SavedAdd your journal

Journals / International Journal of Secondary Metabolite / 2026 / Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Analysis and profiling of naturally occurring and processed Aloe vera using NMR spectroscopy

Emma Matak(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0009-0003-1458-799X
Tanzila Ismail Ema(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0000-0003-4775-9316
Hannah Spencer(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0009-0003-9897-9455
Emily De La Garza(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0009-0003-1877-9868
Dahlia Ortiz(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0009-0004-4728-946X
Samuel Joe-ıbekwe(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0009-0001-8331-3728
Elena Yang(Texas A&M University, Victoria)0009-0004-7588-2332
Gen Kaneko(Texas A & M University, Victoria)0000-0003-4295-5123
Hashimul Ehsan(University of Houston Victoria)0000-0002-4464-6765
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-06-09
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, this analyzes the structure and dynamics of molecules.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radio waves to excite the nuclei within a sample; in turn, this causes the nuclei to re-emit electromagnetic energy that is computed on a spectrum that documents the intensity and absorbance.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In total, the gel produced 81 options for specific metabolites, and the plant had a total of 50.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, this analyzes the structure and dynamics of molecules.
🔬Design:Lab & Field Experiment
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance · Metabolite profiling · Phytochemical analysis

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radio waves to excite the nuclei within a sample; in turn, this causes the nuclei to re-emit electromagnetic energy that is computed on a spectrum that documents the intensity and absorbance. Overall, this analyzes the structure and dynamics of molecules. Aloe vera is renowned for its antioxidant properties and therapeutic topical or oral applications, used to treat sunburn, soothe minor skin burns, acne, and even help with indigestion. This experiment aims to quantify the metabolites present in the A. vera plant and in commercially processed A. vera gel, and to compare them in order to identify their similarities and differences. In doing so, the study seeks to determine the extent to which products derived from cultivated plants retain or lose specific substances and organic compounds during processing and refinement. Both samples were evaluated through metabolite extraction and NMR. The Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB) was the database that each peak chosen from the NMR analysis was run through. Through comparison and research of the makeup of both the gel and A. vera plant, several options were obtained to determine what molecules were present in each sample. In total, the gel produced 81 options for specific metabolites, and the plant had a total of 50. Similarities between the two samples that were analyzed were D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate, Mannose compounds, and N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine diastereomers. The major difference between the two samples was the large query pool, as stated previously, and the appearance of preservatives in the gel sample.

Özet

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses magnetic fields and radio waves to excite the nuclei within a sample; in turn, this causes the nuclei to re-emit electromagnetic energy that is computed on a spectrum that documents the intensity and absorbance. Overall, this analyzes the structure and dynamics of molecules. Aloe vera is renowned for its antioxidant properties and therapeutic topical or oral applications, used to treat sunburn, soothe minor skin burns, acne, and even help with indigestion. This experiment aims to quantify the metabolites present in the A. vera plant and in commercially processed A. vera gel, and to compare them in order to identify their similarities and differences. In doing so, the study seeks to determine the extent to which products derived from cultivated plants retain or lose specific substances and organic compounds during processing and refinement. Both samples were evaluated through metabolite extraction and NMR. The Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB) was the database that each peak chosen from the NMR analysis was run through. Through comparison and research of the makeup of both the gel and A. vera plant, several options were obtained to determine what molecules were present in each sample. In total, the gel produced 81 options for specific metabolites, and the plant had a total of 50. Similarities between the two samples that were analyzed were D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate, Mannose compounds, and N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine diastereomers. The major difference between the two samples was the large query pool, as stated previously, and the appearance of preservatives in the gel sample.

🔖

Cite This Article

Matak, E., Ema, T. I., Spencer, H., Garza, E. D. L., Ortiz, D., Joe-ıbekwe, S., Yang, E., Kaneko, G., Ehsan, H. (2026). Analysis and profiling of naturally occurring and processed Aloe vera using NMR spectroscopy. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, Volume: 13 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1630923

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (26)

  1. Ahluwalia, B., Magnusson, M.K., Larsson, F., Savolainen, O., Ross, A.B., & Öhman, L. (2022). Differences in metabolite composition of Aloe barbadensis Mill. Extracts lead to differential effects on human blood T cell activity in vitro. Molecules, 27(19), 6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196643
  2. Alamholo, M. (2019). The healing power of Aloe vera: exploring its nutrient-rich composition, therapeutic uses, and evidence-based health benefits in modern and traditional medicine. Australian Herbal Insight, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.25163/ahi.2120771
  3. Bilstein, A., Heinrich, A., Rybachuk, A., & Mösges, R. (2021). Ectoine in the treatment of irritations and inflammations of the eye surface. BioMed Research International, 2021, 8885032. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8885032
  4. Brockman, R.W., Shaddix, S.C., Williams, M., Nelson, J.A., Rose, L.M., & Schabel, F.M.,Jr. (1975). The mechanism of action of 3 deazauridine in tumor cells sensitive and resistant to arabinosylcytosine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 255, 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29254.x
  5. Chen, J., Wu, H., Zhang, W., & Mu, W. (2020). Ribose-5-phosphate isomerases: characteristics, structural features, and applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(15), 6429–6441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10735-4
  6. Dallavalle, S., Artali, R., Princiotto, S., Musso, L., Borgonovo, G., & Mazzini, S. (2022). Investigation of the interaction between Aloe vera anthraquinone metabolites and c-Myc and C-kit G-quadruplex DNA structures. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 16018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416018
  7. Hamman, J.H. (2008). Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 13(8), 1599–1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081599
  8. Hegar, B., Wibowo, Y., Basrowi, R.W., Ranuh, R.G., Sudarmo, S.M., Munasir, Z., Atthiyah, A.F., Widodo, A.D., Supriatmo, Kadim, M., Suryawan, A., Diana, N.R., Manoppo, C., & Vandenplas, Y. (2019). The role of two human milk oligosaccharides, 2′-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, in infant nutrition. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, 22(4), 330 340. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2019.22.4.330
  9. Hęś, M., Dziedzic, K., Górecka, D., Jędrusek-Golińska, A., & Gujska, E. (2019). Aloe vera (L.) Webb.Natural sources of antioxidants – a review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74(3), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00747-5
  10. Hoch, J.C., Baskaran, K., Burr, H., Chin, J., Eghbalnia, H.R., Fujiwara, T., Gryk, M.R., Iwata, T., Kojima, C., Kurisu, G., Maziuk, D., Miyanoiri, Y., Wedell, J.R., Wilburn, C., Yao, H., & Yokochi, M. (2023). Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 51(D1), D368–D376. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac1050
  11. Li, Z., Ning, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Xiao, C., & Li, Z. (2020). Efficient one-pot synthesis of cytidine 5’-monophosphate using an extremophilic enzyme cascade system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(34), 9188–9194. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04055
  12. Maan, A.A., Nazir, A., Khan, M.K.I., Ahmad, T., Zia, R., Murid, M., & Abrar, M. (2018). The therapeutic properties and applications of Aloe vera: A review. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2018.01.002
  13. Majumder, R., Das, C.K., & Mandal, M. (2019). Lead bioactive compounds of Aloe vera as potential anticancer agents. Pharmacological Research, 148, 104416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104416
  14. Marangon, M., Vegro, M., Vincenzi, S., Lomolino, G., De Iseppi, A., & Curioni, A. (2018). A novel method for the quantification of white wine mannoproteins by a competitive indirect enzyme-linked lectin sorbent assay (CI ELLSA). Molecules, 23(12), 3070. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123070
  15. Moni, S.S.S., Sultan, M.H., Makeen, H.A., Madkhali, O.A., Bakkari, M.A., Alqahtani, S.S., Alshahrani, S., Menachery, S.J., Alam, M.I., Elmobark, M.E., Rehman, Z.U., & Alam, M.S. (2021). Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity, and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.244479
  16. Moriconi, W.J., Slavik, M., & Taylor, S. (1986). 3-Deazauridine (NSC 126849): An interesting modulator of biochemical response. Investigational New Drugs, 4(1), 67 84. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172020
  17. Patil, S., Al-Zarea, B.K., Maheshwari, S., & Sahu, R. (2015). Comparative evaluation of natural antioxidants spirulina and Aloe vera for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 5(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2014.12.005 Ramachandra, C.T., & Rao, P.S. (2008). Processing of Aloe vera leaf gel: A review. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 3(2), 502 510. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2008.502.510
  18. Ramirez-Gaona, M., Marcu, A., Pon, A., Guo, A.C., Sajed, T., Wishart, N.A., Karu, N., Djoumbou Feunang, Y., Arndt, D., & Wishart, D. S. (2017). YMDB 2.0: A significantly expanded version of the yeast metabolome database. Nucleic Acids Research, 45(D1), D440 D445. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1058
  19. Sánchez, M., González-Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., & Gómez-Serranillos, M.P. (2020). Pharmacological update: properties of Aloe vera and its major active constituents. Molecules, 25(6), 1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061324
  20. Salinas, C., Handford, M., Pauly, M., Dupree, P., & Cardemil, L. (2016). Structural modifications of fructans in Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) grown under water stress. PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0159819. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159819
  21. Shang, H., Ma, C., Li, C., Cai, Z., Shen, Y., Han, L., Wang, C., Tran, J., Elmer, W.H., White, J.C., & Xing, B. (2023). Aloe vera extract gel-biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles enhance disease resistance in lettuce by modulating the metabolite profile and bacterial endophytes composition. ACS Nano, 17(14), 13672–13684. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c02790
  22. Sharma, M.K., Chauhan, J., Kumar, M., Joshi, C.K., Sharma, S., & Lal, C. (2021). Prospects of Aloe vera and its bioactive compounds in diabetes: Critical review. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.15.4.54
  23. Sonawane, S.K., Gokhale, J.S., Mulla, M.Z., Kandu, V.R., & Patil, S. (2020). A comprehensive overview of functional and rheological properties of Aloe vera and its application in foods. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58(4), 1217–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04661-6
  24. Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. (2008). Aloe vera: A short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 53(4), 163. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.44785
  25. Wishart, D.S., Guo, A., Oler, E., Wang, F., Anjum, A., Peters, H., Dizon, R., Sayeeda, Z., Tian, S., Lee, B.L., Berjanskii, M., Mah, R., Yamamoto, M., Jovel, J., Torres-Calzada, C., Hiebert-Giesbrecht, M., Lui, V.W., Varshavi, D., Varshavi, D., Allen, D., …, Gautam, V. (2022). HMDB 5.0: The human metabolome database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Research, 50(D1), D622 D631. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1062
  26. Wishart, D.S., Guo, A., Oler, E., Wang, F., Anjum, A., Peters, H., Dizon, R., Sayeeda, Z., Tian, S., Lee, B.L., Berjanskii, M., Mah, R., Yamamoto, M., Jovel, J., Torres-Calzada, C., Hiebert-Giesbrecht, M., Lui, V.W., Varshavi, D., Varshavi, D., Allen, D., …, Gautam, V. (2022). HMDB 5.0: The human metabolome database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Research, 50(D1), D622 D631. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1062