Journals / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Investigation of The Antimicrobial Effect of Vinegar on Certain Salad Vegetables

Sirkenin Bazı Salata Sebzeleri Üzerindeki Antimikrobiyal Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Sümeyra Akalın(ARTVİN ÇORUH ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, BESLENME VE DİYETETİK BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-5002-5255
Reyhan İrkin(İZMİR DEMOKRASİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-6838-2215
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-10-08
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Conclusion: The results indicate that vinegar may serve as a natural antimicrobial washing agent that contributes to reducing microbial contamination and improving food safety.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of vinegar/water solution against Escherichia coli ATCC 25933 strain added to a mixture of lettuce, parsley, and dill, and to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of food safety.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The vegetables were disinfected using UV light, followed by inoculation with E. coli ATCC 25933 culture.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Conclusion: The results indicate that vinegar may serve as a natural antimicrobial washing agent that contributes to reducing microbial contamination and improving food safety.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Vinegar · Acetic acid · Green Vegetables

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of vinegar/water solution against Escherichia coli ATCC 25933 strain added to a mixture of lettuce, parsley, and dill, and to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of food safety. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using lettuce, parsley, and dill samples. The vegetables were disinfected using UV light, followed by inoculation with E. coli ATCC 25933 culture. A washing procedure with a vinegar/ water solution was applied for 10 minutes, and microbiological analyses were performed. Results: Microbiological analyses revealed a decrease of 0.87 log CFU/g in total bacterial count and a 1.15 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli count after vinegar solution application (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that vinegar may serve as a natural antimicrobial washing agent that contributes to reducing microbial contamination and improving food safety. However, the study can be examined in terms of the effects of different concentrations and durations in future studies.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, marul, maydanoz ve dereotu karışımına ilave edilen Escherichia coli ATCC 25933 suşuna karşı sirke/su çözeltisinin antimikrobiyal etkinliğini araştırmak ve gıda güvenliği açısından değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma marul, maydanoz ve dereotu örnekleriyle yapılmıştır. Sebzeler, UV ışığı ile dezenfekte edilip, ardından aktif E. coli ATCC 25933 kültürü ile inoküle edilmiştir. Sirke/su çözeltisiyle 10 dakika süreyle yıkama işlemi uygulanmış ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Mikrobiyolojik analizlerde, sirke/su çözeltisi uygulaması sonrası toplam bakteri sayısında 0.87 log kob/g, E. coli miktarında ise 1.15 log kob/g’lik azalma gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.05). Sonuç: Sonuçlar, sirkenin etkili bir doğal antimikrobiyal yıkama ajanı olarak kullanılabileceğini ve gıda güvenliğini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak, çalışma farklı konsantrasyonlar ve sürelerin etkileri açısından da gelecek araştırmalarda incelenebilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akalın, S., İrkin, R. (2026). Investigation of The Antimicrobial Effect of Vinegar on Certain Salad Vegetables. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 15 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1635671

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (31)

  1. Álvarez-Martínez, F. J., Barrajón-Catalán, E., Herranz-López, M., & Micol, V. (2021). Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts, and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine, 90, 153626 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153626
  2. Aycicek, H., Oguz, U., & Karci, K. (2006). Determination of total aerobic and indicator bacteria on some raw eaten vegetables from wholesalers in Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 209(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.006
  3. Ayhan, B., & Bilici, S. (2015). Food disinfectants used in collective catering systems. Turkish Journal of Hygiene and Experimental Biology, 72(4), 323-336. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2015.82542
  4. Chalen-Moreano, F., Saeteros-Hernández, A., Abdo-Peralta, P., Frey, C., Peralta-Saa, L. O., Hernández-Allauca, A. D., & Toulkeridis, T. (2024). Exploring the antimicrobial efficacy of low-cost commercial disinfectants utilized in the agro-food industry wash tanks: Towards enhanced hygiene practices. Foods, 13(12), 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13121915
  5. Chang, J. M., & Fang, T. J. (2007). Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in iceberg lettuce and the antimicrobial effect of rice vinegar against E. coli O157:H7. Food Microbiology, 24(7–8), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2007.03.005
  6. Chaudhari, V. M., Singh, O. B., Gouthami, N. S., Thakur, N., Singh, R., Singh, S., & Nagar, B. L. (2024). Unlocking the nutritional power of vegetables: A guide to vibrant health. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 16, 247-261. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i81512
  7. Coulombe, G., Catford, A., Martinez-Perez, A., & Buenaventura, E. (2020). Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections linked to Romaine lettuce in Canada from 2008 to 2018: An analysis of food safety context. Journal of Food Protection, 83(8), 1444-1462. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-20-029
  8. Das, A. K., Hossain, I., Eleas Jahedi, M., Lijon, B., Kumar, R., & Khalil, M. M. R. (2016). Efficacy of different washing protocols in reducing bacterial load in common vegetables sold in Dhaka city. European Journal of Biomedical, 3(6), 149-155.
  9. Gariballa, S., Al-Bluwi, G. S., & Yasin, J. (2023). Increased fruit and vegetable consumption mitigates oxidative damage and associated inflammatory response in obese subjects independent of body weight change. Nutrients, 15(7), 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071638
  10. Gokirmakli, C., Budak, H. N., & Guzel-Seydim, Z. B. (2019). Antimicrobial effect of vinegar. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7(10), 1635-1640. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1635-1640.2708
  11. Gómez-López, V. M., Ragaert, P., Debevere, J., & Devlieghere, F. (2007). Pulsed light for food decontamination: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 18(9), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2007.03.010
  12. Gunduz, G. T., Niemira, B. A., Gonul, S. A., & Karapinar, M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of oregano oil on iceberg lettuce with different attachment conditions. Journal of Food Science, 77(7), M412–M415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02759.x
  13. Halkman, A. K. (2005). Gıda mikrobiyolojisi uygulamaları. Başak Matbaacılık. Karapinar, M., & Sengun, I. Y. (2007). Antimicrobial effect of koruk (unripe grape—Vitis vinifera) juice against Salmonella typhimurium on salad vegetables. Food Control, 18(6), 702-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.03.004
  14. Köckerling, E., Karrasch, L., Schweitzer, A., Razum, O., & Krause, G. (2017). Public health research resulting from one of the world’s largest outbreaks caused by entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Germany 2011: A review. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00332
  15. Luna-Guevara, J. J., Arenas-Hernandez, M. M., Martínez de la Peña, C., Silva, J. L., & Luna-Guevara, M. L. (2019). The role of pathogenic E. coli in fresh vegetables: Behavior, contamination factors, and preventive measures. International Journal of Microbiology, 2019(1), 2894328. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2894328
  16. Medina, E., Romero, C., Brenes, M., & de Castro, A. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of olive oil, vinegar, and various beverages against foodborne pathogens. Journal of Food Protection, 70(5), 1194–1199. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-70.5.1194
  17. Manzocco, L., Da Pieve, S., Bertolini, A., Bartolomeoli, I., Maifreni, M., Vianello, A., & Nicoli, M. C. (2011). Surface decontamination of fresh-cut apple by UV-C light exposure: Effects on structure, colour and sensory properties. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 61(2–3), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.03.003
  18. Mufida, D. C., Armiyanti, Y., Putri, E. R. M., Agustina, D., Suswati, E., Shodikin, M. A., & Raharjo, A. M. (2022). Bacterial and parasitic contamination of raw vegetable: Potential risk for food-borne diseases. International Journal of Public Health, 11(4), 1516-1524. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21875
  19. Park, S. Y., Kang, S., & Ha, S. D. (2016). Antimicrobial effects of vinegar against norovirus and Escherichia coli in the traditional Korean vinegared green laver (Enteromorpha intestinalis) salad during refrigerated storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 238, 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.002
  20. Rahman, M. M., Azad, M. O. K., Uddain, J., Adnan, M., Ali, M. C., Al-Mujahidy, S. M. J., & Naznin, M. T. (2021). Microbial quality assessment and efficacy of low-cost disinfectants on fresh fruits and vegetables collected from urban areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Foods, 10(6), 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061325
  21. Ramya, V., & Patel, P. (2019). Health benefits of vegetables. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 7(2), 82-87.
  22. Sagdic, O., Kuscu, A., Ozcan, M., & Ozcelik, S. (2002). Effects of Turkish spice extracts at various concentrations on the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Food Microbiology, 19(5), 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1006/fmic.2002.0494
  23. Samad, A., Azlan, A., & Ismail, A. (2016). Therapeutic effects of vinegar: A review. Current Opinion in Food Science, 8, 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2016.03.001
  24. Sengun, I. Y., & Karapinar, M. (2004). Effectiveness of lemon juice, vinegar and their mixture in the elimination of Salmonella typhimurium on carrots (Daucus carota L.). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 96(3), 301-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.010
  25. Singh, J., & Garg, A. P. (2023). Antimicrobial activities of untreated and grape vinegar treated selected vegetables against common food borne pathogens. Journal of Biology and Medicine, 7(1), 001-007. https://doi.org/10.17352/jbm.000035
  26. Singh, N., Singh, R. K., Bhunia, A. K., & Stroshine, R. L. (2002). Efficacy of chlorine dioxide, ozone, and thyme essential oil or a sequential washing in killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce and baby carrots. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 35(8), 720-729. https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.2002.0933
  27. Singha, S., Thomas, R., Viswakarma, J. N., & Gupta, V. K. (2023). Foodborne illnesses of Escherichia coli O157 origin and its control measures. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(4), 1274-1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05381-9
  28. Souza, G. C., Spinosa, W. A., & Oliveira, T. C. (2018). Sanitizing action of triple-strength vinegar against Escherichia coli on lettuce. Horticultura Brasileira, 36(3), 414-418. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180321
  29. Ssemanda, J. N., Joosten, H., Bagabe, M. C., Zwietering, M. H., & Reij, M. W. (2018). Reduction of microbial counts during kitchen scale washing and sanitization of salad vegetables. Food Control, 85, 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.004
  30. Wadamori, Y., Gooneratne, R., & Hussain, M. A. (2017). Outbreaks and factors influencing microbiological contamination of fresh produce. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(5), 1396-1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8125
  31. Yagnik, D., Serafin, V., & Shah, A. J. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans; downregulating cytokine and microbial protein expression. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18618-x