Journals / Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR RESILIENCE AMONG NURSES INVOLVED IN THE EARTHQUAKES CENTERED IN KAHRAMANMARAS AND HATAY

KAHRAMANMARAŞ VE HATAY MERKEZLİ DEPREMLERDE GÖREV ALAN HEMŞİRELERİN DUYGUSAL DENEYİMLERİ VE DAYANIKLILIĞINI KORUYAN FAKTÖRLER

Fatih Uçar(Bahçelievler Devlet Hastanesi)0009-0007-9030-089X
Nihan Altan Sarıkaya(TRAKYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, HEMŞİRELİK BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-3678-6186
Pages
335–340
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Accordingly, disaster preparedness programs should incorporate psychosocial preparedness, including strategies to strengthen peer-related protective factors and support nurses’ emotional well-being before, during, and after disasters.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: This study was conducted to determine the levels of emotional experiences and protective factors for resilience among nurses who worked during the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras and Hatay on February 6, 2023, and to examine the relationships between these variables.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted between September 2023 and February 2024 with 88 nurses who worked during the February 6, 2023, earthquakes at two healthcare institutions.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Accordingly, disaster preparedness programs should incorporate psychosocial preparedness, including strategies to strengthen peer-related protective factors and support nurses’ emotional well-being before, during, and after disasters.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:AFET · DEPREM · DUYGUSAL DENEYİM

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the levels of emotional experiences and protective factors for resilience among nurses who worked during the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras and Hatay on February 6, 2023, and to examine the relationships between these variables. Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted between September 2023 and February 2024 with 88 nurses who worked during the February 6, 2023, earthquakes at two healthcare institutions. Data were collected using the Brief Emotional Experience Scale and the Protective Factors for Resilience Scale. Descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The mean total score of the Brief Emotional Experience Scale was -3.01±3.23, while the mean scores for negative and positive emotions were 5.53±2.16 and 2.52±1.48, respectively. The mean total score of the Protective Factors for Resilience Scale was 86.09±15.91, with mean scores of 27.97±5.06, 26.74±7.40, and 31.39±6.70 for the personal, peer, and family protective factors subscales, respectively. A weak, positive relationship was found between negative emotions and peer-related protective factors (r=0.219). Conclusion: Nurses who worked during the February 6, 2023, earthquakes experienced more negative than positive emotions. These findings highlight the importance of considering nurses’ emotional experiences and protective factors related to resilience in disaster settings. Accordingly, disaster preparedness programs should incorporate psychosocial preparedness, including strategies to strengthen peer-related protective factors and support nurses’ emotional well-being before, during, and after disasters.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay merkezli depremler sırasında görev yapan hemşirelerin duygusal deneyimlerini ve dayanıklılığa ilişkin koruyucu faktör düzeylerini belirlemek ve bu değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yöntem: Kesitsel ve ilişkisel tipteki bu araştırma, Eylül 2023–Şubat 2024 tarihleri arasında, 6 Şubat 2023 depremlerinde görev yapan iki sağlık kurumundaki 88 hemşire ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler, Kısa Duygusal Deneyim Ölçeği ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık İçin Koruyucu Faktörler Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve Spearman korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Kısa Duygusal Deneyim Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması -3.01±3.23 iken, negatif ve pozitif duygu puan ortalamaları sırasıyla 5.53±2.16 ve 2.52±1.48 olarak bulunmuştur. Psikolojik Dayanıklılık İçin Koruyucu Faktörler Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 86.09±15.91 olup, kişisel, akran ve aileye ilişkin koruyucu faktörler alt boyutlarının puan ortalamaları sırasıyla 27.97±5.06, 26.74±7.40 ve 31.39±6.70'dir. Negatif duygular ile akranlara ilişkin koruyucu faktörler arasında zayıf düzeyde, pozitif yönde bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r=0.219). Sonuç: 6 Şubat 2023 depremleri sırasında görev yapan hemşireler, pozitif duygulardan daha fazla negatif duygu deneyimlemiştir. Bu bulgular, afet ortamlarında hemşirelerin duygusal deneyimlerinin ve dayanıklılıkla ilişkili koruyucu faktörlerin dikkate alınmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, afetlere hazırlık programlarına psikososyal hazırlığın dahil edilmesi, afetler öncesinde, sırasında ve sonrasında akranlara ilişkin koruyucu faktörleri güçlendirmeye ve hemşirelerin duygusal iyilik halini desteklemeye yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Uçar, F., Sarıkaya, N. A. (2026). EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR RESILIENCE AMONG NURSES INVOLVED IN THE EARTHQUAKES CENTERED IN KAHRAMANMARAS AND HATAY. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 335–340. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.2014764

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (32)

  1. Artan T, Özkan AO. Afetlerde Sosyal Hizmetler. Journal of ADEM. 2020;1:47-54.
  2. Genc E, Turhan Z, Tanhan A. Koronavirus salgın sürecinde ve afet dönemlerinde psikolojik destek hizmeti: aile-odaklı psikolojik müdahale programı. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları. 2021;8:203-222.
  3. Aker T, Karakaya I. Toplumsal travmalar ve afette psikososyal destek projesi uygulama rehberi. Ankara: Yorum yayınları; 2017.
  4. Veenema TG, Griffin A, Gable AR, et al. Nurses as leaders in disaster preparedness and response-a call to action. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2016;48:187-200. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12198.
  5. Hutton A, Veenema TG, Gebbie K. Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2016;31(6):680–683. doi:10.1017/S1049023X1600100X.
  6. Olchin L, Krutz A. Nurses as first responders in a mass casualty: Are you prepared? Journal of Trauma Nursing. 2012;19(2):122–129. doi:10.1097/JTN.0b013e3182562984.
  7. Brooks SK, Dunn R, Amlôt, R, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. Social and occupational factors associated with psychological distress and disorder among disaster responders: a systematic review. BMC psychology. 2016;4(1):18. doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0120-9
  8. Bonanno GA. Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14:135-138.
  9. Xue CL, Shu YS, Hayter M, Lee A. Experiences of nurses involved in natural disaster relief: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative literature. Journal of clinical nursing. 2020;29(23-24): 4514-4531. doi:10.1111/jocn.15476
  10. Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu M, et al. Disaster Preparedness Among Nurses in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nursing Research. 2023;31(1):e255 doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000537.
  11. Karaırmak Ö. Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. 2006;3:129-142.
  12. Sato Y, Nozue K. Posttraumatic negative cognitions and nurses’ mental health: One year after the Great East Japan earthquake and nuclear accident in Fukushima. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2023;89:103635. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103635.
  13. Harrell M, Selvaraj SA, Edgar M. Danger! Crisis health workers at risk. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(15):5270. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155270
  14. Ediz Ç, Yanik D. Disaster preparedness perception, psychological resiliences and empathy levels of nurses after 2023 Great Turkiye earthquake: Are nurses prepared for disasters: A risk management study. Public health nursing. 2024;41(1):164-174. doi:10.1111/phn.13267
  15. World Health Organization. On 6 February 2023, 2 earthquakes struck south-east Türkiye and north-west Syria, changing forever the lives of millions of people. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/spotlight/turkiye-earthquakes-1-year-on?utm_source. Accessed December 15, 2025
  16. Parlak AG, Güney R, Akkaya G, Karacan Y, Akkuş Y, Danç E. Qualitative investigation of nurses’ working conditions after a major earthquake in Türkiye. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2025;81(10): 6722-6739.doi: 10.1111/jan.16805 Emirza EG, Uzun S, Şenses M. Earthquake diaries: Psychosocial difficulties and life experiences of nurses working in the disaster zone after the earthquake: A phenomenological study. Public health nursing. 2024; 41(5): 1124-1134.doi: 10.1111/phn.13369
  17. Rogers SL, Cruickshank T, Nosaka K. The Brief Emotional Experience Scale (BEES): Reliability and validity as a measure of positive and negative emotion, PsyArXiv. 2021. doi: 10.31234/OSF.IO/P4J7T
  18. Çağlar A. Adaptation of the brief emotional experience scale to Turkish: A study of validity and reliability. Psychology and Education. 2021;58:7170-7180.
  19. Harms C, Pooley JA, Cohen L. The protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS): Development of the scale. Cogent Psychology. 2017;4:1-16. doi:10.1080/23311908.2017.1400415
  20. Tanko Ç, Ekşi F, Hatun O, Eksi H. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Protective Factors for Resilience Scale. Ege Journal of Education. 2021;22(1):16-29. doi: 10.12984/egeefd.793597
  21. Bayrak M, Güngörmüş Z. Afetlerde Psikososyal Bakım. In: Tanrıverdi D, ed. Farklı yönleriyle ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliği. Antalya: Çukurova Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2021: 295-307.
  22. Jiang H, Huang N, Tian W, Shi S, Yang G, Pu, H. Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among nurses during COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2022;13:745158. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.745158.
  23. Uddin H, Hasan MK, Cuartas-Alvarez T, Castro-Delgado R. Effects of mass casualty incidents on anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among doctors and nurses: a systematic review. Public Health. 2024;234:132-142. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.06.001
  24. Sakuma A, Takahashi Y, Ueda I, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression prevalence and associated risk factors among local disaster relief and reconstruction workers fourteen months after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry. 2015;15:1-13. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0440-y.
  25. Altuntaş S, Korkmaz AÇ, Efe N, Demirtaş H, Kuleyin B. Problems experienced by nurses working in the region affected by Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Turkey and their recommendations for risk reduction: A descriptive and cross-sectional study. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2023;99:104115.
  26. Akçay E, Çöp E, Senses Dinç G, et al. Emotional exhaustion and psychological distress among health care workers after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake: Prevalence and associated factors. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2025; 95(2), 212. doi: 10.1037/ort0000792.
  27. Li Y, Turale S, Stone TE, Petrini MA. grounded theory study of ‘turning into a strong nurse’: earthquake experiences and perspectives on disaster nursing education. Nurse Educ Today. 2015;35:e43-e49. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.05.020
  28. Nowicki GJ, Ślusarska B, Tucholska K, Naylor K, Chrzan-Rodak A, Niedorys B. The severity of traumatic stress associated with COVID-19 pandemic, perception of support, sense of security, and sense of meaning in life among nurses: Research protocol and preliminary results from Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6491. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186491.
  29. Kroll A, Remington CL, Awasthi P, Ganapati NE. Mitigating the negative effects of emotional labor: A study of disaster response and recovery workers after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Governance. 2021;34:87-106. doi:10.1111/gove.12476.
  30. Mao X, Loke AY, Fung OWM, Hu X. What it takes to be resilient: The views of disaster healthcare rescuers. International journal of disaster risk reduction. 2019;36:101112. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101112
  31. Secor-Turner M, O'Boyle C. Nurses and emergency disasters: what is known. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:414-20.doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.08.005.
  32. Akbari K, Yari A, Ostadtaghizadeh A. Nurses’ experiences of providing medical services during the Kermanshah earthquake in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Emerg Med. 2024; 24:4. doi: 10.1186/s12873-023-00920-9.