SavedAdd your journal

Journals / International Journal of Chemistry and Technology / 2026 / Issue: 11

Impact of Acetate, Formate and Lactate Background Electrolytes on Nitrate and Nitrite Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis

Ahmet Dursun(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği)0000-0003-0736-8740
Pelin Koçak(HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL UNIVERSITY)0009-0005-0739-1408
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-10-19
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, the most suitable electrolyte is formate for capillary electrophoretic determination of nitrate and nitrite in processed meat products.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study comparatively evaluated acetate, formate and lactate background electrolytes (30 mM, pH 4.0) for the determination of nitrate and nitrite by capillary electrophoresis.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Standard solutions (5, 25 and 50 µg mL -1 ) were used to investigate the effects of electrolytes on migration time, theoretical plate number, peak symmetry and resolution.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, the most suitable electrolyte is formate for capillary electrophoretic determination of nitrate and nitrite in processed meat products.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Resolution · response factor · peak symmetry

Abstract

This study comparatively evaluated acetate, formate and lactate background electrolytes (30 mM, pH 4.0) for the determination of nitrate and nitrite by capillary electrophoresis. Standard solutions (5, 25 and 50 µg mL -1 ) were used to investigate the effects of electrolytes on migration time, theoretical plate number, peak symmetry and resolution. Acetate generated the highest electroosmotic flow mobility but resulted in the longest migration, the lowest theoretical plate numbers and pronounced peak fronting. Formate exhibited the highest separation efficiency and better peak symmetry, while lactate produced the shortest migration times at 25 and 50 µg mL -1 . Based on these findings, formate and lactate were selected for calibration and accuracy experiments. Both electrolytes demonstrated good linearity (R²=0.9994 and =0.9999) over the concentration range of 6.25-100 µg mL -1 . Lactate provided lower limits of detection, especially for nitrite. Formate revealed a better analytical accuracy, with recoveries of nitrate and nitrite (95.6% and 98.6%, respectively), compared to lactate (79.4% and 72.5%). In conclusion, the most suitable electrolyte is formate for capillary electrophoretic determination of nitrate and nitrite in processed meat products.

🔖

Cite This Article

Dursun, A., Koçak, P. (2026). Impact of Acetate, Formate and Lactate Background Electrolytes on Nitrate and Nitrite Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, Issue: 11. https://doi.org/10.32571/ijct.1991964

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (33)

  1. Aftab, J., Kalaycıoğlu, Z., Kolaylı, S., & Erim, F. B., 2021. Sample stacking – Capillary electrophoretic determination of nitrate and nitrite contents as nitric oxide metabolites in honey varieties originated from Anatolia. Acta Alimentaria, 50(4), 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2021.00125
  2. AOAC (2002). Guidelines for Single Laboratory Validation of Chemical Methods for Dietary Supplements and Botanicals. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).
  3. Della Betta, F., Pereira, L. M., Siqueira, M. A., Valese, A. C., Daguer, H., Fett, R., Vitali, L., & Costa, A. C. O., 2016. A sub-minute CZE method to determine nitrate and nitrite in meat products: An alternative for routine analysis. Meat Science, 119, 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.011
  4. Dursun, A., & Demetgül, C., 2025. Separation of cations by capillary electrophoresis: The effects of temperature and voltage. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 43, 1957-1966. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2025.1927
  5. Dursun, A., & Güler, Z., 2023. Elution Conditions for Effective Separation on an Aged Sulfonated Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene (SPD) Column of Organic Acids from Meat. Food Analytical Methods, 16(4), 699-708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-023-02448-x
  6. Elbashir, A. A., Osman, A., Elawad, M., Ziyada, A. K., & Aboul‐Enein, H. Y., 2024. Application of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively contactless conductivity detection for biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis, 45(5-6), 400-410. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.202300216
  7. Farsang, R., Hogyor, K., Járvás, G., & Guttman, A., 2025. Nitrite and Nitrate Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis with Direct UV Absorbance Detection: A Mini-Review. Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemisty, 53(2), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2025-20
  8. Farsang, R., Kovacs, Z., Jarvas, G., & Guttman, A., 2022. Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Trace Amounts of Nitrate and Nitrite in Environmental Water Samples. Separations, 9(11), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9110333
  9. Freitag, R., & Hilbrig, F., 2007. Theory and practical understanding of the migration behavior of proteins and peptides in CE and related techniques. Electrophoresis, 28(13), 2125-2144. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600792
  10. Fukushi, K., Tada, K., Takeda, S., Wakida, S., Yamane, M., Higashi, K., & Hiiro, K., 1999. Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite ions in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis using artificial seawater as the carrier solution. Journal of Chromatography A, 838(1-2), 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00214-9
  11. Gaš, B., Štědrý, M., & Kenndler, E., 1997. Peak broadening in capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 18(12-13), 2123-2133. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181203
  12. Gebauer, P., & Boček, P., 1997. Predicting Peak Symmetry in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis: The Concept of the Peak Shape Diagram. Analytical Chemistry, 69(8), 1557-1563. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac960796d
  13. Ghosal, S., & Chen, Z., 2012. Electromigration dispersion in a capillary in the presence of electro-osmotic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 697, 436-454. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.76
  14. Higuero, N., Moreno, I., Lavado, G., Vidal-Aragón, M. C., & Cava, R., 2020. Reduction of nitrate and nitrite in Iberian dry cured loins and its effects during drying process. Meat Science, 163, 108062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108062
  15. Huang, X., Gordon, M. J., & Zare, R. N., 1988. Current-monitoring method for measuring the electroosmotic flow rate in capillary zone electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry 60(17), 1837-1838. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00168a040
  16. Iammarino, M., Di Taranto, A., & Cristino, M., 2014. Monitoring of nitrites and nitrates levels in leafy vegetables (spinach and lettuce): A contribution to risk assessment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(4), 773-778. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6439
  17. ICH, 2023. International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). ICH Harmonised Guideline: Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R2).
  18. Kamilova, N., Kalaycıoğlu, Z., & Gölcü, A., 2023. Sample Stacking–Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Nitrate and Nitrite in Organic- and Conventional-Originated Baby Food Formulas from Turkey. ACS Omega, 8(5), 5097-5102. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07969
  19. Karwowska, M., & Kononiuk, A., 2020. Nitrates/Nitrites in Food—Risk for Nitrosative Stress and Benefits. Antioxidants, 9(3), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030241
  20. Melanson, J. E., Baryla, N. E., & Lucy, C. A., 2001. Dynamic capillary coatings for electroosmotic flow control in capillary electrophoresis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 20(6-7), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(01)00067-X
  21. Merusi, C., Corradini, C., Cavazza, A., Borromei, C., & Salvadeo, P., 2010. Determination of nitrates, nitrites and oxalates in food products by capillary electrophoresis with pH-dependent electroosmotic flow reversal. Food Chemistry, 120(2), 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.035
  22. Palonen, S., Porras, S. P., Jussila, M., & Riekkola, M., 2003. Peak dispersion and contributions to plate height in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis at high electric field strengths: Propanol as background electrolyte solvent. Electrophoresis, 24(10), 1565-1576. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200305382
  23. Paull, B., & King, M., 2003. Quantitative capillary zone electrophoresis of inorganic anions. Electrophoresis, 24(12-13), 1892-1934. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200305410
  24. Pinheiro, K. M. P., Moreira, R. C., Rezende, K. C. A., Talhavini, M., Logrado, L. P. L., Baio, J. A. F., Lanza, M. R. V., & Coltro, W. K. T., 2019. Rapid separation of post‐blast explosive residues on glass electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis, 40(3), 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201800245
  25. Rathore, A. S., 2004. Joule heating and determination of temperature in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography columns. Journal of Chromatography A, 1037(1-2), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.062
  26. Rincón, F., Martı́nez, B., & Delgado, J. M., 2003. Detection of factors influencing nitrite determination in meat. Meat Science, 65(4), 1421-1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(03)00065-2
  27. Shakil, M. H., Trisha, A. T., Rahman, M., Talukdar, S., Kobun, R., Huda, N., & Zzaman, W., 2022. Nitrites in Cured Meats, Health Risk Issues, Alternatives to Nitrites: A Review. Foods, 11(21), 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11213355
  28. Shiddiky, M. J. A., Won, M., & Shim, Y., 2006. Simultaneous analysis of nitrate and nitrite in a microfluidic device with a Cu‐complex‐modified electrode. Electrophoresis, 27(22), 4545-4554. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200600240
  29. Snow, N. H., 2023. How Chemistry Determines Separations: Influence of Selectivity on Resolution. LCGC North America, 41(3), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.56530/lcgc.na.rr5385o1 Szabó, R., Andrási, M., & Gáspár, A., 2025. Fast Taylor Dispersion Analysis for Minimizing Protein Adsorption Effects. Analytical Chemisty, 97(28), 15367-15375. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c02250
  30. Talu, G. F., & Diyamandoglu, V., 2004. Formate Ion Decomposition in Water Under UV Irradiation at 253.7 nm. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(14), 3984-3993. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0304704
  31. Topaloğlu, F., & Dursun, A., 2026. Chloride-based salt determination in meat bouillon and bone broth: A comparative evaluation of Mohr titration and capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 20, 15606-15618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-026-04655-6
  32. Voeten, R. L. C., Ventouri, I. K., Haselberg, R., & Somsen, G. W., 2018. Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances. Analytical Chemisty, 90(3), 1464-1481. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015
  33. Yuwono, M. & Indrayanto, G., 2005. Validation of Chromatographic Methods of Analysis. Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, 32, 243-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-5428(05)32009-0