Journals / International Journal of Secondary Metabolite / 2026 / Volume: 13 Issue: 1

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lyophilized paraprobiotic obtained from the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GD2

Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-03-09
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Chronic wounds, which cause serious health problems worldwide, really influence the overall well-being of patients.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The term ‘wound’ describes damage to the skin’s structure and function resulting from mechanical, chemical, or physical insults.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Accordingly, it is essential to develop new natural treatment agents that will accelerate wound healing and especially target chronic wounds.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Chronic wounds, which cause serious health problems worldwide, really influence the overall well-being of patients.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Antioxidant activity · Anti-inflammatory activity · Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Abstract

The term ‘wound’ describes damage to the skin’s structure and function resulting from mechanical, chemical, or physical insults. Chronic wounds, which cause serious health problems worldwide, really influence the overall well-being of patients. Recently, current treatments used in wound healing have been inadequate. Accordingly, it is essential to develop new natural treatment agents that will accelerate wound healing and especially target chronic wounds. Oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the development of chronic wounds. In this context, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities stand out among the potential therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lyophilized paraprobiotic obtained from the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GD2 (PRB-LpGD2), with prospective use in the therapy of long-standing wounds. For this purpose, DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging, FRAP, total anti-oxidant activity, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and xanthine oxidase inhibition tests were applied to analyze the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of PRB-LpGD2. The study result determined that PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic has anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity at low doses. Collectively, the data suggest that the wound-healing potential of the PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic is underpinned by its capacity to attenuate oxidative stress primarily through metal chelation and xanthine oxidase inhibition. This study contributes to the literature by offering the first thorough examination of the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic, supported by statistical analysis.

Özet

The term ‘wound’ describes damage to the skin’s structure and function resulting from mechanical, chemical, or physical insults. Chronic wounds, which cause serious health problems worldwide, really influence the overall well-being of patients. Recently, current treatments used in wound healing have been inadequate. Accordingly, it is essential to develop new natural treatment agents that will accelerate wound healing and especially target chronic wounds. Oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the development of chronic wounds. In this context, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities stand out among the potential therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lyophilized paraprobiotic obtained from the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GD2 (PRB-LpGD2), with prospective use in the therapy of long-standing wounds. For this purpose, DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging, FRAP, total anti-oxidant activity, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and xanthine oxidase inhibition tests were applied to analyze the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of PRB-LpGD2. The study result determined that PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic has anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity at low doses. Collectively, the data suggest that the wound-healing potential of the PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic is underpinned by its capacity to attenuate oxidative stress primarily through metal chelation and xanthine oxidase inhibition. This study contributes to the literature by offering the first thorough examination of the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of PRB-LpGD2 paraprobiotic, supported by statistical analysis.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yıldırım, B., Türktaş, M. (2026). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lyophilized paraprobiotic obtained from the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GD2. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, Volume: 13 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1737030

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (70)

  1. Abdullahi, A., Hamzah, R., Jigam, A.A., Yahya, A., Kabiru, A.Y., Muhammad, H., Sakpe, S., Adefolalu, F.S., Isah, M., & Kolo, M. (2012). Inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase by fractions Crateva adansonii. Journal of Acute Disease, 1(2), 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-6189(13)60029-3
  2. Adams, C.A. (2010). The probiotic paradox: live and dead cells are biological response modifiers. Nutrition research reviews, 23(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000090
  3. Ahire, J.J., Mokashe, N.U., Patil, H.J., & Chaudhari, B.L. (2013). Antioxidative potential of folate producing probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus CD6. Journal of food science and technology, 50, 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0244-0
  4. Akter, S., Park, J.-H., & Jung, H.K. (2020). Potential health-promoting benefits of paraprobiotics, inactivated probiotic cells. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(4), 477. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1911.11019
  5. Ali, M.S., Lee, E.-B., Lim, S.-K., Suk,K., & Park, S-C. (2023). Isolation and identification of Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 and evaluation of its potential probiotic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Antioxidants, 12(2), 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020238
  6. Alsayari, A., Asiri, Y.I., Muhsinah, A.B., & Hassan, M.Z. (2021). Anticolon cancer properties of pyrazole derivatives acting through xanthine oxidase inhibition. Journal of Oncology, 2021(1), 5691982. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5691982
  7. Bădăluță, V.A., Curuțiu, C., Dițu, L.M., Holban, A.M., & Lazăr, V. (2024). Probiotics in wound healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 5723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115723
  8. Badmus, J.A., Adedosu, T.O., Fatoki, J.O., Adegbite, V.A., Adaramoye, O.A., & Odunola, O.A. (2011). Lipid peroxidation inhibition and antiradical activities of some leaf fractions of Mangifera indica. Acta Pol Pharm, 68(1), 23-29.
  9. Benzie, I.F., & Strain, J.J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70 76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
  10. Bošković, J., Dobričić, V., Mihajlović, M., Kotur-Stevuljević, J., & Čudina, O. (2023). Synthesis, evaluation of enzyme inhibition and redox properties of potential dual COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals, 16(4), 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040549
  11. Cano Sanchez, M., Lancel, S., Boulanger, E., & Neviere, R. (2018). Targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of impaired wound healing: a systematic review. Antioxidants, 7(8), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7080098
  12. Cantu-Medellin, N., & Kelley, E.E. (2013). Xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactive species generation: A process in critical need of reevaluation. Redox Biology, 1(1), 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.05.002
  13. Cheung, L., & Cheung, P.C. (2005). Mushroom extracts with antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation. Food Chemistry, 89(3), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.049
  14. Comino-Sanz, I.M., López-Franco, M.D., Castro, B., & Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P.L. (2021). The role of antioxidants on wound healing: A review of the current evidence. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(16), 3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163558
  15. Criollo-Mendoza, M.S., Contreras-Angulo, L.A., Leyva-López, N., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E.P., Jiménez-Ortega, L.A., & Heredia, J.B. (2023). Wound healing properties of natural products: mechanisms of action. Molecules, 28(2), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020598
  16. Danna, C., Bazzicalupo, M., Ingegneri, M., Smeriglio, A., Trombetta, D., Burlando, B., & Cornara, L. (2022). Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of leaf and rhizome extracts from the medicinal plant Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) WDJ Koch. Molecules, 27(13), 4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134271
  17. De Almeida, C.V., Antiga, E., & Lulli, M. (2023). Oral and topical probiotics and postbiotics in skincare and dermatological therapy: A concise review. Microorganisms, 11(6), 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061420
  18. De Leon, J.A.D., & Borges, C.R. (2020). Évaluation du stress oxydatif dans des échantillons biologiques à l’aide du test des substances réactives de l’acide thiobarbiturique. Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE)(159), e61122. https://doi.org/10.3791/61122
  19. Ding, C., Hao, M., Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Ding, Q., Sun, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, W. (2022). Identification of peptides with antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-xanthine oxidase and anti-tyrosinase activities from velvet antler blood. Lwt, 168, 113889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113889
  20. Dissanayake, D., Abeytunga, D., Vasudewa, N., & Ratnasooriya, W. (2009). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5(19). https://phcog.com/article/view/2009/5/19/266-271
  21. Dubey, A.K., Podia, M., Priyanka, Raut, S., Singh, S., Pinnaka, A.K., & Khatri, N. (2021). Insight into the beneficial role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supernatant against bacterial infections, oxidative stress, and wound healing in A549 cells and BALB/c mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 728614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.728614
  22. Düz, M., Doğan, Y.N., & Doğan, İ. (2020). Antioxidant activitiy of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus sake and Lactobacillus curvatus strains isolated from fermented Turkish Sucuk. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92, e20200105. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020200105
  23. El-Sherbeni, S., & Negm, W. (2023). The wound healing effect of botanicals and pure natural substances used in in vivo models. Inflammopharmacology, 31(2), 755-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01157-5
  24. Eriksson, E., Liu, P.Y., Schultz, G.S., Martins‐Green, M.M., Tanaka, R., Weir, D., Gould, L.J., Armstrong, D.G., Gibbons, G.W., & Wolcott, R. (2022). Chronic wounds: Treatment consensus. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 30(2), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12994
  25. Fadilah, N.I.M., Phang, S.J., Kamaruzaman, N., Salleh, A., Zawani, M., Sanyal, A., Maarof, M., & Fauzi, M.B. (2023). Antioxidant biomaterials in cutaneous wound healing and tissue regeneration: A critical review. Antioxidants, 12(4), 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040787
  26. Fernandez, M.L., Stupar, D., Croll, T., Leavesley, D., & Upton, Z. (2018). Xanthine oxidoreductase: a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic wounds? Advances in Wound Care, 7(3), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0724
  27. Girish, Y.R., Sharath Kumar, K.S., Prashantha, K., Rangappa, S., & Sudhanva, M.S. (2023). Significance of antioxidants and methods to evaluate their potency. Materials Chemistry Horizons, 2(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.22128/mch.2023.647.1037
  28. Greer, N., Foman, N.A., MacDonald, R., Dorrian, J., Fitzgerald, P., Rutks, I., & Wilt, T.J. (2013). Advanced wound care therapies for nonhealing diabetic, venous, and arterial ulcers: a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(8), 532-542. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00006
  29. Gulcin, İ., & Alwasel, S.H. (2022). Metal ions, metal chelators and metal chelating assay as antioxidant method. Processes, 10(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010132
  30. Guo, C.-F., Zhang, S., Yuan, Y-H., Yue, T-L., & Li, J-Y. (2015). Comparison of lactobacilli isolated from Chinese suan-tsai and koumiss for their probiotic and functional properties. Journal of Functional Foods, 12, 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.029
  31. Han, Q., Kong, B., Chen, Q., Sun, F., & Zhang, H. (2017). In vitro comparison of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Harbin dry sausages and selected probiotics. Journal of Functional Foods, 32, 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.020
  32. Holzer-Geissler, J.C., Schwingenschuh, S., Zacharias, M., Einsiedler, J., Kainz, S., Reisenegger, P., Holecek, C., Hofmann, E., Wolff-Winiski, B., & Fahrngruber, H. (2022). The impact of prolonged inflammation on wound healing. Biomedicines, 10(4), 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040856
  33. Hosseinkhani, A., Falahatzadeh, M., Raoofi, E., & Zarshenas, M.M. (2017). An evidence-based review on wound healing herbal remedies from reports of traditional Persian medicine. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 22(2), 334 343. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216654773
  34. İçin, M. (2023). The role of probiotic generated parapprobiotic and postbiotic in wound healing and the mechanism of molecular inflammatory (Publication No. 796133) [Master’s thesis, Gazi University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  35. Jaffri, J.M. (2023). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system in selected skin disorders. The Malaysian Journal of Edical Sciences: MJMS, 30(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2023.30.1.2
  36. Kolimi, P., Narala, S., Nyavanandi, D., Youssef, A.A.A., & Dudhipala, N. (2022). Innovative treatment strategies to accelerate wound healing: trajectory and recent advancements. Cells, 11(15), 2439. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11152439
  37. Lee, H.W., Jung, H.S., Lee, N.K., & Paik, H.D. (2024). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Paraprobiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15122 in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 34(7), 1491-1500. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2404.04052
  38. Lee, J., Hwang, K.T., Chung, M.Y., Cho, D.H., & Park, C.S. (2005). Resistance of Lactobacillus casei KCTC 3260 to reactive oxygen species (ROS): role for a metal ion chelating effect. Journal of food Science, 70(8), m388-m391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11524.x
  39. Lee, N.K., Park, Y-S., Kang, D-K., & Paik, H-D. (2023). Paraprobiotics: definition, manufacturing methods, and functionality. Food Science and Biotechnology, 32(14), 1981-1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01378-y
  40. Leite, A.M., Miguel, M., Peixoto, R., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Paschoalin, V., Mayo, B., & Delgado, S. (2015). Probiotic potential of selected lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from Brazilian kefir grains. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 3622-3632. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9265
  41. Liu, C-F., & Pan, T-M. (2010). In vitro effects of lactic acid bacteria on cancer cell viability and antioxidant activity. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 18(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2287
  42. Mbhele, N., Ncube, B., Ndhlala, A., & Moteetee, A. (2022). Pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of six scientifically unexplored indigenous plants traditionally used in South Africa to treat wounds. South African Journal of Botany, 147, 119 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.12.026
  43. Mehta, J.P., Ayakar, S., & Singhal, R.S. (2023). The potential of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system: A Review. Microbiological Research, 275, 127449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2023.127449
  44. Michels, M., Córneo, E., Rocha, L.B.G., Dias, R., Voytena, A.P.L., Rossetto, M., Ramlov, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., & Jesus, G.F.A. (2023). Paraprobiotics strains accelerate wound repair by stimulating re-epithelialization of NIH-3T3 cells, decreasing inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Archives of Microbiology, 205(4), 134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03469-0
  45. Munteanu, I.G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
  46. Nile, S.H., Ko, E.Y., Kim, D.H., & Keum, Y-S. (2016). Screening of ferulic acid related compounds as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.08.013
  47. Okafor, C.E., Ijoma, I.K., Igboamalu, C.A., Ezebalu, C.E., Eze, C.F., Osita-Chikeze, J.C., Uzor, C.E., & Ekwuekwe, A.L. (2024). Secondary metabolites, spectra characterization, and antioxidant correlation analysis of the polar and nonpolar extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Oken. BioTechnologia, 105(2), 121-136. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2024.139752
  48. Osman, N.I., Sidik, N.J., Awal, A., Adam, N.A.M., & Rezali, N.I. (2016). In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 5(4), 343. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160731025522
  49. Otsuka, T., Kan, H-M., & Laurencin, C.T. (2022). Regenerative engineering approaches to scar-free skin regeneration. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 1 23. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0350
  50. Pacularu-Burada, B., Grigore-Gurgu, L., Cotarlet, M., Vasile, A.M., Nistor, O.V., Circiumaru, A., Rapeanu, G., Bahrim, G.E., & Nicoleta, S. (2024). Freeze-dried biotics based on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum with enhanced selected biological activity. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116339
  51. Pratomo, I.P., Noor, D.R., Kusmardi, K., Rukmana, A., Paramita, R.I., Erlina, L., Fadilah, F., Gayatri, A., Fitriani, M., & Purnomo, T.T. (2021). Xanthine Oxidase‐Induced Inflammatory Responses in Respiratory Epithelial Cells: A Review in Immunopathology of COVID‐19. International Journal of Inflammation, 2021(1), 1653392. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1653392
  52. Ramalho, J.B., Soares, M.B., Spiazzi, C.C., Bicca, D.F., Soares, V.M., Pereira, J.G., Da Silva, W.P., Sehn, C.P., & Cibin, F.W. (2019). In vitro probiotic and antioxidant potential of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LL95 and its effect in mice behaviour. Nutrients, 11(4), 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040901
  53. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  54. Rezaie, N., Aghamohammad, S., Gholizadeh Khiavi, E.H.A., Pourshafie, M.R., Talebi, M., & Rohani, M. (2024). Comparison of novel native probiotics and paraprobiotics in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation in DSS-induced colitis: implications for enhanced therapeutic strategies in high fat diet. BMC immunology, 25(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-024-00678-0
  55. Ruberto, G., Baratta, M.T., Deans, S.G., & Dorman, H.D. (2000). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils. Planta Medica, 66(08), 687-693. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9773
  56. Rwubuzizi, R., Kim, H., Holzapfel, W.H., & Todorov, S.D. (2023). Beneficial, safety, and antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria: A next step in their evaluation as potential probiotics. Heliyon, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15610
  57. Sellam, A., Zerrouki, Y., Dali, M., Maleb, A., Khalid, I., Hamdaoui, N., Hammouti, B., & Meziane, M. (2024). In vitro antioxidant properties of Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from fermented milk: Isolation and preparation of strains and intracellular cell-free extracts, chemical testing (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, DPPH, ferrous ion chelating, and linoleic acid peroxidation). Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(3), 611 622. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v9i3.72186
  58. Sharma, P., Sharma, A., & Lee, H-J. (2024). Antioxidant potential of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 135536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135536
  59. Shirkhan, F., Mirdamadi, S., Mirzaei, M., Akbari-Adergani, B., & Nasoohi, N. (2024). The α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitiory Effects and Antioxidant Properties of Native Lactobacilli Strains Isolated from Traditional Fermented Dairy Products. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 60(2), 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683824020170
  60. Singh, S., Syukri, D.M., Ushir, Y.V., Mishra, A., Ontong, J.C., Nwabor, O.F., Darekar, S.M., Samee, W., Chidrawar, V.R., & Chittasupho, C. (2025). Post-operative wound healing efficacy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis phenolic-rich extracts incorporated hydrogel with enhanced antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 33(2), 814-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03427-x
  61. Sirin, S., & Aslim, B. (2021). Protective effect of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria against amyloid beta1-42induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells: Involvement of the AKT, MAPK, and NF κB signaling pathway. Process Biochemistry, 106, 50 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.04.003
  62. Suliman, S.N., ElNaggar, M.H., Elsbaey, M., El-Gamil, M.M., & Badria, F.A. (2021). Bio-guided Isolation of Natural Iron Chelators from Mangifera indica leaves and their Comparative Study to Desferal®. Natural Product Sciences, 27(2), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2021.27.2.78
  63. Şenol, O. (2015). Determination of antioxidant activity/capacity of some pharmaceutical formulation with several methods and classify pharmaceuticals by chemometric calculations (Publication No. 426889) [Doctoral dissertation, Atatürk University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  64. Taverniti, V., & Guglielmetti, S. (2011). The immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept). Genes & Nutrition, 6(3), 261-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-011-0218-x
  65. Trabelsi, I., Ktari, N., Ben Slima, S., Triki, M., Bardaa, S., Mnif, H., & Ben Salah, R. (2017). Evaluation of dermal wound healing activity and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a new exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus sp. Ca(6). Int J Biol Macromol, 103, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.017
  66. Trinh, X-T., Long, N-V., Van Anh, L.T., Nga, P.T., Giang, N.N., Chien, P.N., Nam, S-Y., & Heo, C-Y. (2022). A comprehensive review of natural compounds for wound healing: Targeting bioactivity perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17), 9573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179573
  67. Ugras, S., Fidan, A., & Yoldas, P.A. (2024). Probiotic potential and wound-healing activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus strain AF2 isolated from Herniaria glabra L. which is traditionally used to make yogurt. Archives of Microbiology, 206(3), 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-03831-w
  68. Ustuner, O., Anlas, C., Bakirel, T., Ustun-Alkan, F., Diren Sigirci, B., Ak, S., Akpulat, H. A., Donmez, C., & Koca-Caliskan, U. (2019). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Thymus sipyleus boiss. subsp. rosulans (Borbas) Jalas. Molecules, 24(18), 3353. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183353
  69. Yılmaz, Z.K., Aslım, B., & Ozdemir, O. (2021). In vitro antioxidant properties of 2-(4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino) benzylideneamino) benzoic acid. Icontech International Journal, 5(3), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.46291/ICONTECHvol5iss3pp7-12
  70. Zhao, X., Peng, F., Liu, Z., Peng, Z., Guan, Q., Cai, P., Xiong, S., Yu, Q., Xie, M., & Xiong, T. (2023). Lactic acid bacteria with anti-hyperuricemia ability: Screening in vitro and evaluating in mice. Food Bioscience, 52, 102411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102411