SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 26

The Mediating Role of Insomnia in the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Internalizing Disorders

Bağlanma Stilleri ile İçselleştirme Bozuklukları Arasındaki İlişkide İnsomnianın Aracı Rolü

Özge Gökçen(TC SAĞLIK BAKANLIĞI)0000-0001-5701-3820
Mustafa Şahin(İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5721-6211
Pages
31–48
Publication Date
2026-09-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, %21,2 of the sample has a psychiatric diagnosis.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Attachment styles may have an impact upon an individual’s psychological health throughout their lifespan.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The research was conducted with 203 university students, aged between 18 and 29.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, %21,2 of the sample has a psychiatric diagnosis.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Bağlanma Stilleri · İnsomnia · Depresyon

Abstract

Attachment styles may have an impact upon an individual’s psychological health throughout their lifespan. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between attachment styles, insomnia and internalizing disorders. The research was conducted with 203 university students, aged between 18 and 29. Overall, %21,2 of the sample has a psychiatric diagnosis. Data collection was carried out by an online survey. Data collection tools consisted of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software and the PROCESS v4.2 macro. The result of the study indicated positive correlations between anxious and avoidant attachment styles and insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between insomnia and both depression and anxiety. After controlling for the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, it was indicated that insomnia had a partial mediating role within the effects of both anxious and avoidant attachment on depression and anxiety. It is thought that the strategies employed by individuals with insecure attachment styles may be associated with an increase in insomnia and internalizing disorders. Conversely, the use of emotion regulation strategies may have a protective effect. It is recommended that researchers focus on the importance of attachment styles in preventing depression and anxiety, and that intervention programs targeting sleep and emotion regulation be implemented.

Özet

Bağlanma stilleri kişinin yaşam boyu psikolojik sağlığı üzerinde etkilere sahip olabilmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı bağlanma stilleri, insomnia ve içselleştirme bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Araştırma, 18-29 yaş aralığındaki 203 üniversite öğrencisi ile yürütülmüştür. Örneklemin %21,2’sinin psikiyatrik tanısı bulunmaktadır. Çalışma verilerinin toplanması çevrimiçi anket yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama araçları; Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II (YİYE-II), Uykusuzluk Şiddeti İndeksi (UŞİ), Hasta Sağlık Anketi-9 (HSA-9) ve Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) ölçeklerinden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, SPSS 26 Paket Programı ve PROCESS v4.2 eklentisi aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda kaygılı ve kaçınan bağlanma ile insomnia, depresyon ve anksiyete arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu belirlenmiştir. İnsomnia ile depresyon ve anksiyete arasında da pozitif korelasyonların olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Psikiyatrik tanının varlığı kontrol edildiğinde kaygılı bağlanmanın depresyon ve anksiyete üzerindeki, kaçınan bağlanmanın ise depresyon ve anksiyete üzerindeki etkisinde insomnianın kısmi aracı rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Güvensiz bağlanma stillerine sahip kişilerin kullandıkları stratejilerin insomnia ve içselleştirme bozukluklarındaki artışla ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Duygu düzenleme stratejilerinin kullanımının ise koruyucu bir etkisi bulunabilmektedir. Depresyon ve anksiyeteyi önlemeye yönelik bağlanma stillerinin önemi üzerinde çalışılması, uyku ve duygu düzenlemeye ilişkin müdahale programlarının uygulanması önerilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Gökçen, Ö., Şahin, M. (2026). The Mediating Role of Insomnia in the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Internalizing Disorders. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 26, 31–48. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1797073

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (76)

  1. Adams, G. C., & McWilliams, L. A. (2015). Relationships between adult attachment style ratings and sleep disturbances in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 79(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.12.017
  2. Adams, S. K., Murdock, K. K., Daly-Cano, M., & Rose, M. (2020). Sleep in the Social World of College Students: Bridging Interpersonal Stress and Fear of Missing Out with Mental Health. Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10020054
  3. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Object Relations, Dependency, and Attachment: A Theoretical Review of the Infant-Mother Relationship. Child Development, 40(4), 969–1025. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127008
  4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203758045
  5. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Marvin, R. S. (1995). On the shaping of attachment theory and research: An interview with Mary D. S. Ainsworth (Fall 1994). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1995.tb00200.x
  6. Alkhatatbeh, M. J., Abdul‐Razzak, K. K., & Khwaileh, H. N. (2021). Poor sleep quality among young adults: The role of anxiety, depression, musculoskeletal pain, and low dietary calcium intake. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12533
  7. Alvaro, P. K., Roberts, R. M., & Harris, J. K. (2013). A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression. Sleep, 36(7), 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2810
  8. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  9. Aydın Sünbül, E. (2022). Attachment Styles, Perceived Stress Levels and Coping Styles of Chronic Insomnia Patients. Boğaziçi Tıp Dergisi, 9(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.14744/bmj.2022.78942
  10. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226
  11. Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4
  12. Bifulco, A., Kwon, J., Jacobs, C., Moran, P. M., Bunn, A., & Beer, N. (2006). Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 41(10), 796-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0101-z
  13. Blake, M. J., Trinder, J. A., & Allen, N. B. (2018). Mechanisms underlying the association between insomnia, anxiety, and depression in adolescence: Implications for behavioral sleep interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.006
  14. Bowlby, J. (2005). A Secure Base. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203440841
  15. Boysan, M., Güleç, M., Beşiroğlu, L., & Kalafat, T. (2010). Uykusuzluk Şiddeti İndeksi’nin Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(3), 248–252.
  16. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: an integrative overview. In J. A. Jimpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York: The Guildford.
  17. Buysse, D. J., Angst, J., Gamma, A., Ajdacic, V., Eich, D., & Rössler, W. (2008). Prevalence, Course, and Comorbidity of Insomnia and Depression in Young Adults. Sleep, 31(4), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.4.473
  18. Carmichael, C. L., & Reis, H. T. (2005). Attachment, Sleep Quality, and Depressed Affect. Health Psychology, 24(5), 526–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.5.526
  19. Chan, N. Y., Lam, S. P., Zhang, J., Chan, J. W. Y., Yu, M. M. W., Suh, S., Yang, C.-M., Okajima, I., Li, A. M., Wing, Y. K., & Li, S. X. (2022). Efficacy of Email-delivered Versus Face-to-face Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Youths: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(5), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.005
  20. Choueiry, N., Salamoun, T., Jabbour, H., El Osta, N., Hajj, A., & Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2016). Insomnia and Relationship with Anxiety in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0149643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149643
  21. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları (6th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
  22. de Mello, A. d. A. F., de Mello, M. F., Carpenter, L. L., & Price, L. H. (2003). Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 25(4), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462003000400010
  23. Deveci Şirin, H., & Soyer, M. (2018). Yetişkin Bağlanma Örüntüleri ve Güncel Romantik İlişki Durumunun Romantik İnançları Yordayıcılığı. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49), 117-136.
  24. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the social, behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  25. Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Puzino, K., Qureshi, M., Calhoun, S., Toth, S., Liao, J., He, F., Vgontzas, A., Liao, D., & Bixler, E. (2021). 327 Developmental Trajectories of Insomnia and Risk of Internalizing Disorders in Young Adulthood. Sleep, 44(Supplement_2), A131. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.326
  26. Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350
  27. Guo, L., & Ash, J. (2020). Anxiety and Attachment Styles: A Systematic Review. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 466, 1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.207
  28. Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (5th ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  29. Harvey, A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 869-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061-4
  30. Hasanvand, B., Merati, A., Khaledian, M., & Hasani, F. (2015). The Relationship Between Attachment Styles with Depression in Students. International Journal of Scientific Management and Development, 3(2), 853–858.
  31. Haydon, K. C., & Moss, C. (2021). Attachment and sleep: A dyadic intensive longitudinal actigraphy study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520958476
  32. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications.
  33. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
  34. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an Organizational Framework for Research on Close Relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
  35. Hu, L., Chen, X., Li, S., Lei, X., Yang, Y., & Wei, J. (2024). Attachment and sleep quality in adults: A multilevel meta-analysis of actor and partner effect. Sleep Medicine, 118, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.039
  36. Jansson-Fröjmark, M., & Lindblom, K. (2008). A bidirectional relationship between anxiety and depression, and insomnia? A prospective study in the general population. Journal of psychosomatic research, 64(4), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.10.016
  37. Jaurequi, M. E., Kimmes, J. G., & Ledermann, T. (2022). Adult Attachment and Sleep Disturbance: the Role of the Facets of Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 13(4), 1042–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01860-4
  38. Koffel, E., Bramoweth, A. D., & Ulmer, C. S. (2018). Increasing access to and utilization of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): a narrative review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(6), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4390-1
  39. Konkan, R., Şenormancı, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydın, E., & Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale. Archives of Neuropyschiatry, 50(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6308
  40. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  41. Kulakçı Altıntaş, H., Üstüner Top, F., & Kuzlu Ayyıldız, T. (2025). Perceived Stress and Insomnia among University Students Living in Dormitories: A Correlational Study. Journal of Higher Education & Science / Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 15(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.5961/higheredusci.1499865
  42. Liu, Y., Li, H., Xu, X., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Zhu, H., Zhang, X., Jiang, S., Li, N., Gu, S., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2020). The Relationship between Insecure Attachment to Depression: Mediating Role of Sleep and Cognitive Reappraisal. Neural Plasticity, 2020, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1931737
  43. Liu, Z., Liu, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, R., Liang, L., Wang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhu, R., & Wang, F. (2021). Association between perceived stress and depression among medical students during the outbreak of COVID-19: The mediating role of insomnia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.028
  44. Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028793
  45. Manzar, M. D., Salahuddin, M., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & Bahammam, A. S. (2021). Insomnia May Mediate the Relationship Between Stress and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Study in University Students. Nature and Science of Sleep, 13, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.s278988
  46. McGinley, M., & Evans, A. M. (2020). Parent and/or Peer Attachment? Predicting Emerging Adults’ Prosocial Behaviors and Internalizing Symptomatology. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(7), 1833–1844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01715-3
  47. Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1092–1106. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1092
  48. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  49. Mirchandaney, R., Barete, R., & Asarnow, L. D. (2022). Moderators of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia on Depression and Anxiety Outcomes. Current Psychiatry Reports, 24(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01326-3
  50. Mojsa-Kaja, J., & Ivcevic, Z. (2023). Emotion regulation strategies and mental health symptoms during COVID-19: the mediating role of insomnia. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 36(1), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01977
  51. Nguyen, V. V., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2022). Why Sleep is Key: Poor Sleep Quality is a Mechanism for the Bidirectional Relationship between Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across 18 Years. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 90, 102601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102601
  52. Okajima, I., Miyamoto, T., Ubara, A., Omichi, C., Matsuda, A., Sumi, Y.,. & Kadotani, H. (2020). Evaluation of severity levels of the Athens insomnia scale based on the criterion of insomnia severity index. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(23), 8789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238789
  53. Palagini, L., Petri, E., Novi, M., Caruso, D., Moretto, U., & Riemann, D. (2018). Adult insecure attachment plays a role in hyperarousal and emotion dysregulation in Insomnia Disorder. Psychiatry Research, 262, 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.017
  54. Pruessner, J. C., Champagne, F., Meaney, M. J., & Dagher, A. (2004). Dopamine Release in Response to a Psychological Stress in Humans and Its Relationship to Early Life Maternal Care: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [11C]Raclopride. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(11), 2825–2831. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3422-03.2004
  55. Safford, S. M., Alloy, L. B., Crossfield, A. G., Morocco, A. M., & Wang, J. C. (2004). The Relationship of Cognitive Style and Attachment Style to Depression and Anxiety in Young Adults. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.18.1.25.28046
  56. Sakman, E., & Sümer, N. (2024). Cultural Correlates of Adult Attachment Dimensions: Comparing the US and Turkey. Cross-Cultural Research, 58(2-3), 208–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971231220437
  57. Sari, Y. E., Kokoglu, B., Balcioglu, H., Bilge, U., Colak, E., & Unluoglu, I. (2016). Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9. Biomedical Research (India), 27(Special Issue 1), S460–S462.
  58. Schutte-Rodin, S., Broch, L., Buysse, D., Dorsey, C., & Sateia, M. (2008). Clinical Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 04(05), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.27286
  59. Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). Yetişkin Bağlanma Boyutları İçin Yeni Bir Ölçüm: Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri II’nin Türk Örnekleminde Psikometrik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8(16), 1–11.
  60. Simon, H. L. M., DiPlacido, J., & Conway, J. M. (2019). Attachment styles in college students and depression: The mediating role of self differentiation. Mental Health & Prevention, 13, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2019.01.011
  61. Simonelli, L. E., Ray, W. J., & Pincus, A. L. (2004). Attachment Models and Their Relationships with Anxiety, Worry, and Depression. Counseling & Clinical Psychology Journal, 1(3), 107–118.
  62. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  63. Spruit, A., Goos, L., Weenink, N., Rodenburg, R., Niemeyer, H., Stams, G. J., & Colonnesi, C. (2020). The Relation between Attachment and Depression in Children and Adolescents: a Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9
  64. Steiger, A. (2002). Sleep and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical system. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2001.0159
  65. Sümer, N., & Sakman, E. (2018). Ergenlikte Bağlanma ve İçselleştirme/Dışsallaştırma Sorunları. Turkiye Klinikleri Child Psychiatry - Special Topics, 4(2), 59–65.
  66. Sweetman, A., Lovato, N., Micic, G., Scott, H., Bickley, K., Haycock, J., Harris, J., Gradisar, M., & Lack, L. (2020). Do symptoms of depression, anxiety or stress impair the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia? A chart-review of 455 patients with chronic insomnia. Sleep Medicine, 75, 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.023
  67. Taylor, D. J., Lichstein, K. L., Durrence, H. H., Reidel, B. W., & Bush, A. J. (2005). Epidemiology of Insomnia, Depression, and Anxiety. Sleep, 28(11), 1457–1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.11.1457
  68. Tutar, H., & Erdem, A. T. (2022). Örnekleriyle Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve SPSS Uygulamaları (2nd ed.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  69. van Dalfsen, J. H., & Markus, C. R. (2018). The influence of sleep on human hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 39, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.002
  70. Vatan, S., & Pellitteri, J. (2016). The Relationship Between Attachment Styles, Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology Symptoms in Turkish and American Students. Journal of Psychology Research, 6(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2016.01.002
  71. Walker, M. P. (2009). The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 168-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04416.x
  72. Waters, E., & Cummings, E. M. (2000). A Secure Base from Which to Explore Close Relationships. Child Development, 71(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00130
  73. Yilmaz, Y., & Kugu, N. (2022). The prevalence ofinsomnia in university students and its relationship with quality of life: A university sample. Annals of Medical Research, 29(9), 981–989. https://doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.03.097
  74. Yunus, M., & Chaudhary, P. K. (2023). The Role of Emotion Regulation in Stress Management: An Overview. Journal of Clinical Research and Applied Medicine, 3(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.5530/jcram.3.1.3
  75. Zagaria, A., Vacca, M., Cerolini, S., Terrasi, M., Bacaro, V., Ballesio, A., Baglioni, C., Spinhoven, P., & Lombardo, C. (2023). Differential Associations of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies with Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia in Adolescence and Early Adulthood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(10), 5857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105857
  76. Okajima, I., Miyamoto, T., Ubara, A., Omichi, C., Matsuda, A., Sumi, Y.,. & Kadotani, H. (2020). Evaluation of severity levels of the Athens insomnia scale based on the criterion of insomnia severity index. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(23), 8789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238789