SavedAdd your journal

Journals / International Journal of Chemistry and Technology / 2026 / Issue: 11

Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Bangladesh-A Review

Tonima Enam(Khulna University, Bangladesh)0009-0003-1963-1769
Shohan Ali(Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh)0009-0003-8454-3933
Sozoni Khatun(Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh)0009-0008-2370-1578
S.m. Fazle Rabbi Siam(Khulna University, Bangladesh)0009-0001-0076-4882
Mst. Israt Jahan(Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh)0009-0001-9496-7045
Md. Tariqul Islam(Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi Laboratories, Rajshahi 6206, Bangladesh)0009-0004-3582-7734
Atiqur Rahman(Islamic University Bangladesh)0000-0003-4228-1149
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-21
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, Bangladeshi aromatic and medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive essential oils that have potential uses in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial sectors.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Essential oils (EOs) are a complex combination of volatile chemical molecules produced by the plant's secondary metabolism, with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes comprising the bulk of these volatile substances.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A total of 64 plant species from 27 families were evaluated, with Lamiaceae being the most prominent.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, Bangladeshi aromatic and medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive essential oils that have potential uses in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial sectors.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Bangladeshi medicinal plants · essential oils · antimicrobial activity

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) are a complex combination of volatile chemical molecules produced by the plant's secondary metabolism, with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes comprising the bulk of these volatile substances. The purpose of this review is to outline the chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils derived from Bangladeshi aromatic and therapeutic plants. A total of 64 plant species from 27 families were evaluated, with Lamiaceae being the most prominent. GC-MS was the most used method for determining essential oil compounds. Carvone (60.9-73.29 %); thymol (7.81-48.20%), and o-cymene (1.11-19.29%); linoleoyl chloride (21.42%); linolenic acid ethyl ester (43.9 %); 2-decenoic acid (30.8%); eucalyptol (39.69%); E- cinnamaldehyde (6.8-55.75%); sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (79.51-97.4%); germacrene B (74.0%); phytol (22.42-72.5%), and citral (12.95-26.5%) are most commonly found in Mentha spicata L., Carum carvi, Kaempferia galanga L., Catharanthus roseus L., Coriandrum sativum L., Etlingera linguiforme, Cinnamomum verum, Azadirachta indica, Datura stramonium L., respectively. Overall, Bangladeshi aromatic and medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive essential oils that have potential uses in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial sectors.

🔖

Cite This Article

Enam, T., Ali, S., Khatun, S., Siam, S. F. R., Jahan, M. I., Islam, M. T., Rahman, A. (2026). Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Bangladesh-A Review. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, Issue: 11. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1899554

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (143)

  1. Abdelmohsen, U. R., & Elmaidomy, A. H. (2025). Exploring the therapeutic potential of essential oils: a review of composition and influencing factors. Frontiers in Natural Products, 4, 1490511.
  2. Aboluwodi, A. S., Avoseh, O. N., Lawal, O. A., Ogunwande, I. A., & Giwa, A. A. (2017). Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils of Datura stramonium L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(1), 21–25.
  3. Ahmet, I., Wan, R., Mattson, M. P., Lakatta, E. G., & Talan, M. (2005). Cardioprotection by intermittent fasting in rats. Circulation, 112(20), 3115–3121.
  4. Akkaya, O. B., Çelik, İ. S., Ertaş, E., Çömlekcioğlu, N., & Aygan, A. (2024). Determination of antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic activity of bioactive components of Hypericum perforatum L. Plant. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 8(1), 73-82.
  5. Akber, M., Seraj, S., Islam, F., Ferdausi, D., Ahmed, R., Nasrin, D., Nahar, N., Ahsan, S., Jamal, F., & Rahmatullah, M. (2011). A survey of medicinal plants used by the traditional medicinal practitioners of Khulna city, Bangladesh. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 5(2), 177–195.
  6. Alam, S., Dhar, A., Hasan, M., Richi, F. T., Emon, N. U., Aziz, M. A., Mamun, A. Al, Chowdhury, M. N. R., Hossain, M. J., Kim, J. K., Kim, B., Hasib, M. S., Zihad, S. M. N. K., Haque, M. R., Mohamed, I. N., & Rashid, M. A. (2022). Antidiabetic potential of commonly available fruit plants in Bangladesh: Updates on prospective phytochemicals and their reported MoAs. Molecules, 27(24), 8709.
  7. Al-Reza, S. M., Rahman, A., & Kang, S. C. (2009). Chemical composition and inhibitory effect of essential oil and organic extracts of Cestrum nocturnum L. on food-borne pathogens. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 44(6), 1176–1182.
  8. Al-Zereini, W. A., Al-Trawneh, I. N., Al-Qudah, M. A., Tumallah, H. M., Al Rawashdeh, H. A., & Abudayeh, Z. H. (2022). Essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks: Chemical examination and bioactivity studies. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 10(1), 173–185.
  9. Amorati, R., Foti, M. C., & Valgimigli, L. (2013). Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(46), 10835–10847.
  10. Annadurai, G. G., & Masilla, B. (2012). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer activities of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston. 6(4). https://doi.org/10.5555/20133133246
  11. Ashrafi, S., & Masud, M. M. (2022). Review on Some Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants with Anticancer Properties. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(1), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v21i1.60401
  12. Asressu, K. H., & Tesema, T. K. (2014). Chemical and antimicrobial investigations on essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis leaves grown in Ethiopia and comparison with other countries. Journal of Applied Pharmacy, 6(2), 132–142 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6267
  13. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Akter, F., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2010). Chemical constituents of essential oils from aerial parts of Adenosma capitatum and Limnophila aromatica. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 5(1), 13–16. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Begum, J., & Sultana, M. (2009b). Chemical composition of leaf and seed essential oil of Coriandrum sativum L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 4(2), 150–153. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v4i2.2800
  14. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., Begum, J., & Azim, M. A. (2010). Aromatic plants of Bangladesh: Constituents of leaf and rhizome oil of Etlingera linguiforme. Rheedea, 20(2), 154–159 Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2008). Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from leaf and rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 3(2), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v3i2.844
  15. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2009a). Chemical components in volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 38(1), 107–109.
  16. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2009a). Chemical investigation of the leaf and rhizome essential oils of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 4(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v4i1.845
  17. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Begum, J., Sardar, P. K., & Rahman, M. S. (2009b). Constituents of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils of Citrus Medica L. Journal of Scientific Research, 1(2), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1760
  18. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2008a). Essential oil in roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(2), 213–215. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i2.1736
  19. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2008b). Essential oil in roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(2), 213–215. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i2.1736
  20. Bhuiyan, M. N. I., Chowdhury, J. U., & Begum, J. (2008c). Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from leaf and rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v3i2.844
  21. Bisht, V. K., Negi, J. S., Bhandari, A. K., & Sundriyal, R. C. (2011). Amomum subulatum Roxb.: Traditional, phytochemical and biological activities—An overview. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(24), 5386–5390. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.745
  22. Blowman, K., Magalhães, M., Lemos, M. F. L., Cabral, C., & Pires, I. M. (2018). Anticancer Properties of Essential Oils and Other Natural Products. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018(1), 3149362. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3149362
  23. Bolouri, P., Salami, R., Kouhi, S., Kordi, M., Asgari Lajayer, B., Hadian, J., & Astatkie, T. (2022). Applications of essential oils and plant extracts in different industries. Molecules, 27(24), 8999. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248999
  24. Bordia, A. (1981). Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34(10), 2100–2103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/34.10.2100
  25. Boukeria, S., Kadi, K., Kalleb, R., Benbott, A., Bendjedou, D., & Yahia, A. (2016). Phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L. essential oils. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 7(7), 2362–2368.
  26. Boukraâ, D., Tadjeddine, N., Tabeti, S., Başar, Y., & Sami, R. (2026). Impact of drying methods on essential oils yield and quality in Lamiaceae: Meta-analysis. South African Journal of Botany, 192, 691-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2026.04.005
  27. Bousbia, N., Vian, M. A., Ferhat, M. A., Meklati, B. Y., & Chemat, F. (2009). A new process for extraction of essential oil from Citrus peels: Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. Journal of Food Engineering, 90(3), 409–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.06.034
  28. Brahmi, F., Khodir, M., Mohamed, C., & Duez, P. (2017). Chemical composition and biological activities of Mentha species. In H. A. El-Shemy (Ed.), Aromatic and medicinal plants: Back to nature (pp. 47–79). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/67291
  29. Chang, K. M., & Kim, G. H. (2009). Constituents of the essential oil from Eclipta prostrata L. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 14(2), 168–171.
  30. Chowdhury, J. U., Bhuiyan, M. N. I., & Yusuf, M. (2008). Chemical composition of the leaf essential oils of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng and Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 3(2), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v3i2.841
  31. Chowdhury, J. U., Nandi, N. C., Uddin, M., & Rahman, M. (2007). Chemical constituents of essential oils from two types of spearmint (Mentha spicata L. and Mentha cardiaca L.) introduced in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 42(1), 79–82. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v42i1.359
  32. Chowdhury, J. U., Bhuiyan, N. I., & Nandi, N. C. (2008). Aromatic plants of Bangladesh: Essential oils of leaves and fruits of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(1), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1568
  33. Chowdhury, J. U., Nandi, N. C., & Bhuiyan, M. N. I. (2007). Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Lantana camara L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 36(2), 193–194. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1513
  34. Chowdhury, J. U., Nandi, N. C., Uddin, M., & Rahman, M. (2007). Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils from Two Types of Spearmint (Mentha spicata L. and M. cardiaca L.) Introduced in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 42(1), 79–82. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v42i1.359
  35. Dahham, S. S., Tabana, Y. M., Iqbal, M. A., Ahamed, M. B. K., Ezzat, M. O., Majid, A. S. A., & Majid, A. M. S. A. (2015). The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules 2015, Vol. 20, Pages 11808-11829, 20(7), 11808–11829. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200711808
  36. Dahham, S. S., Tabana, Y. M., Iqbal, M. A., Ahamed, M. B. K., Ezzat, M. O., Majid, A. S. A., & Majid, A. M. S. A. (2015). The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene from the essential oil of Aquilaria crassna. Molecules, 20(7), 11808–11829. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200711808
  37. de Sousa, D. P., Damasceno, R. O. S., Amorati, R., Elshabrawy, H. A., de Castro, R. D., Bezerra, D. P., Nunes, V. R. V., Gomes, R. C., & Lima, T. C. (2023). Essential oils: Chemistry and pharmacological activities. Biomolecules, 13(7), 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13071144
  38. Desai, M., Parikh, J., & Parikh, P. A. (2010). Extraction of natural products using microwaves as a heat source. Separation and Purification Reviews, 39(1–2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422111003662320
  39. Devkota, A., D'Acqua, S., Comai, S., Innocenti, G., & Jha, P. K. (2013). Chemical composition of essential oils of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban from different habitats of Nepal. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 4(2), 300–304.
  40. Dutta, S., Mk, H., M, A. H., & Chowdhury, P. (2015). Exotic Plants and their Usage by Local Communities in the Sitakunda. Forest Research, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4172/21689776.1000136
  41. Edris, A. E. (2007). Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review. Phytotherapy Research, 21(4), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2072 Erenler, R., Yıldız, İ., Geçer, E. N., Yıldırım Kocaman, A., Alma, M. H., Demirtas, İ., Başar, Y., Hosaflıoğlu, İ., & Behçet, L. (2024). Phytochemical analyses of Ebenus haussknechtii flowers: Quantification of phenolics, antioxidants effect, and molecular docking studies. Journal of Integrative and Anatolian Medicine, 5(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1479874
  42. El-Wakil, E. A., El-Sayed, M. M., & Abdel-Lateef, E. E. S. (2015). GC-MS investigation of essential oil and antioxidant activity of Egyptian white onion (Allium cepa L.). International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 6(3), 537–543
  43. Farhat, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Visinoni, F., Romdhane, M., & Chemat, F. (2010). A surprising method for green extraction of essential oil from dry spices: Microwave dry-diffusion and gravity. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(47), 7345–7350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.062
  44. Gaikwad, R. K., Mondal, I. H., Dash, K. K., shaikh, A. M., & Béla, K. (2025). Effectiveness of sustainable oil extraction techniques: A comprehensive review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 19, 101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101546
  45. Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., … S. K.-I. J. P. S. D., & 2010, undefined. (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. Researchgate.NetV Gupta, P Mittal, P Bansal, SL Khokra, D KaushikInt J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 2010•researchgate.Net, 2(1), 12–16.
  46. Gurudutt, K. N., Naik, J. P., Srinivas, P., & Ravindranath, B. (1996). Volatile constituents of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 11(1), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199601)11:1
  47. Hamed, M. M., El-Mobdy, M. A. A., Kamel, M. T., Mohamed, H. I., & Bayoumi, A. E. (2019). Phytochemical and biological activities of two Asteraceae plants Senecio vulgaris and Pluchea dioscoridis L. PharmacologyOnLine, 2, 101–121.
  48. Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86(6), 985–990. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x
  49. Haque, A., Khatun, R., Yaakob, Z., Moniruzzaman, M., Shahinuzzaman, M., & Rahman, M. S. (2015). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil from Trigonella foenum-graecum. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(12), 1033–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.010
  50. Heghes, S. C., Filip, L., Vostinaru, O., Mogosan, C., Miere, D., Iuga, C. A., & Moldovan, M. (2020). Essential Oil-Bearing Plants From Balkan Peninsula: Promising Sources for New Drug Candidates for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 555677. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00989
  51. Hossain, M. A., Kabir, M. J., Salehuddin, S. M., Rahman, S. M. M., Das, A. K., Singha, S. K., Alam, M. K., & Rahman, A. (2010a). Antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum occurring in Bangladesh. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903190977
  52. Hossain, M. A., Kabir, M. J., Salehuddin, S. M., Rahman, S. M. M., Das, A. K., Singha, S. K., Alam, M. K., & Rahman, A. (2010b). Antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum occurring in Bangladesh. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903190977
  53. Hossain, M. S., Alam, M. B., Asadujjaman, Islam, M. M., Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. A., & Islam, A. (2011). Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of different fractions of Stevia rebaudiana leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(7), 1722–1729.
  54. Hossain, M. A., Siddique, A. B., Rahman, S. M., & Hossain, M. A. (2010). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines, 5(2), 56–61.
  55. Huq, A. K. M. M., Jamal, J. A., & Stanslas, J. (2014). Ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, Article 782830. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/782830
  56. Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., & Meyer, R. L. (2012). Essential oils in food preservation: Mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012
  57. Islam, M. A., Ryu, K. Y., Khan, N., Song, O. Y., Jeong, J. Y., Son, J. H., Jamila, N., & Kim, K. S. (2020). Determination of the volatile compounds in five varieties of Piper betle L. from Bangladesh using simultaneous distillation extraction and gas chromatography. Analytical Letters, 53(15), 2413–2430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2020.1744160
  58. Isman, M. B. (2020). Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: A short overview. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences, 75(78), 179–182. https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2020-0038/XML
  59. Jafarpour, M., Yousefi, G., Hamedi, A., Shariat, A., Salehi, A., & Heydari, M. (2016). Effect of a traditional syrup from Citrus medica L. fruit juice on migraine headache: A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 179, 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.040
  60. Kant, R., & Kumar, A. (2022). Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: Techniques, performance and economic analysis. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 30, 100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100829
  61. Karmen, N. B., & Maevsky, E. I. (2003). Oxidative modification of erythrocyte membranes in the acute stage of severe craniocerebral trauma and its correction with clonidine. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 136(4), 362–365. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BEBM.0000010952.46554.a2
  62. Kharat, A. R., Kharat, K. R., Kumar, A., & Das, S. (2013). Identification of chemical compounds from Cassia sophera. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3(12), 10287–10290
  63. Kianimanesh, K., Lebaschi, M. H., Jaimand, K., Abdosi, V., & Aghdaei, S. R. T. (2021). The changes in yield, biochemical properties and essential oil compounds of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) plants treated with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products, 10(1), 37–44.
  64. Koyama, S., & Heinbockel, T. (2020). The effects of essential oils and terpenes in relation to their routes of intake and application. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5), Article 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051558
  65. Lawal, O. A., Ogunwande, I. A., Ibirogba, A. E., Layode, O. M., & Opoku, A. R. (2015). Chemical constituents of essential oils from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don grown in Nigeria. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.998720
  66. Linn, K. G. (2008). The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,. 3(1966), 65–76. Liu, X., Zhao, M., Wang, J., & Wei, L. (2008). Effectiveness of Phyllanthus emblica l. Essential oil to inhibit the growth of food‐spoiling yeasts. Wiley Online Library, 28(2), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2008.00119.x
  67. Mahalwal, V. S., & Ali, M. (2003). Volatile constituents of Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18(1), 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1144
  68. Mancini, E., Senatore, F., Del Monte, D., De Martino, L., Grulova, D., Scognamiglio, M., Snoussi, M., & De Feo, V. (2015). Studies on chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of five Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Molecules, 20(7), 12016–12028. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200712016
  69. Marrufo, T., Nazzaro, F., Mancini, E., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., De Martino, L., & Agostinho, A. B. (2013). Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivated in Mozambique. Molecules, 18(9), 10989–11000. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910989
  70. Mbachu, K. A., & Moronkola, D. O. (2017). Compositions of Thunbergia grandiflora leaf and root essential oils. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14(4), 1–8.
  71. Megawati, Fardhyanti, D. S., Sediawan, W. B., & Hisyam, A. (2019). Kinetics of mace (Myristicae arillus) essential oil extraction using microwave assisted hydrodistillation: Effect of microwave power. Industrial Crops and Products, 131, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.067
  72. Menicucci, F., Palagano, E., Michelozzi, M., & Ienco, A. (2023). Essential oils for the conservation of paper items. Molecules, 28(13), 5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135003
  73. Miguel, M. G. (2010). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: A short review. Molecules, 15(12), 9252–9287. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15129252
  74. Mohamed, A. A., & Alotaibi, B. M. (2022). Essential oils of some medicinal plants and their biological activities: a mini review. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences 2022 9:1, 9(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-022-00018-1
  75. Mohiuddin, M. M., Chowdhury, M., & Alam, M. (2012). Chemical composition of essential oil of four flavouring plants used by the tribal people of Bandarban hill district in Bangladesh.
  76. Mondello, L., Zappia, G., Cotroneo, A., Bonaccorsi, I., Chowdhury, J. U., Yusuf, M., & Dugo, G. (2002). Studies on the essential oil-bearing plants of Bangladesh. Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum oils: O. basilicum L. var. purpurascens; O. sanctum L. (green); O. sanctum L. (purple); O. americanum L.; and O. basilicum L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1108
  77. Mondello, L., Zappia, G., Cotroneo, A., Bonaccorsi, I., Chowdhury, J. U., Yusuf, M., & Dugo, G. (2002a). Studies on the essential oil-bearing plants of Bangladesh. Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum oils O. basilicum L. var. purpurascens; O. sanctum L. green; O. sanctum L. purple; O. americanum L., citral type; O. americanum L., camphor type. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1108
  78. Mondello, L., Zappia, G., Cotroneo, A., Bonaccorsi, I., Chowdhury, J. U., Yusuf, M., & Dugo, G. (2002b). Studies on the essential oil-bearing plants of Bangladesh. Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum oils O. basilicum L. var. purpurascens; O. sanctum L. green; O. sanctum L. purple; O. americanum L., citral type; O. americanum L., camphor type. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1108
  79. Nakatsu, T., Lupo, A. T., Jr., Chinn, J. W., Jr., & Kang, R. K. L. (2000). Biological activity of essential oils and their constituents. In A.-ur-Rahman (Ed.), Studies in Natural Products Chemistry (Vol. 21, pp. 571–631). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5995(00)80014-9
  80. Nawaz, A. H. M. M., Hossain, M., Karim, M., Khan, M., Jahan, R., & Rahmatullah, M. (2009). An ethnobotanical survey of Rajshahi district in Rajshahi division, Bangladesh. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(2), 143–150.
  81. Nayak, S., Hegde, R. B., Rao, A. S., & Poojary, R. (2025). Unlocking the potential of essential oils in aromatic plants: A guide to recovery, modern innovations, regulation and AI integration. Planta, 262(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-025-04724-y
  82. Nazrul, M., Bhuiyan, I., Begum, J., Nandi, N. C., & Akter, F. (2010). Constituents of the essential oil from leaves and buds of clove (Syzigium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston). Academicjournals.Org, 4(11), 451–454.
  83. Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2017). Essential oils and antifungal activity. Pharmaceuticals, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph10040086
  84. Nieto, G. (2017). Biological activities of three essential oils of the Lamiaceae family. Medicines, 4(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030063
  85. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,. Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
  86. Pandey, A. K., Singh, P., & Tripathi, N. N. (2014). Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: An overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(9), 682–694. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C77
  87. Paul, B. K., Saleh-e-In, M., Mahamudul Hassan, S. M., Rahman, Z., Saha, G. C., & Roy, S. K. (2013a). Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Carum roxburghianum Benth. (Radhuni) Seeds of Three Bangladeshi Ecotypes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.793983
  88. Paul, B. K., Saleh-e-In, M., Mahamudul Hassan, S. M., Rahman, Z., Saha, G. C., & Roy, S. K. (2013b). Chemical composition and biological activities of Carum roxburghianum Benth. (Radhuni) seeds of three Bangladeshi ecotypes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.793983
  89. Pavlić, B., Vidović, S., Vladić, J., Radosavljević, R., & Zeković, Z. (2015). Isolation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil by green extractions versus traditional techniques. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 99, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.01.029
  90. Pichersky, E., Noel, J. P., & Dudareva, N. (2006). Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: Nature’s diversity and ingenuity. Science, 311(5762), 808–811. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118510
  91. Prasetya, F., Salam, S., Rahmadani, A., Haikal, K., Febrina, L., Anshory, H., Arifuddin, M., Siregar, V. O., Narsa, A. C., Herman, H., Ahmad, I., Indriyanti, N., Ibrahim, A., Rusli, R., Rijai, L., & Kuncoro, H. (2021). Novel amides derivative with antimicrobial activity of Piper betle var. nigra leaves from Indonesia. Molecules, 26(2), 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020335
  92. Rafe, M. R. (2017). A review of five traditionally used anti-diabetic plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(10), 933–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.002
  93. Rahman, A., Rahman, M., & Demirtas, I. (2018). Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oil and organic extracts of Euphorbia tithymaloides L. from Kushtia region. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(10), 1482–1488. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180228122318
  94. Rahman, A., Al-Reza, S. M., & Kang, S. C. (2011). Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Extracts of Piper chaba Hunter Against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Springer, 88(4), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1698-3
  95. Rahman, A. M. (2018). “A Review on Medicinal Plants with Anticancer Activity Available In Bangladesh.” Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.31031/mapp.2018.01.000516
  96. Rahman, A., Rahman, M., & Demirtas, I. (2018). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil and Organic Extracts of Euphorbia tithymaloides L. from Kushtia Region. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(10), 1482–1488. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180228122318
  97. Rahman, A., Shanta, Z. S., Rashid, M. A., Parvin, T., Afrin, S., Khatun, M. K., & Sattar, M. A. (2016). In vitro antibacterial properties of essential oil and organic extracts of Premna integrifolia Linn. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9(Suppl. 2), S475–S479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.05.001
  98. Rahman, A., Sultana Shanta, Z., Rashid, M. A., Parvin, T., Afrin, S., Khodeza Khatun, M., & Sattar, M. A. (2016). In vitro antibacterial properties of essential oil and organic extracts of Premna integrifolia Linn. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9, S475–S479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.06.003
  99. Rahman, M. A., Chakma, J. S., Bhuiyan, N. I., & Islam, M. S. (2012). Composition of the essential oil of Clausena suffruticosa Leaf and evaluation of its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(5), 740. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v11i5.6
  100. Rahman, M. M., Sultana, T., Yousuf Ali, M., Rahman, M. M., Al-Reza, S. M., & Rahman, A. (2017). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and various extracts from Cassia sophera L. against Bacillus sp. from soil. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2132–S2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.045
  101. Rahman, M. M., Uddin, M. J., Ali Reza, A. S. M., Tareq, A. M., Emran, T. B., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Ethnomedicinal value of antidiabetic plants in Bangladesh: A comprehensive review. Plants, 10(4), 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040729
  102. Rahman, M. M., Sultana, T., Ali, M. Y., Rahman, M. M., Al-Reza, S. M., & Rahman, A. (2017). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and various extracts from Cassia sophera L. against Bacillus sp. from soil. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(Suppl. 2), S2136–S2143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.037
  103. Rahmatullah, M., Khatun, M. A., Morshed, N., Neogi, P. K., Khan, S. U. A., Hossan, M. S., & Mahal, M. J. (2010). A randomized survey of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers of Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 52–62.
  104. Rahmatullah, M. M., & Azam, M. (2012). An ethnomedicinal survey among the Marakh sect of the Garo Tribe of Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. 4(1), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.5555/20123115879.
  105. Rahmatullah, M. M., & Hasan, A. A. (2012). Medicinal plants and formulations used by the Soren clan of the Santal tribe in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh for treatment of various ailments. 9(3), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.5555/20123132530.
  106. Rahmatullah, M., Nur Kabidul Azam, M., Malek, I., Nasrin, D., Jamal, F., Atiqur Rahman, M., Khatun, Z., Jahan, S., Seraj, S., & Jahan, R. (2012). An ethnomedicinal survey among the marakh sect of the Garo tribe of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 4(1), 141–149.
  107. Rana, G. M. M., Dey, S. S., Ghos, B. C., Uddin, M. J., Chowdhury, T. A., Islam, M. T., Rahman, T., Hossain, M. J., Barmon, J., & Yeasmin, M. S. (2025). Microwave-assisted extraction of essential oils from basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) and coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.): A comparative study on chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Applied Food Research, 5(1), 100977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100977
  108. Rana, G. M. M., Uddin, M. J., Islam, M. T., Barmon, J., Dey, S. S., Chandra Ghos, B., Al Bashera, M., Karmaker, P., Karmakar, A., Rahman, T., Chowdhury, T. A., & Yeasmin, M. S. (2025). Solvent-free microwave extraction and hydrodistillation extraction of essential oils from Syzygium cumini leaves: Comparative analysis of chemical constituents, in vitro and in silico approaches. LWT, 228, 118074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118074
  109. Raut, J. S., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014a). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055
  110. Raut, J. S., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014b). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055
  111. Rony, S. A., Islam, M. A., Anisuzzaman, & Alam, M. Z. (2021). Small-scale farmers’ perception and practice on coccidiosis management in broiler farm at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Annals of Parasitology, 67(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.17420/ap6701.315.
  112. Sağlıker, H. A., Sevindik, M., & Aydemir, E. S. K. (2025). Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Potential of Barbarea Vulgaris. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, (Advanced Online Publication), 160-165.
  113. Sachan, A. K., Das, D. R., & Kumar, M. (2016). Carum carvi—An important medicinal plant. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(3), 529–533.
  114. Saleh-e-In, M. M., Sultana, A., Husain, M., & Roy, S. K. (2010). Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Anethum sowa L. Herb (Leaf and Stem) Growing in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 45(2), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5721
  115. Satyal, P. P., Craft, J., Dosoky, N., & Setzer, W. (2017). The chemical compositions of the volatile oils of garlic (Allium sativum) and wild garlic (Allium vineale). https://doi.org/10.5555/20183027074
  116. Sell, C. (2020). Chemistry of Essential Oils. Handbook of Essential Oils, 161–189. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351246460-6
  117. Seseli daucifolium C.B.Clarke. (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2026, from https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001275313
  118. Shetu, H. J., Trisha, K. T., Sikta, S. A., Anwar, R., Rashed, S. S. B., & Dash, P. R. (2018). Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(1), 32–39. Shetu, H. J., Trisha, K. T., Sikta, S. A., Anwar, R., Rashed, S. S. B., & Dash, P. R. (2018). Pharmacological importance of Kaempferia galanga (Zingiberaceae): A mini review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(1), 32–39.
  119. Shukla, S., Hegde, S., Kumar, A., Chaudhary, G., Tewari, S. K., Upreti, D. K., & Pal, M. (2017). Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Justicia adhatoda Against Methicillian Resistant and Sensitive Strain Along with Their. Taylor & Francis, 20(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2016.1260061
  120. Siddiqui, S. A., Rahman, A., Oliur Rahman, M., Akbar, M. A., Shamsur Rouf, A. S., Ali, M. A., Al-Hemaid, F. M. A., & Farah, M. A. (2018). Evaluation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robinson in experimental animal model. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(6), 1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.01.009
  121. Siddiqui, S. A., Islam, R., Islam, R., Jamal, A. H. M., Parvin, T., & Rahman, A. (2017). Chemical composition and antifungal properties of the essential oil and various extracts of Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(Suppl. 2), S2170–S2176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.047
  122. Siddiqui, S. A., Rahman, A., Rahman, M. O., Akbar, M. A., Rouf, A. S. S., Ali, M. A., & Al-Hemaid, F. M. A. (2018). Evaluation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robinson in an experimental animal model. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(4), 630–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.044
  123. Simić, A., Rančić, A., Soković, M. D., Ristić, M., Grujić-Jovanović, S., Vukojević, J., & Marin, P. D. (2008). Essential oil composition of Cymbopogon winterianus and Carum carvi and their antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(6), 437–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802055917
  124. Singh, C., Chanu, S., Kh, L., Swapana, N., & Cantrell, C. (2014). Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil of rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith.
  125. Singh, G., Marimuthu, P., de Heluani, C. S., & Catalan, C. (2005). Antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (aril part). Journal of Food Science, 70(2), M141–M148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07105.x
  126. Smith, R. L., Cohen, S. M., Doull, J., Feron, V. J., Goodman, J. I., Marnett, L. J., Portoghese, P. S., Waddell, W. J., Wagner, B. M., Hall, R. L., Higley, N. A., Lucas-gavin, C., & Adams, T. B. (2005). A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: essential oils. 43, 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.007
  127. Swamy, M. K., Akhtar, M. S., & Sinniah, U. R. (2016). Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016(1), 3012462. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3012462
  128. Swamy, M. K., & Sinniah, U. R. (2015). A comprehensive review on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An aromatic medicinal plant of industrial importance. Molecules, 20(5), 8521–8547. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20058521
  129. Tavares, W. R., Barreto, M. C., & Seca, A. M. L. (2020). Uncharted source of medicinal products: The case of the Hedychium genus. Medicines, 7(5), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7050023
  130. Taylor, P., Shaaban, H. A. E., El-ghorab, A. H., & Shibamoto, T. (2012). Bioactivity of essential oils and their volatile aroma components: Review. (May), 37–41. Thomas, S., & Mani, B. (2017). Composition, antibacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of the essential oil of Hedychium matthewii. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 12(2), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v12i2.29339
  131. Tognolini, M., Ballabeni, V., Bertoni, S., Bruni, R., Impicciatore, M., & Barocelli, E. (2007). Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. Pharmacological Research, 56(3), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.07.002
  132. Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., & Trindade, H. (2019). Review on essential oil, extracts composition, molecular and phytochemical properties of Thymus species in Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 134, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.038
  133. Turek, C., & Stintzing, F. C. (2013). Stability of essential oils: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12006
  134. Uddin, S. J., Grice, D., & Tiralongo, E. (2012). Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of patriscabratine, tetracosane and various flavonoids isolated from the Bangladeshi medicinal plant Acrostichum aureum. Pharmaceutical Biology, 50(10), 1276–1280. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.673628
  135. Uguz, S. (2025). Microalgae as a Feed Source: Market Opportunities and Challenges for Future. International Congresses of Turkish Science and Technology Publishing, 298-302.
  136. Handa, S. S., Khanuja, S. P. S., Longo, G., & Rakesh, D. D. (2008). Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology.Vian, M. A., Fernandez, X., Visinoni, F., & Chemat, F. (2008). Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, a new technique for extraction of essential oils. Journal of Chromatography A, 1190(1–2), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.086
  137. Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Han, T., Zheng, C., & Qin, L. (2014). A Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of Paederia foetida and P. scandens. Journals. Sagepub.Com, 9(6), 879–886.https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900640
  138. Wang, Y., plants, X. Y.-J. of essential oil bearing, & 2018, undefined. (2018). Biological Activities and Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil and Essential Oil from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera. Taylor & Francis, 21(6), 1511–1531.https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1571948
  139. Wong, K. C., & Tan, G. L. (1994). Steam volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Paederia foetida L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 9(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730090
  140. Chowdhury, J. U., Bhuiyan, N. I., & Nandi, N. C. (2008). Aromatic plants of Bangladesh: Essential oils of leaves and fruits of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(1), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1568
  141. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,. Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
  142. Smith, R. L., Cohen, S. M., Doull, J., Feron, V. J., Goodman, J. I., Marnett, L. J., Portoghese, P. S., Waddell, W. J., Wagner, B. M., Hall, R. L., Higley, N. A., Lucas-gavin, C., & Adams, T. B. (2005). A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: essential oils. 43, 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.007
  143. Taylor, P., Shaaban, H. A. E., El-ghorab, A. H., & Shibamoto, T. (2012). Bioactivity of essential oils and their volatile aroma components: Review. (May), 37–41. Thomas, S., & Mani, B. (2017). Composition, antibacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of the essential oil of Hedychium matthewii. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 12(2), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v12i2.29339