Journals / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

The Turkish EFL Teacher Profile: Insights into Personality, Mindfulness, Classroom Management Anxiety, and Instructional Methods

Pages
83–111
Publication Date
2026-01-23
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results showed that Turkish EFL teachers were mostly agreeable, preferred active teaching methods, had high levels of classroom management anxiety, and were moderately mindful.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to examine the personality traits, English language teaching methods, classroom management anxiety, and mindfulness levels of Turkish English as foreign language teachers to represent their profiles by adopting a whole teacher approach.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Accordingly, the Big Five Inventory, Classroom Management Anxiety Scale, Language Teaching Methods Scale, and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory were applied to 400 participants from different teaching contexts.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results showed that Turkish EFL teachers were mostly agreeable, preferred active teaching methods, had high levels of classroom management anxiety, and were moderately mindful.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Classroom management anxiety · foreign language teaching methods · personality traits of EFL teachers

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the personality traits, English language teaching methods, classroom management anxiety, and mindfulness levels of Turkish English as foreign language teachers to represent their profiles by adopting a whole teacher approach. This descriptive study followed a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, including both qualitative and quantitative methods. Accordingly, the Big Five Inventory, Classroom Management Anxiety Scale, Language Teaching Methods Scale, and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory were applied to 400 participants from different teaching contexts. Following this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 participants. The results showed that Turkish EFL teachers were mostly agreeable, preferred active teaching methods, had high levels of classroom management anxiety, and were moderately mindful. Based on the inferential analyses, while the male teachers were more mindful, the female teachers who were found to be more neurotic preferred to use active teaching methods more. The findings suggest the need for targeted support in classroom management anxiety and mindfulness training for teachers. The gender differences highlight the importance of personalized professional development to address teachers' unique needs and improve overall teaching effectiveness. Since the teachers who were willing to participate in projects were more extravert and preferred active teaching methods more, project participation should be encouraged.

Özet

This study aimed to examine the personality traits, English language teaching methods, classroom management anxiety, and mindfulness levels of Turkish English as foreign language teachers to represent their profiles by adopting a whole teacher approach. This descriptive study followed a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, including both qualitative and quantitative methods. Accordingly, the Big Five Inventory, Classroom Management Anxiety Scale, Language Teaching Methods Scale, and Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory were applied to 400 participants from different teaching contexts. Following this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 participants. The results showed that Turkish EFL teachers were mostly agreeable, preferred active teaching methods, had high levels of classroom management anxiety, and were moderately mindful. Based on the inferential analyses, while the male teachers were more mindful, the female teachers who were found to be more neurotic preferred to use active teaching methods more. The findings suggest the need for targeted support in classroom management anxiety and mindfulness training for teachers. The gender differences highlight the importance of personalized professional development to address teachers' unique needs and improve overall teaching effectiveness. Since the teachers who were willing to participate in projects were more extravert and preferred active teaching methods more, project participation should be encouraged.

🔖

Cite This Article

Karagöz, M. Y., Korkmaz, Ş. Ç. (2026). The Turkish EFL Teacher Profile: Insights into Personality, Mindfulness, Classroom Management Anxiety, and Instructional Methods. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 83–111. https://doi.org/10.16986/hunefd.1710987

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (164)

  1. Ahmadi-Azad, S., Asadollahfam, H., & Zoghi, M. (2020). Effects of teacher’s personality traits on EFL learners’ foreign language enjoyment. System, 95, 102369. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2020.102369
  2. Ahmed, M., Ambreen, M., & Hussain, I. (2018). Gender differentials among teachers’ classroom management strategies in Pakistani context. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 5(2), 178–193. doi: 10.22555/JOEED.V5I2.2253
  3. Akdemir, A., & Takkaç, M. (2016). Extraversion and female EFL learners as listeners: A qualitative investigation. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(8), 1802–1808. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040809
  4. Alharbi, S. H. (2021). The dynamics of individual differences in teaching/learning of English as a second/foreign language. International Journal of Linguistics, 13(6), 47–56.
  5. Alibec, C., & Sîrbu, A. (2020). Managing disruptions in adult foreign language classes. Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, 23(1), 192–198. doi: 10.21279/1454-864X-20-I1-025
  6. Aloe, A. M., Amo, L. C., & Shanahan, M. E. (2014). Classroom management self-efficacy and burnout: A multivariate meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 26(1), 101–126. doi: 10.1007/s10648-013-9244-0
  7. Akhtar, N., & Saleem, S. (2020). Happiness and personality traits as predictors of optimism in school and college teachers. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(4), 683–697. doi: 10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.4.40
  8. Ambubuyog, E. M. I., Laumoc, G. L. C., Mantac, F. H. A., Pagulayan, F. M. C., Sayson, C. J. E. C., Velasco, A. C. M., & Biray, E. T. (2023). Active listening: Its impact on language learning and understanding of education students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(2), 671–676. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.04.02.33
  9. Arslan, R. Ş. (2012). Bridging the gap between policy and practice in teaching English to young learners: The Turkish context. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(32), 95–100.
  10. Arterberry, B. J., Martens, M. P., Cadigan, J. M., & Rohrer, D. (2014). Application of generalizability theory to the Big Five Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 98–103. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.009
  11. Arthurson, K. (2015). Teaching mindfulness to year sevens as part of health and personal development. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(5), 27–40. doi: 10.14221/ajte.2015v40n5.2
  12. Assalahi, H. M. (2013). Why is the grammar-translation method still alive in the Arab world? Teachers’ beliefs and its implications for EFL teacher education. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(4), 589–599. doi: 10.4304/tpls.3.4.589-599
  13. Ataberk, B., & Mirici, I. H. (2022). An investigation of the 21st century skills in English language teaching (ELT) programs in Turkey. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 9(4), 1513–1544.
  14. Atan, D., & Yaylı, D. (2019). An analysis of the relationship between teaching concerns and personality traits of in-service EFL teachers. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 172–191.
  15. Atış Akyol, N., Bilbay, A., & Kanak, M. (2025). The mediating role of reflective thinking between preschool teachers’ personality traits and 21st-century skills. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 40(1), 60–69. doi: 10.16986/huje.2025.534
  16. Aydin, A., Aktuğ, C., Koçan, S., Erkaya, R., Yasak, K., Cengiz, B., Çalık, K., Güler, S., Erden, S., Karabulutlu, Ö., & Mol, M. (2022). Determining the coronavirus awareness of the Turkish society and the anxiety stress levels. Current Psychology, 42(4), 2558–2564. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-02514-9
  17. Ayele, M., Woldeyesus, K., Aboretugne, M., Gobaw, M., Wamisho, A., Mamie, A., Woldegiorgis, D., & Berhe, G. (2018). Teachers’ classroom teaching practices in Amhara Region and Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Africa Education Review, 16(3), 1–21. doi: 10.1080/18146627.2017.1361332
  18. Azizi, M., & Kralik, R. (2020). Incorporating mindfulness into EFL literature courses to foster critical reading ability. Education and Self Development, 15(4), 21–31. doi: 10.26907/esd15.4.06
  19. Baleghizadeh, S., & Firoozbakht, S. (2009). Gender differences in learners’ and teachers’ perceptions of the role of grammar instruction and corrective feedback. Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, 2(4), 28–56.
  20. Ballou, D., & Podgursky, M. (1995). Rural schools: Fewer highly trained teachers and special programs, but better learning environment. Rural Development Perspectives, 10(3), 6–16. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ528303
  21. Bayar, Ö., Haskan-Avcı, Ö., & Koç, M. (2018). What’s expected of men in Turkish culture: Perceptions of male university students. International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities, 5(9), 1–8.
  22. Baytur, B., & Razı, S. (2015). Characteristics of effective EFL teachers from the perspective of Turkish EFL learners. International Journal of Human and Behavioral Science, 1(2), 1–9.
  23. Bayram, N., Doğan, A., Aydoğan, İ., & Bilgel, N. (2014). Anger expression, depression, anxiety and stress among Turkish students living in Turkey and Germany. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(3), 1–18. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/669
  24. Becker, B. D., Gallagher, K. C., & Whitaker, R. C. (2017). Teachers’ dispositional mindfulness and the quality of their relationships with children in Head Start classrooms. Journal of School Psychology, 65, 40–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2017.06.004
  25. Bhattacharyya, S., & Bhattacharya, K. (2009). Technology-integrated project-based approach in science education: A qualitative study of in-service teachers’ learning experiences. The Electronic Journal of Science Education, 13(3), 1–26.
  26. Blanca, M. J., Arnau, J., López-Montiel, D., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2013). Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples. Methodology, 9(2), 78–84. doi: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000057
  27. Bonab, H. S., & Essmatı, A. (2015). Classroom management. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 36(3), 3515–3529.
  28. Brady, J., & Wilson, E. (2021). Comparing sources of stress for state and private school teachers in England. Improving Schools, 25(2), 205–220. doi: 10.1177/13654802211024758
  29. Burnard, P. (1991). A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11(6), 461–466. doi: 10.1016/0260-6917(91)90009-Y
  30. Cao, N. (2023). Mindfulness and mindlessness in love. Communications in Humanities Research, 23(1), 106–110. doi: 10.54254/2753-7064/23/20230787
  31. Cicek, M., & Gurbuz, N. (2023). Exploring the impacts of mindfulness training for an EFL teacher: Insights from a narrative inquiry study. Issues in Educational Research, 33(2), 471–487.
  32. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  33. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343–359. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343
  34. Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322–331. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
  35. Cripps-Clark, J., & Walsh, J. (2002). Elements of a model of effective teachers. Australian Association for Research in Education Conference Papers. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/02pap/wa/02220.htm
  36. Cyril, A. V., & Raj, M. A. (2017). Classroom management and metacognition of high school teachers. Journal on School Educational Technology, 12(4), 24–34.
  37. Dacholfany, M. I., Havidotinnisa, S., & Harini, H. (2023). Classroom management and teacher intervention can reduce student anxiety levels. Jurnal Konseling Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 219–226. doi: 10.32806/jkpi.v4i2.273
  38. Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37(4), 997–1018. doi: 10.1177/0149206310367948
  39. Deieso, D., & Fraser, B. (2019). Learning environment, attitudes and anxiety across the transition from primary to secondary school mathematics. Learning Environments Research, 22(1), 133–152. doi: 10.1007/s10984-018-9261-5
  40. Delen, A., & Ercoşkun, M. H. (2024). Examining CMA levels of classroom teachers and their attitudes towards refugee pupils. Türk Akademik Yayınlar Dergisi (TAY Journal), 8(3), 529–561.
  41. Emerson, R. W. (2017). ANOVA and t-tests. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 111(2), 193–196.
  42. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
  43. Evans, K., & Lester, J. (2010). Classroom management and discipline: Responding to the needs of young adolescents. Middle School Journal, 41(3), 56–63. doi: 10.1080/00940771.2010.11461724
  44. Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 429–456. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429
  45. Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7(3), 182–195. doi: 10.1111/mbe.12026
  46. Genç, G. (2018). Are Turkish EFL pre-service teachers ready to manage intercultural challenges? Intercultural Education, 29(2), 185–202. doi: 10.1080/14675986.2018.1429790
  47. Ghorbani, S., Akbari, O., & Ghonsooly, B. (2015). Iranian EFL teachers’ major personality types and teaching attitudes. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 4(2), 27–40. doi: 10.5861/ijrsp.2015.1036
  48. Giluk, T. L. (2009). Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 805–811. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.026
  49. Gkonou, C., & Miller, E. (2019). Caring and emotional labor: Language teachers’ engagement with anxious learners in private language school classrooms. Language Teaching Research, 23(3), 372–387. doi: 10.1177/1362168817728739
  50. Gömleksiz, M. N. (2000). Yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan yöntemler ve yöntem sorunu. Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5, 253–264.
  51. Grayson, J., & Alvarez, H. (2008). School climate factors relating to teacher burnout: A mediator model. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1349–1363. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2007.06.005
  52. Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11(3), 255–274. doi: 10.3102/01623737011003255
  53. Griffith, J., Zinbarg, R., Craske, M., Mineka, S., Rose, R., Waters, A., & Sutton, J. (2009). Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40(7), 1125–1136. doi: 10.1017/S0033291709991449
  54. Griffiths, C., & Soruç, A. (2021). Individual differences in language learning and teaching: A complex/dynamic/socio-ecological/holistic view. English Teaching & Learning, 45(3), 339–353. doi: 10.1007/s42321-021-00085-3
  55. Gökçe, A. T. (2013). Relationship between whistle-blowing and job satisfaction and organizational loyalty at schools in Turkey. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(14), 1186–1197. doi: 10.5897/ERR2013.1485
  56. Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002). From the individual interview to the interview society. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook of interview research: Context and method (pp. 3–32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  57. Güder, N., Karaduman, G. B., Özsoy-Güneş, Z., & Kırbaşlar, F. G. (2015). A study on the relationship between Turkish consciousness levels and learning skills of teacher candidates. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 259–266.
  58. Guramatunhu-Mudiwa, P., & Cherry, J. (2023). Women and multi-tasking: Strategy or pitfall for career advancement? Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 42, 80–87. doi: 10.21423/awlj-v42.a331
  59. Gürel, E., & Aslan, B. (2022). Internationalizing teacher education: What is the Erasmus exchange program’s contribution in Turkey? Higher Education Studies, 12(1), 131–154. doi: 10.5539/hes.v12n1p131
  60. Hasan, S., & Koning, R. (2019). Conversations and idea generation: Evidence from a field experiment. Research Policy, 48(9), 103811. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.103811
  61. Hameed, G., & Butt, I. (2018). Teaching mathematics at high school: A comparison of public and private school teachers’ practices. Global Social Sciences Review, 3(4), 127–141. doi: 10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).09
  62. Han, T., & Mahzoun, Z. (2017). What demotivates foreign EFL teachers? A case study in Turkish context. The Qualitative Report, 22(4), 1001–1014.
  63. Han, T., & Tulgar, A. T. (2019). Analysis of the pre-service teachers’ teaching anxiety and coping strategies: A Turkish elementary school context. Gist: Education and Learning Research Journal, 19, 49–83.
  64. Henson, R. (2001). The effects of participation in teacher research on teacher efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 819–836. doi: 10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00033-6
  65. Hidayat, M. T. (2021). Understanding students’ perspectives on teachers’ personality. International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL), 1(1), 1–5. doi: 10.47709/ijeal.v1i1.965
  66. Hignett, S., & McDermott, H. (2015). Qualitative methodology. In J. R. Wilson & S. Sharples (Eds.), Evaluation of human work (4th ed., pp. 119–138). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  67. Hussein, S. (2018). Factors affecting the implementation of communicative language teaching in Libyan secondary schools (Doctoral dissertation, Sheffield Hallam University). Retrieved from https://shura.shu.ac.uk/23409/
  68. Ilmiddinovich, K. (2020). Methods of teaching English to young learners. The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations, 2(11), 65–69. doi: 10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue11-11
  69. Ismail, I., Jhora, F., Qadriati, Q., & Insani, M. (2024). Enhancing science learning activities through the implementation of discovery learning and teaching at the right level method. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(4), 1886–1895. doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v10i4.7359
  70. Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1), 3–20. doi: 10.1177/1525822X05282260
  71. Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 491–525. doi: 10.3102/0034654308325693 John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  72. Kaharuddin, A. (2018). The communicative grammar translation method: A practical method to teach communication skills of English. ETERNAL (English, Teaching, Learning, and Research Journal), 4(2), 232–254. doi: 10.24252/eternal.v42.2018.a8
  73. Kakamad, K., Mawlod, K. S., & Mohammed, M. H. (2024). Personality traits and language learning strategies among EFL students. Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 185–191. doi: 10.24271/PSR.2024.425624.1422
  74. Karadağ, Ş., & Kaya, Ş. (2019). The effects of personality traits on willingness to communicate: A study on university students. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 639–650. doi: 10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1348
  75. Katsarou, E., & Tsafos, V. (2008). Collaborative school innovation project as a pivot for teachers’ professional development: The case of Acharnes’ second chance school in Greece. Teacher Development, 12(2), 125–138. doi: 10.1080/13664530802038139
  76. Kaya, S., & Yüksel, D. (2022). Teacher mindset and grit: How do they change by teacher training, gender, and subject taught? Participatory Educational Research, 9(6), 203–221. doi: 10.17275/per.22.146.9.6
  77. Keavney, G., & Sinclair, K. (1978). Teacher concerns and teacher anxiety: A neglected topic of classroom research. Review of Educational Research, 48(2), 273–290. doi: 10.3102/00346543048002273
  78. Key, M., Edlund, J., Sagarin, B., & Bizer, G. (2009). Individual differences in susceptibility to mindlessness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 261–264. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.001
  79. Khany, R., & Nejad, A. (2017). L2 willingness to communicate, openness to experience, extraversion, and L2 unwillingness to communicate: The Iranian EFL context. RELC Journal, 48(2), 241–255. doi: 10.1177/0033688216645416
  80. Khodabakhshzadeh, H., Esmaeilnia, M., Sarani, L., & Gholami, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between the level of mindfulness and job anxiety among EFL teachers in Iran. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 7(1), 79–86.
  81. Kim, L. E., Jörg, V., & Klassen, R. M. (2019). A meta-analysis of the effects of teacher personality on teacher effectiveness and burnout. Educational Psychology Review, 31(1), 163–195. doi: 10.1007/s10648-018-9458-2
  82. King, L. M., Lewis, C., Ritchie, D. M., Carr, C., & Hart, M. W. (2021). Implementation of a teacher-led mindfulness program in a low-income pre- and early-elementary school as part of a trauma-responsive, resilience-building community initiative. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(6), 1943–1964. doi: 10.1002/jcop.22574
  83. Kırkağaç, Ş., & Öz, H. (2017). The role of Big Five personality traits in predicting prospective EFL teachers’ academic achievement. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 4(4), 317–328. Retrieved from http://iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/243/174
  84. Konopka, C. L., Adaime, M. B., & Mosele, P. H. (2015). Active teaching and learning methodologies: Some considerations. Creative Education, 6(14), 1536–1545. doi: 10.4236/ce.2015.614154
  85. Kotov, R., Gámez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821. doi: 10.1037/a0020327
  86. Köse, M., & Bac, G. (2015). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin erkek ve kız öğrencilerine yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet kimliği merkezli beklentileri, algıları ve tutumları. Turkish Studies, 10(3), 623–642. doi: 10.7827/TurkishStudies.7895
  87. Ku, S., Liu, L. A., & Hong, Y. Y. (2021). Rethinking the basics: A critical review of how and why to update the use of demographic variables. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2021(1), 14320. doi: 10.5465/AMBPP.2021.14320
  88. Kudinov, S. I., & Belousova, S. S. (2016). Study of spiritual and ethical self-awareness of the teacher personality. Evidence-Based Education Studies, (1), 81–86. doi: 10.18323/2221-5662-2016-1-81-86
  89. Kulavuz-Onal, D., & Tatar, S. (2017). Teacher burnout and participation in professional learning activities: Perspectives from university English language teachers in Turkey. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(1), 283–303.
  90. Leremmongla, D. (2023). A comparative study on teaching methods used in government and private colleges in Nagaland. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 5(6), 8406. doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.8406
  91. Li, S. (2022). Chinese English as a foreign language teachers’ immunity and mindfulness as predictors of their work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 874356. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874356
  92. MacIntyre, P. D., Ross, J., Talbot, K., Mercer, S., Gregersen, T., & Banga, C. A. (2019). Stressors, personality and wellbeing among language teachers. System, 82, 26–38. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2019.02.013
  93. Mahmoudi, T., & Zamanian, M. (2018). The relationship between Iranian EFL teachers’ personality and their teaching preference. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 8(6), 686–693. doi: 10.17507/tpls.0806.06
  94. Marashi, H., & Assgar, F. (2019). EFL teachers’ effective classroom management and learners’ anxiety and learning strategies. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 7(2), 65–82.
  95. Marsella, E. (2020). Exploring teachers’ use of first language (L1) in EFL classrooms. Teknosastik, 18(1), 15–24. doi: 10.33365/ts.v18i1.483
  96. Martínez-Rubio, D., Martínez-Brotons, C., Monreal-Bartolomé, A., Barceló-Soler, A., Campos, D., Pérez-Aranda, A., Colomer-Carbonell, A., … Montero-Marín, J. (2021). Protective role of mindfulness, self-compassion and psychological flexibility on burnout subtypes among psychology and nursing undergraduate students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(8), 3398–3411. doi: 10.1111/jan.14859
  97. McRobbie, E. (2021). Mindfulness in the professional lives of K–12 educators. Current Issues in Education, 22(3), 1–23. doi: 10.14507/cie.vol22iss3.1988
  98. Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M., Griffin, M., Biegel, G., Roach, A., … Saltzman, A. (2012). Integrating mindfulness training into K–12 education: Fostering the resilience of teachers and students. Mindfulness, 3(4), 291–307. doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5
  99. Merç, A., & Subaşı, G. (2015). Classroom management problems and coping strategies of Turkish student EFL teachers. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 6(1), 39–71.
  100. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  101. Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67–72. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  102. Moran, K. (2016). Anxiety in the classroom: Implications for middle school teachers. Middle School Journal, 47(1), 27–32. doi: 10.1080/00940771.2016.1059727
  103. Mulongo, G. (2013). Effect of active learning teaching methodology on learner participation. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(4), 157–168.
  104. Munzaki, D. F., Suadah, L., & Risdaneva, R. (2016). Teaching methods used by students of Department of English Language Education of UIN Ar-Raniry in teaching English at English courses. Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities, 4(1), 10–26. doi: 10.22373/ej.v4i1.1023
  105. Murairwa, S. (2015). Voluntary sampling design. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 185–200.
  106. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. doi: 10.1177/1609406917733847
  107. Nkomo, N. N., & Fakrogha, E. (2016). Teacher personality and effective classroom management. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 5(13), 10–14.
  108. O’Laughlin, E. M., & Bischoff, L. G. (2005). Balancing parenthood and academia: Work/family stress as influenced by gender and tenure status. Journal of Family Issues, 26(1), 79–106. doi: 10.1177/0192513X04265942
  109. Obielodan, O., Onojah, A., Onojah, A., Alabi, O., & Alimi, E. (2021). The teachers’ extent of utilizing teaching methods for teaching basic technology. Journal of Research in Instructional, 1(2), 61–70. doi: 10.30862/jri.v1i2.14
  110. Okmen, B., & Kilic, A. (2016). The language teaching methods scale: Reliability and validity studies. European Journal of Educational Research, 5(3), 137–148. doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.5.3.137
  111. Oloko, A. S., Doka, J. J., & Tafida, A. M. (2025). Examining the benefits and challenges of quantitative data collection in psychological research in Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Research and Development, 8(8), 240–245. doi: 10.70382/nijerd.v8i8.027
  112. Onan, A. M., & Aydın, S. (2024). Well-being, burnout, and teaching anxiety among EFL teachers. Journal of Language Research, 8(1), 17–35.
  113. Önder, E., & Önder Öz, Y. (2018). Variables that predict CMA and classroom management anxiety levels of pre-service teachers. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 8(4), 645–664. doi: 10.14527/pegegog.2018.025
  114. Oplatka, I., & Atias, M. (2007). Gendered views of managing discipline in school and classroom. Gender and Education, 19(1), 41–59. doi: 10.1080/09540250601087751
  115. Oral, B. (2012). Student teachers’ classroom management anxiety: A study on behavior management and teaching management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 2901–2916. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00967.x
  116. Özkul, R., & Dönmez, B. (2019). Classroom management concerns: A scale development study. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 20(3), 673–694. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.521575
  117. Park, M., Riley, J., & Branch, J. (2020). Developing self-awareness using mindfulness meditation with preservice teachers: Reflections on practice. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 41(2), 183–196. doi: 10.1080/10901027.2019.1695692
  118. Phelan, T. (2005). The impact of effectiveness and efficiency on project success. In A unifying discipline for melting the boundaries technology management (pp. 27–34). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/URTM.2005.1514996
  119. Pillow, C. M. (2000). Teaching gender: A qualitative study of how gender appears in the thinking of four elementary teachers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA.
  120. Poonam, K., & Neetu, S. (2014). Teaching methods used in government and private schools: A descriptive study. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 4(1), 262–267.
  121. Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338. doi: 10.1037/a0014996
  122. Postholm, M. B. (2013). Classroom management: What does research tell us? European Educational Research Journal, 12(3), 389–402. doi: 10.2304/eerj.2013.12.3.389
  123. Prince, M. J., Felder, R., & Brent, R. (2007). The case for inductive teaching. ASEE Prism, 17(2), 55. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24162666
  124. Pulver, A., Allik, J., Pulkkinen, L., & Hämäläinen, M. (1995). A Big Five personality inventory in two non-Indo-European languages. European Journal of Personality, 9(2), 109–124. doi: 10.1002/per.2410090205
  125. Puolakanaho, A., Tolvanen, A., Kinnunen, S., & Lappalainen, R. (2018). Burnout-related ill-being at work: Associations between mindfulness and acceptance skills, worksite factors, and experienced well-being in life. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 10, 92–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.09.003
  126. Puswiartika, D., Sulastiana, M., Hinduan, Z. R., & Harding, D. (2018). Mindful teaching: A narrative exploration of mindfulness. In D. K. Walanda (Ed.), Proceedings of the First Indonesian Communication Forum of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Leaders International Conference on Education 2017 (ICE 2017) (pp. 208–215). Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/ice-17.2018.35
  127. Rammstedt, B. (2007). The 10-item Big Five Inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 193–201. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.193
  128. Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  129. Roeser, R. W., Skinner, E., Beers, J., & Jennings, P. A. (2012). Mindfulness training and teachers’ professional development: An emerging area of research and practice. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 167–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00240.x
  130. Rushton, S., Morgan, J., & Richard, M. (2007). Teachers’ Myers-Briggs personality profiles: Identifying effective teacher personality traits. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(4), 432–441. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2006.12.011
  131. Rusyn, H. A., Stynska, V. V., Matsuk, L. O., Korostelova, Y. Y., & Stetsyk, S. P. (2021). Efficiency of the project method in the development of professional competencies in future teachers. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 12(35), 303–321. doi: 10.46925/rdluz.35.18
  132. Saleem, A., Muhammad, Y., & Masood, S. (2020). Classroom management challenges and administrative support in elementary schools: Experiences of novice public-school teachers. UMT Education Review, 3(2), 21–36. doi: 10.32350/uer.32.02
  133. Sanlı, Ş. (2009). Comparison of the English language teaching (ELT) departments’ course curricula in Turkey’s education faculties. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 838–843.
  134. Saberi, M., & Rahimi, A. (2014). On the effect of personality and efficacy on second language teachers’ performance. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136, 240–245. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.315
  135. Shoker, D., Desmet, L., Ledoux, N., & Héron, A. (2024). Effects of standardized mindfulness programs on burnout: A systematic review and original analysis from randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1381373. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1381373
  136. Singh, S. (2016). Developing speaking skill in English through activity-based learning. International Education and Research Journal, 2(7), 107–108.
  137. Skutil, M. (2015). Teaching methods in primary school—Comparison of approach in the Czech Republic and Spain. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Education Reform and Modern Management (ERMM 2015) (pp. 198–200). Paris, France: Atlantis Press. doi: 10.2991/ermm-15.2015.52
  138. Starmer, D., Duquette, S., & Howard, L. (2015). Participation strategies and student performance: An undergraduate health science retrospective study. The Journal of Chiropractic Education, 29(2), 134–138. doi: 10.7899/jce-14-20
  139. Stavropoulou, E., & Stamatis, P. (2017). Communication styles of primary school teachers during teaching. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 6, 166–171. doi: 10.6000/1929-4409.2017.06.17
  140. Sünbül, Z. A., & Güneri, O. Y. (2019). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience: The mediating role of self-compassion and emotion regulation in a sample of underprivileged Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 337–342. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.009
  141. Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
  142. Tammaro, R., Calenda, M., Ferrantino, C., & Guglielmini, M. (2016). The professional profile of quality teacher. Form@re – Open Journal per la formazione in rete, 16(2), 8–19. doi: 10.13128/formare-18404
  143. Tedlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2011). Mixed methods research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 285–300). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  144. Turkish Ministry of National Education. (2018). İngilizce öğretim programı [English teaching program]. Ankara, Turkey: Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education. Retrieved from https://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=342
  145. Turanlı, M., & Demirhan, D. (1997). T testi, Hotelling T, ANOVA ve MANOVA kullanım alanları ve bir uygulama. Öneri Dergisi, 2(8), 3–10.
  146. Uçak, S. (2016). Dil öğrenimi ve edinimi üzerine bir tartışma. Aydın Tömer Dil Dergisi, 1(1), 65–80. Ünsal, F., & Hastunç, Y. (2021). Features in foreign language learning processes: Motivation and personality. Diyalektolog, 28, 45–58.
  147. Uztozun, M. S., & Troudi, S. (2015). Lecturers’ views of curriculum change at English language teaching departments in Turkey. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 9(1), 15–29.
  148. Heidari, L., & Parvaresh, S. (2021). Iranian EFL teachers’ personality types and classroom management orientations: A correlational study. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 13(4), 224–240. doi: 10.18178/ijlt.13.4.224-240
  149. Verma, S., & Singh, S. (2021). Anxiety and mental health of higher secondary school teachers. Mind and Society, 10(1), 42–45. doi: 10.56011/mind-mri-101-2-20217
  150. Vianello, M., Schnabel, K., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. (2013). Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(8), 994–999. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.008
  151. Vögeli, A. (2015). Albania’s private school teachers and their stresses. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 33–40. doi: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1s1p33
  152. Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025
  153. Waldman, T., & Carmel, R. (2019). Mindfulness and self-efficacy for teaching writing in English as a foreign language. KSJ, 7(1), 11–28.
  154. Wang, N. (2022). EFL teachers’ mindfulness and emotion regulation in language context. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 877108. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.877108
  155. Wang, Z., Zhang, T., Liu, J., & Yonke, S. (2019). Co-teaching Chinese in middle schools and high schools. Chinese as a Second Language, 54(1), 1–30.
  156. Wang, M. (2024). Teacher mindfulness and student engagement: Mediation through teaching quality. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 52(8), 1–8. doi: 10.2224/sbp.12745
  157. Winn, S. (1995). Learning by doing: Teaching research methods through student participation in a commissioned research project. Studies in Higher Education, 20(2), 203–214. doi: 10.1080/03075079512331381703
  158. Wu, H., Su, H., Yan, M., & Zhuang, Q. (2023). Perceptions of grammar-translation method and communicative language teaching method used in English classrooms. Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 96–104. doi: 10.32996/jeltal.2023.5.2.12
  159. Yildiz Durak, H. (2023). Role of personality traits in collaborative group works at flipped classrooms. Current Psychology, 42, 13093–13113. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-02702-1
  160. Zarei, M., Alibakhshi, G., & Nezakatgoo, B. (2024). Strategies employed by EFL teachers to cope with language learners’ classroom anxiety. TESOL Journal, 15(1), e843. doi: 10.1002/tesj.843
  161. Zengaro, S., & Zengaro, F. (2022). Active learning, student engagement, and motivation: The importance of caring behaviors in teaching. In J. Keengwe (Ed.), Handbook of research on active learning and student engagement in higher education (pp. 66–83). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9564-0.ch004
  162. Zenner, C., Herrnleben-Kurz, S., & Walach, H. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions in schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 603. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603
  163. Zhang, N. (2024). Analysis of teacher anxiety phenomenon from the perspective of uncertainty. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 6(2), 45–53.
  164. Uçak, S. (2016). Dil öğrenimi ve edinimi üzerine bir tartışma. Aydın Tömer Dil Dergisi, 1(1), 65–80.