparticles: Elastic fields, surface constants, and effective stiffness. International Journal of Engineering Science 183, 103806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2022.103806.
  109. La Cock, R. A., von der Heyden, B., 2025. Colloidal gold dispersions in orogenic gold from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Geology 53 (2), 186-190. https://doi.org/10.1130/G52564.1.
  110. Latrille, C., Wissocq, A., Beaucaire, C., Bildstein, O., 2021. Reactive transport of strontium in two laboratory-scale columns: Experiments and modelling. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 242, 103850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103850.
  111. Lead, J.R., Wilkinson, K.J., 2006. Aquatic colloids and nanoparticles: Current knowledge and future trends. Environmental Chemistry 3 (3), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN06025.
  112. Lee, S‐H., Gordon, H., Yu, H., Lehtipalo, K., Haley, R., Li, Y., Zhang, R., 2019. New particle formation in the atmosphere: From molecular clusters to global climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, 7098-7146. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029356.
  113. Lemelle, L., Karpov, D., Simionovici, A., Maldanis, L., Fontecilla-Camps, J., Diaz, A., Holler, M., Sánchez, D.F., Tucoulou, R., Cloetens, P., De Nolf, W., Gubler, E.M.M., Manceau, A., Bonneviot, L., Konhauser, K.O., Shapiro, R.I., 2026. Quantifying Trace Metals in Gunflint Microfossils by 3D Correlative X‑ray Nanoimaging. Analytical Chemistry 98, 10562-10571. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c07712.
  114. Lespes, G., Faucher, S., Slaveykova, V.I., 2020. Natural nanoparticles, anthropogenic nanoparticles, where is the frontier? Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, 71. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00071.
  115. Li, Q., Chang, J., Li, L., Lin, X., Li, Y., 2023. Research progress of nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) in soil science: Evolution, applications, and challenges. The Science of the Total Environment 167257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167257.
  116. Li, C., Li, Y., Pu, H., 2021. Molecular simulation study of interfacial tension reduction and oil detachment in nanochannels by Surface-modified silica nanoparticles. Fuel 292, 120318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120318.
  117. Li, X., Weng, J., Guo, Y., Li, M., Y., Li, C., Liu, Y., X., Xue, C., Zuo, Y. Y., Cui, Z., He, Y., Xu, N., Sun, B., 2026a. Inhibition of Ice Recrystallization by Regulating the Surface Free Energy of Nanoparticles. Small 22 (45), e74192. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.74192.
  118. Li, H., Hou, J., Zhang, Y., 2026b. Understanding the technological impact of scientific research: a systematic review. Research Evaluation 35, rvag016. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvag016.
  119. Li, D., Yuan, B., Zhang, W., Wang, W., 2025. Nanomechanical behaviors of nanoparticles at oil/water/rock interfaces and their roles in macroscopic interfacial regulation. Physics of Fluids 37, 082061. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0282466. Liu, Y., Liu, A., Liu, S., Kang, Y., 2022. Nano-scale mechanical properties of constituent minerals in shales investigated by combined nanoindentation statistical analyses and SEM-EDS-XRD techniques. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 159, 105187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105187.
  120. Liu, M., Santamarina, J., 2025. Near-surface clay sediments: self-assembly and response to ionic concentration gradients. Géotechnique 76 (3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.24.01314.
  121. Liu, X., Yang, X., Du, H., Yue, X., Lin, S., 2026. Transport and retention mechanism of CdS nanoparticles in layered heterogeneous porous media: Coupled regulation of interfacial heterogeneity and ionic strength. Journal of Environmental Managemen 403, 129168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129168.
  122. Lowry, G.V., Gregory, K.B., Apte, S.C., Lead, J.R., 2012. Transformations of nanomaterials in the environment. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (13), 6893-6899. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300839e.
  123. Lütke, S.F., Oliveira, M.L.S., Silva, L.F.O., Cadaval, T.R.S., Dotto, G.L., 2020. Nanominerals assemblages and hazardous elements assessment in phosphogypsum from an abandoned phosphate fertilizer industry. Chemosphere 256, 127138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127138.
  124. Lysyy, M., Ersland, G., Fernø, M., 2022. Pore-scale dynamics for underground porous media hydrogen storage. Advances in Water Resources 163, 104167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104167.
  125. Ma, F., Dai, Z., Zhang, X., Cai, F., Wang, W., Tian, Y., Yin, S., Ma, Y., Wang, D., Soltanian, M.R., Liu, L., Reimus, P., 2024. Incorporating cross-scale insights into colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport in fractured rocks: A critical review. Earth-Science Reviews 259, 104974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104974.
  126. Ma, X-Y., Zhu, L-F., Zou, X., Kang, X., 2023. Investigation of the Interface Stick-slip Friction Behavior of Clay Nanoplatelets by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 679, 132601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132601.
  127. Malvoisin, B., Auzende, A-L., Kelemen, P.B., 2021. Nanostructure of serpentinisation products: Importance for water transport and low-temperature alteration. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 576, 117212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117212.
  128. Mamtani, M.A., 2025. The Future of Structural Geology in the 21st Century – Moving from Mesoscale to Nanoscale Observations in Tectonically Deformed Rocks. Journal of the Geological Society of India 101 (1), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2024/174056.
  129. Meng, B., Yan, G., He, P., Zhou, Q., Xu, W., Qiao, Y., 2025. Nanotechnology applications in geothermal energy systems: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Advances in Geo-Energy Research 15 (2), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2025.02.08.
  130. Miao, C., Jia, P., Luo, C., Pang, J., Xiao, L., Zhang, T., Duan, J., Li, Y., Sun, Z., 2024. The size-dependent in vivo toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles: A systematic review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 271, 115910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115910.
  131. Molins, S., Trebotich, D., Arora, B., Steefel, C.I., Deng, H., 2019. Multi-scale Model of Reactive Transport in Fractured Media: Diffusion Limitations on Rates. Transport in Porous Media 128, 701-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-019-01266-2.
  132. Moni, S., Mahmud, R., High, K., Carbajales-Dale, M., 2019. Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review. Journal of Industrial Ecology 24, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12965.
  133. Mota, W.S., Severino, P., Kadian, V., Rao, R., Zielińska, A., Silva, A.M., Mahant, S., Souto, E.B., 2025. Nanometrology: particle sizing and influence on the toxicological profile. Frontiers in Nanotechnology 7, 1479464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2025.1479464.
  134. Mousavi, S. M., Khasi, S., Kantzas, A., 2026. Surface-Modified Nanofluids for Enhanced Heat Transfer in Closed-Loop Geothermal Systems: Numerical Modeling and Validation. Geoenergy Science and Engineering 265, 214561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2026.214561.
  135. Mousavi-Kouhi, S.M., 2025. Phytoremediation of nanoparticles, as future water pollutants, using aquatic and wetland plants: Feasibility, benefits and risks, and research gaps. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32, 6287-6316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36135-7.
  136. Namasivayam, S.K.R., Priyanka, S., Lavanya, M., Shree, S.K., Francis, A.L., Avinash, G.P., Bharani, R.S.A., Kavisri, M., Moovendhan, M., 2024. A review on vulnerable atmospheric aerosol nanoparticles: Sources, impact on the health, ecosystem and management strategies, Journal of Environmental Management 365, 121644, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121644.
  137. Nami, P., Kaya, G., Karimdoust, S., Kalkan, E., 2021. Management and Evaluation of the Geological and Environmental Effects in Maragheh Landfill (Northwest of Iran). International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 3 (2), 158-162.
  138. Nath, S., 2026. Environmental Transformation and Trophic Transfer of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Agri‐Food Chain and Implications for human Health. ChemFoodChem 2026, 2, e00001. https://doi.org/10.1002/cfch.202600001.
  139. Ngoma, M.C., Kolawole, O., 2024. Assessment of nano-to-micro-scale geomechanical properties and their time-dependent behavior: Current status and progressive perspectives. Rock Mechanics Bulletin 3 (1), 100096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rockmb.2023.100096.
  140. Navrotsky, A., 2004. Energetic clues to pathways to biomineralization: Precursors, clusters, and nanoparticles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(33), 12096-12101. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404778101.
  141. Noiriel, C., Soulaine, C., 2021. Pore-Scale Imaging and Modelling of Reactive Flow in Evolving Porous Media: Tracking the Dynamics of the Fluid–Rock Interface. Transport in Porous Media 140, 181-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-021-01613-2.
  142. Oberbek, P., Kozikowski, P., Czarnecka, K., Sobiech, P., Jakubiak, S., Jankowski, T., 2019. Inhalation exposure to various nanoparticles in work environment—contextual information and results of measurements. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 21, 222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-019-4651-x.
  143. O'Day, P.A., 1999. Molecular environmental geochemistry. Reviews of Geophysics 37 (2), 249-274. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG900003.
  144. OECD, 2020. Guidance document for the testing of dissolution and dispersion stability of nanomaterials, and the use of the data for further environmental testing and assessment. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment, No. 318. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f0539ec5-en.
  145. Ogata, S., Yasuhara, H., Kinoshita, N., Cheon, D., Kishida, K., 2018. Modeling of coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical-chemical processes for predicting the evolution in permeability and reactive transport behavior within single rock fractures. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 107, 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.015.
  146. Qiao, S., Bu, X., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, X., Yang, J., 2026. Nanoparticles in Agricultural Soil: Effects on Ecosystem and Crop Health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 74 (2), 1891-1910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12322.
  147. Oliver, M.C., Zheng, R., Huang, L., Mehana, M., 2024. Molecular simulations of hydrogen diffusion in underground porous media: Implications for storage under varying pressure, confinement, and surface chemistry conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 65, 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.068.
  148. Panchal, H., Patel, H., Patel, J., Shah, M., 2021. A systematic review on nanotechnology in enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Research 6 (3), 204-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.03.003.
  149. Pang, J., Liang, Y., Mi, F., Jiang, G., Tsuji, T., Ning, F., 2024. Nanoscale Understanding on CO2 Diffusion and Adsorption in Clay Matrix Nanopores: Implications for Carbon Geosequestration. Environmental Science & Technology 58 (46), 20401-20411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c08158.
  150. Panwar, A. S., Singh, A., Sehgal, S., 2020. Material characterization techniques in engineering applications: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings 28, 1932-1937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.337.
  151. Penn, R.L., Banfield, J.F., 1998. Imperfect oriented attachment: Dislocation generation in defect-free nanocrystals. Science 281 (5379), 969-971. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5379.969.
  152. Perera, M., 2023. A review of underground hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs: Insights into various rock-fluid interaction mechanisms and their impact on the process integrity. Fuel 334 (1), 126677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126677.
  153. Petrella, L., Thébaud, N., Fougerouse, D., Evans, K., Quadir, Z., Laflamme, C., 2020. Colloidal gold transport: a key to high-grade gold mineralization? Miner Deposita 55, 1247-1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00965-x.
  154. Pettersson, K., Nordlander, A., Kalagasidis, S. A., Modin, O., Maggiolo, D., 2024. Dynamics of Contaminant Flow Through Porous Media Containing Random Adsorbers. Transport in Porous Media 152, 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-025-02150-y.
  155. Pham, T.A., Nadimi, S., Sutman, M., 2024. Critical Review of Physical-Mechanical Principles in Geostructure-Soil Interface Mechanics. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 42, 6757-6808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-024-02954-7.
  156. Plathe, K.L., von der Kammer, F., Hassellöv, M., Moore, J.N., Murayama, M., Hofmann, T., Hochella, M.F., 2013. The role of nanominerals and mineral nanoparticles in the transport of toxic trace metals: Field-flow fractionation and analytical TEM analyses after nanoparticle isolation and density separation." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 102, 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.029.
  157. Powers, K., Palazuelos, M., Moudgil, B., Roberts, S., 2007. Characterization of the size, shape, and state of dispersion of nanoparticles for toxicological studies. Nanotoxicology 1, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390701314902.
  158. Prasianakis, N.I., Laloy, E., Jacques, D., Meeussen, J.C.L., Miron, G.D., Kulik, D.A., Idiart, A., Demirer, E., Coene, D., Cochepin, B., Leconte, M., Savino, E., Samper-Pilar, J., De Lucia, M., Churakov, S.V., Kolditz, O., Yang, C., Samper, J., Claret, F., 2025. Geochemistry and machine learning: methods and benchmarking. Environmental Earth Sciences 84, 121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-12066-3.
  159. Rahham, Y., Dauphinais, S., Gostick, J.T., Ioannidis, M.A., 2024. Nanoparticle transport in partially saturated porous media: Attachment at fluid interfaces. Advances in Water Resources 193, 104816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2024.104816.
  160. Recalcati, C., Siena, M., Riva, M., Bollani, M., Guadagnini, A., 2024. Stochastic Assessment of Dissolution at Fluid‐Mineral Interfaces. Geophysical Research Letters 51, e2023GL108080. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl108080.
  161. Rezaeyan, A., Rother, G., Jangda, Z., Menke, H.P., Singh, K., Doster, F., Busch, A., 2026. Exsolution, evolution, and hysteresis of CO2 nanobubbles in water-saturated sandstone. Geophysical Research Letters, 53, e2026GL123228. https://doi.org/10.1029/2026GL123228.
  162. Rueda, E. M., Carter, E., L'orange, C., Quinn, C., Volckens, J., 2023. Size-Resolved Field Performance of Low-Cost Sensors for Particulate Matter Air Pollution. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 10, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00030.
  163. Sathish, T., Ahalya, N., Thirunavukkarasu, M., Senthil, T.S., Hussain, Z., Siddiqui, M.I.H., Panchal, H., Sadasivuni, K.K., 2024. A comprehensive review on the novel approaches using nanomaterials for the remediation of soil and water pollution. Alexandria Engineering Journal 86, 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.10.038.
  164. Scott, S.W., Galeczka, I.M., Gunnarsson, I., Arnorsson, S., Stefansson, A., 2024. Silica polymerization and nanocolloid nucleation and growth kinetics in aqueous solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 371, 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.02.017.
  165. Seigneur, N., Mayer, K.U., Steefel, C.I., 2019. Reactive Transport in Evolving Porous Media. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 85 (1), 197-238. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2019.85.7.
  166. Sellin, P., Leupin, O., 2013. The Use of Clay as an Engineered Barrier in Radioactive-Waste Management a Review. Clays and Clay Minerals 61, 477-498. https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2013.0610601.
  167. Shi, K., Chen, J., Pang, X., Jiang, F., Hui, S., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Cong, Q., Wang, T., Xiao, H., Yang, X., Wang, Y., 2023. Wettability of different clay mineral surfaces in shale: Implications from molecular dynamics simulations. Petroleum Science 20 (2), 689-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2023.02.001.
  168. Shi, Z., Krom, M.D., Bonneville, S., Benning, L.G., 2015. Atmospheric Processing Outside Clouds Increases Soluble Iron in Mineral Dust. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (3), 1472-1477. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504623x
  169. Shi, A., Xu, C., Wei, C.-W., Fan, C., Fu, W., Yi, Z., 2024. Progress of the nanomineral study in Earth sciences. ACTA Mineralogica Sinica 44 (4), 457-477. https://doi.org/10.3724/j.1000-4734.2024.44.022.
  170. Silva, C., Mello, E., Calaes, G. D., Jacques, P. D., Invernizzi, A.L., 2025. Contribution of the Geodiversity knowledge to social, economic, and environmental health development. Journal of the Geological Survey of Brazil 8 (1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.29396/jgsb.2025.v8.n1.2.
  171. Silva, L.F.O., Pinto, D., Dotto, G.L., Hower, J.C., 2021. Nanomineralogy of evaporative precipitation of efflorescent compounds from coal mine drainage. Geoscience Frontiers 12 (6), 101003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.05.002.
  172. Sircar, A., Rayavarapu, K., Bist, N., Yadav, K., Singh, S., 2022. Applications of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Research 7 (1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2021.08.004.
  173. Sit, I., Wu, H., Grassian, V.H., 2021. Environmental aspects of oxide nanoparticles: Probing oxide nanoparticle surface processes under different environmental conditions. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 14, 489-514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091420-092928.
  174. Soltani, M., Kashkooli, F. M., Fini, M. A., Gharapetian, D., Nathwani, J., Dusseault, M., 2022. A review of nanotechnology fluid applications in geothermal energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 167, 112729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112729.
  175. Soulaine, C., Tchelepi, H., 2016. Micro-continuum Approach for Pore-Scale Simulation of Subsurface Processes. Transport in Porous Media 113, 431-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-016-0701-3.
  176. Sousa, M., Arezes, P., Silva, F., 2021. Occupational Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, 9788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189788.
  177. Steefel, C.I., Hu, M., 2022. Reactive transport modeling of mineral precipitation and carbon trapping in discrete fracture networks. Water Resources Research 58, e2022WR032321. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032321
  178. Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockstrom, J., Cornell, S.E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E.M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S.R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C.A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G.M., Persson, L.M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., Sörlin, S., 2015. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347 (6223), 1259855. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855.
  179. Strekalovskaya, E.I., Perfileva, A.I., Krutovsky, K.V., 2024. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in the “Soil–Bacterial Community–Plant” System: Impact on the Stability of Soil Ecosystems. Agronomy 14, 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071588.
  180. Su, X., Mao, J., Zhang, T., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Qiao, P., Li, B., Chen, F., 2025. Investigation on the reactive transport characteristic of uranium-bearing sandstone during the in-situ leaching mining uranium. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 284, 107654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107654.
  181. Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Gai, Z., 2017. Application of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery: A critical review of recent progress. Energies 10 (3), 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030345.
  182. Tang, Q., Zhou, Y., Liu, X.-Q., L., Zheng, H., He, Y., Zhang, T., 2026. Scale-aware feature modeling and dynamic sampling enable arbitrary-scale image super-resolution. Scientific Reports 16, 18038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-48417-2.
  183. Tao, G., Liu, R., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Zuo, L., Zhang, X., 2024. Carbonate nanoparticles formed by water-rock reactions in groundwater: Implication of carbonate rock weathering in carbonate aquifers. Minerals, 14, 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14100980.
  184. Theng, B.K.G., Yuan, G., 2008. Nanoparticles in the soil environment. Elements 4 (6), 395-399. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.4.6.395.
  185. Tinker, K.A., Anthony, W., Brandi, M., Flett, S., Bagwell, C.E., Smallwood, C., Davis, R., Gulliver, D., 2025. Identifying Potential Geochemical and Microbial Impacts of Hydrogen Storage in a Deep Saline Aquifer. Environmental Microbiology Reports 17, e70076. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.70076.
  186. Tomašek, I., Eychenne, J., Damby, D. E., Hornby, A. J., Romanias, M. N., Moune, S., Uzu, G., Schiavi, F., Dole, M., Gardès, E., Laumonier, M., Gorce, C., Minet‐Quinard, R., Durif, J., Belville, C., Traoré, O., Blanchon, L., Sapin, V., 2025. Physicochemical properties and bioreactivity of sub‐10 μm geogenic particles: Comparison of volcanic ash and desert dust. GeoHealth 9, e2024GH001171. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GH001171.
  187. Tong, Y., Xiang, H., Jiang, J., Chen, W., 2024. Interfacial interactions between minerals and organic matter: Mechanisms and characterizations. Chemosphere 359, 142383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142383.
  188. Tiwari, A.J., Marr, L.C., 2010. The Role of Atmospheric Transformations in Determining Environmental Impacts of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Quality 39, 1883-1895. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0050.
  189. Usman, M., Farooq, M., Wakeel, A., Nawaz, A., Cheema, S.A., ur Rehman, H., Ashraf, I., Sanaullah, M., 2020. Nanotechnology in agriculture: Current status, challenges and future opportunities. Science of The Total Environment 721, 137778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137778.
  190. Vedadi, A., Mashhadzadeh, A.H., Faroughi, S.A., 2026. Multiscale impacts of microbial metabolism on geochemistry and hydrodynamics of underground hydrogen storage: A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 231, 154802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154802.
  191. Wang, Y., 2014. Nanogeochemistry: Nanostructures, emergent properties and their control on geochemical reactions and mass transfers. Chemical Geology 378, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.04.007.
  192. Wang, Y., He, X., Song, R., Liu, J., Wang, K., 2026. Pore‐Scale Investigation on Two‐Phase Flow Mechanism for Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs: A Multiple Parameters Analysis via Phase‐Field Method. Geological Journal, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70167.
  193. Wang, G., Ran, L., Xu, J., Wang, Y., L., Zhu, R., Wei, J., He, H., Xi, Y., Zhu, J., 2021. Technical development of characterization methods provides insights into clay mineral-water interactions: A comprehensive review. Applied Clay Science 206, 106088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106088.
  194. Wang, J., Savoye, S., Ferrage, E., Hubert, F., Lefevre, S., Radwan, J., Robinet, J., Tertre, E., Gouze, P., 2022. Water and ion diffusion in partially-water saturated compacted kaolinite: Role played by vapor-phase diffusion in water mobility. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 248, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103989.
  195. Wang, J., Wilson, R.S., Aristilde, L., 2024. Electrostatic coupling and water bridging in adsorption hierarchy of biomolecules at water–clay interfaces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121 (7), e2316569121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2316569121.
  196. Wang, J., Yang, C., Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Jiang, W., Luo, Y., Wu, Y., Xiong, Y., Peng, P., 2025a. Examining the reliability of current micro-and nano-indentation-based rock mechanical upscaling schemes: a comprehensive comparison with uniaxial/triaxial macroscopic mechanical testing. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources 11, 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-025-00941-7.
  197. Wang, P., Luo, G., Papineau, D., Liu, D., Wang, H., Li, Y., Zhu, Z., 2025b. Magnetite nanoparticles modulate microbial nitrate reduction pathway. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 652, 119198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119198.
  198. Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Rahman, S., Arns, C., 2018. Semi-quantitative multiscale modelling and flow simulation in a nanoscale porous system of shale. Fuel 234, 1181-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.007.
  199. Waychunas, G.A., Kim, C.S., Banfield, J.F., 2005. Nanoparticulate iron oxide minerals in soils and sediments: Unique properties and contaminant scavenging mechanisms. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 7, 409-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-6931-x.
  200. Whittaker, M. L., Comolli, L., Gilbert, B., Banfield, J., 2020. Layer size polydispersity in hydrated montmorillonite creates multiscale porosity networks. Applied Clay Science 190, 105548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105548.
  201. Whittaker, M. L., Lammers, L., Carrero, S., Gilbert, B., Banfield, J., 2019. Ion exchange selectivity in clay is controlled by nanoscale chemical–mechanical coupling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, 22052-22057. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908086116.
  202. Woods-Robinson, R., Abeynayaka, A., Carbajales-Dale, M., Chen, H., Cheng, A., Cooney, G., Kirchofer, A., Kumar, M., Liddell, H. P. H., Peterson, L., Posen, I. D., Moni, S., Sleep, S., Wachs, L., Zargar, S., Bergerson, J., 2024. Controversy and consensus: common ground and best practices for life cycle assessment of emerging technologies. Journal of Industrial Ecology 30, 1495-1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44498-026-00100-5.
  203. Wu, D., Cao, K., Chen, K., Mao, N., 2024. Interfacial characteristics and mechanical behavior of geopolymer stabilizers with clay mineral: A molecular dynamics study. Applied Clay Science 250, 107286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107286.
  204. Wu, H., Ni, N., Zhang, L-B., 2023. Learning Dynamic Scale Awareness and Global Implicit Functions for Continuous-Scale Super-Resolution of Remote Sensing Images. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 61, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3240254.
  205. Xie, Y., Li, J., Peng, Z., Yao, Y., Chen, S., 2020. A first-principle study on the atomic-level mechanism of surface effect in nanoparticles. Materials Today Communications 24, 100948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.100948.
  206. Xing, J., Xian, H., Yang, Y., Chen, Q., Xi, J., Li, S., He, H., Zhu, J., 2023. Nanoscale Mineralogical Characterization of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Samples by Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 7 (2), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00278.
  207. Xu, X., Smith, W. C., Polli, J. E., Plavchak, C. L., Qin, B., Wang, Y., Holtgrewe, N., Raney, S. G., Beringhs, A. O., Yu, Y., Taraban, M., Krishnan, V., Schwendeman, A., Hammell, D., Clogston, J., Rawle, A., Grmaš, J., Ayoub, Y., Domnic, B., Reddy, R.S., Duncan, J., McGann, M., Bodycomb, J., Schuurmans, C.I.C.L., Hermes, M., Mehtala, J.G., Roy, P., Lance, K., Britten, C., Park, K., Beach, D., Elmer, M., Rodenhausen, K.B., Xu, Z., Qu, H., Wu, K-W., Korang-Yeboah, M., Zou, y., Li, J., Abuznait, A.H., Quinn, C., Ethier, A., Ip, K., Dhamecha, D., Li, Q., Zhu, D., Valapil, R., 2026. Mastering particle size analysis: lessons, challenges, and future directions from the FDA–CRCG workshop. Aaps Open 12, 11 (1-15). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41120-026-00148-4.
  208. Yang, P., Yuan, K., Khanal, R., Irle, S., Anovitz, L.M., Fenter, P., Stack, A.G., Lee, S.S., 2024. Variation in cation adsorption mechanism controlled by chemical and structural heterogeneities at the quartz (101)-water interface. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 128 (41), 17372-17386. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c03910.
  209. Yao, Y., Ge, X., Yin, Y., Minjarez, R., Tong, T., 2023. Antiscalants for mitigating silica scaling in membrane desalination: Effects of molecular structure and membrane process. Water Research 246, 120701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120701.
  210. Yekta, A.E., Pichavant, M., Audigane, P., 2018. Evaluation of geochemical reactivity of hydrogen in sandstone: Application to geological storage. Applied Geochemistry 95, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.05.021.
  211. Yi, Z., Fu, W., Zhao, Q, Lu, H., Fu, X., Li, P., Luo, P., Han, Z., Tan, Z., Xu, C., 2023. Characterization of nano-minerals and nanoparticles in supergene rare earth element mineralization related to chemical weathering of granites. American Mineralogist 108 (8), 1461-1475. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8543.
  212. Youns, Y.T., Manshad, A.K., Ali, J.A., 2023. Sustainable aspects behind the application of nanotechnology in CO2 sequestration. Fuel 349, 128680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128680.
  213. Zhang, Q., Dong, Y., Molins, S., Deng, H., 2024. The impacts of micro-porosity and mineralogical texture on fractured rock alteration. Water Resources Research, 60, e2023WR036266. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036266.
  214. Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Hu, L., Shi, J., Song, M., Yin, Y., Cai, Y., Jiang, G., 2026a. Natural metal-containing nanoparticles as an important form of metals in their biogeochemical cycle and biological effect. Water Research 293, 125440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125440.
  215. Zhang, F., Lu, M., Yang, F., Cao, G., Zhang, L., 2024. Recent advancements and practices of fracturing technology in continental shale reservoirs. Advances in Geo-Energy Research 13 (3), 231-236. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2024.09.08.
  216. Zhang, M., Lv, K., Xie, M., Duan, L., Jin, Z., 2026. Interfacial phenomena in shale reservoirs: Molecular insights into adsorption, wettability, and nanoconfined flow. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 354, 103894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2026.103894.
  217. Zhang, X., Ma, F., Yin, S., Wallace, C., Soltanian, M., Dai, Z., Ritzi, R., Z., Zhan, C., Lü, X., 2021. Application of upscaling methods for fluid flow and mass transport in multi-scale heterogeneous media: A critical review. Applied Energy 303, 117603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117603.
  218. Zertani, S., John, T., Brachmann, C., Vrijmoed, J., Plümper, O., 2022. Reactive fluid flow guided by grain-scale equilibrium reactions during eclogitization of dry crustal rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 177, 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01928-3.
  219. Zhang, Y., Slade, J.H., Ault, A.P., Chan, A.W.H., 2025. An Atmospheric Chemistry Perspective on Airborne Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles. Environmental Science and Technology 59 (16), 7810-7819. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c03264.
  220. Zhao, Z., Ju, L., Zhang, L., Zou, H., He, J., Lv, Y., Xiao, T., Cai, G., 2026. Three-Dimensional Geological Modeling with Multisource Data Fusion. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 152 (1), 04025164. https://doi.org/10.1061/jggefk.gteng-13786.
  221. Zheng, X., Li, X., Xu, Y., Wang, L., 2022. Influence of coupling effect in the chemo‐hydro‐mechanical consolidation of saturated soil layer. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 46, 2446-2460. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3413.
  222. Zhu, L., Shen, W., Shao, J., 2026. Nanoscale interfacial friction mechanism of swelling clay/concrete or claystone composite under rich-water environment by molecular dynamics simulation. Surfaces and Interfaces 80, 108374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.108374.
  223. Zwarts, S., Lesueur, M., 2024. Homogenisation method based on energy conservation and independent of boundary conditions. Advances in Water Resources 183, 104603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2023.104603.
  224. Bonnet, M., Robin, V., Parrotin, F., Grozeva, N., Seigneur, N., Batbaatar, M., Descostes, M., 2024. Influence of clay minerals on pH and major cation concentrations in acid-leached sands: Column experiments and reactive-transport modeling. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 264, 104363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104363.
  225. Caputo, F., Vogel, R., Savage, J., Vella, G., Law, A., Della Camera, G., Hannon, G., Peacock, B., Mehn, D., Ponti, J., Geiss, O., Aubert, D., Prina‐Mello, A., Calzolai, L., 2021. Measuring particle size distribution and mass concentration of nanoplastics and microplastics: addressing some analytical challenges in the sub-micron size range. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 588, 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.039.
  226. Carsote, C., Balzano, A., Colombini, M., Moskovics, R. C., Degano, I., Herrera Díaz, R., Karapanagiotis, I., Kılıç‐Pekgözlü, A., Lucejko, J., Yuste Córdoba, F. J., Zborowska, M., Zikeli, F., Badea, E., Ionescu, C., 2026. Analytical Approaches for the Identification and Characterization of Tannins in Natural Matrices. A Comprehensive Review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2633530.
  227. Goswami, L., Kim, K., Deep, A., Das, P., Bhattacharya, S., Kumar, S., Adelodun, A., 2017. Engineered nano particles: Nature, behavior, and effect on the environment. Journal of Environmental Management 196, 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.011.
  228. Li, Q., Chang, J., Li, L., Lin, X., Li, Y., 2023. Research progress of nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) in soil science: Evolution, applications, and challenges. The Science of the Total Environment 167257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167257.
  229. Li, X., Weng, J., Guo, Y., Li, M., Y., Li, C., Liu, Y., X., Xue, C., Zuo, Y. Y., Cui, Z., He, Y., Xu, N., Sun, B., 2026a. Inhibition of Ice Recrystallization by Regulating the Surface Free Energy of Nanoparticles. Small 22 (45), e74192. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.74192.
  230. Qiao, S., Bu, X., Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, X., Yang, J., 2026. Nanoparticles in Agricultural Soil: Effects on Ecosystem and Crop Health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 74 (2), 1891-1910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c12322.
  231. Su, X., Mao, J., Zhang, T., Yang, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Qiao, P., Li, B., Chen, F., 2025. Investigation on the reactive transport characteristic of uranium-bearing sandstone during the in-situ leaching mining uranium. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 284, 107654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107654.
  232. Wang, J., Savoye, S., Ferrage, E., Hubert, F., Lefevre, S., Radwan, J., Robinet, J., Tertre, E., Gouze, P., 2022. Water and ion diffusion in partially-water saturated compacted kaolinite: Role played by vapor-phase diffusion in water mobility. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 248, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103989.