SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4

SELF-COMPASSION IN NURSES: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY

HEMŞİRELERDE ÖZ-ŞEFKAT: BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Oya Sevcan Orak(ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-7499-5077
Ayşegül Sarıoğlu Kemer(TRABZON ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9882-3301
Mükerrem Kabataş Yıldız(Ondokuz Mayıs Ünversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu)0000-0002-7598-162X
Pages
711–724
Publication Date
2025-12-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results obtained from the study demonstrate that the developed Nurse Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess nurses' levels of self-compassion.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to develop a measurement tool to assess self-compassion levels among nurses.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Expert opinions were obtained for the 33-item draft form developed by the researchers, and a pilot study was conducted.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results obtained from the study demonstrate that the developed Nurse Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess nurses' levels of self-compassion.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hemşirelik · öz-şefkat · geçerlik

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a measurement tool to assess self-compassion levels among nurses. In this methodological research, convenience sampling, a type of non-probability sampling, was employed. The research was conducted with nurses living in Turkey who met the research criteria. Expert opinions were obtained for the 33-item draft form developed by the researchers, and a pilot study was conducted. Data analysis was performed based on the data obtained from 423 nurses after the pilot study. A 33-item draft questionnaire and a Demographic Information Form were used as data collection tools. Descriptive data were analyzed using percentage and frequency distribution. Content validity index, item-total correlation values, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, Bartlett's sphericity test, principal component analysis, varimax rotation test, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with the maximum likelihood method were employed for the psychometric evaluation of the scale. Since the correlation values of 13 items in the draft scale were low (<0.300), they were removed from the scale, resulting in a 20-item structure. As a result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), after removing items that loaded onto more than one factor, the Nurse Self-Compassion Scale was obtained with 14 items and three subdimensions, explaining 56% of the total variance. This structure was theoretically consistent with the three-factor structure proposed in the draft scale. In the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), it was determined that the items significantly loaded onto their respective factors (p < 0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.77, while the coefficients for the subdimensions were 0.71 for Factor 1 – Common Humanity, 0.76 for Factor 2 – Self-Kindness/Self-Compassion, and 0.68 for Factor 3 – Mindfulness. The results obtained from the study demonstrate that the developed Nurse Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess nurses' levels of self-compassion.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelerin öz-şefkat düzeyini belirlemek için bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Metodolojik tipte olan bu araştırmada olasılıksız örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Türkiye’de yaşayan ve araştırma kriterlerine uyan hemşirelerle yürütülmüştür. Araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen 33 maddelik taslak form için uzman görüşleri alınmış ve pilot uygulama yapılmıştır. Veri analizi pilot uygulama sonrası 423 hemşireden elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak 33 maddelik taslak anket formu ve Tanıtıcı Özellikler Formu kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı verilerin analizinde yüzdelik ve frekans dağılımı; ölçeğin psikometrik değerlendirmesinde kapsam geçerlik indeksi, madde-toplam korelasyon değerleri, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin testi, Barlett’in küresellik testi, temel bileşenler analizi, varimax dik döndürme testi ve maximum likelihood yöntemiyle doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) kullanılmıştır. Taslak ölçekte yer alan 13 madde sınır korelasyon değerinden (> 0.300) düşük olduğu için ölçek dışında bırakılmış ve 20 maddelik yapı elde edilmiştir. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) sonucunda birden fazla faktöre yüklenen maddeler çıkarıldıktan sonra toplam varyansın %56’sını açıklayan 14 madde ve üç alt boyuttan oluşan Hemşire Öz-şefkat Ölçeği elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin bu yapısı teorik olarak taslak ölçekte oluşturulan üç alt boyutlu yapı ile benzerlik göstermiştir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizinde ifadelerin kendi boyutlarına istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde yüklendiği belirlenmiştir (p<0.001). Ölçek toplamı Cronbach’s alfa değeri 0.77, alt boyutlar için Cronbach’s alfa değerleri F1- Ortak İnsanlık Duygusu 0.71, F2- Öz Nezaket/Kendine Şefkat 0.76 ve F3- Bilinçli Farkındalık 0.68 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar geliştirilen Hemşire Öz-şefkat Ölçeği’nin hemşirelerin öz şefkat düzeyini değerlendirmede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Orak, O. S., Kemer, A. S., Yıldız, M. K. (2025). SELF-COMPASSION IN NURSES: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 711–724. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1702364

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (45)

  1. Alabdulaziz, H., Alquwez, N., Almazan, J. U., Albougami, A., Alshammari, F., & Cruz, J. P. (2020). The Self-Compassion Scale Arabic version for baccalaureate nursing students: A validation study. Nurse Education Today, 89, 104420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104420
  2. Altun, Ö. Ş., Kabakçı, K., & Olçun, Z. (2020). Self-compassion in nursing. Archives Medical Review Journal, 29(3), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.593594
  3. Bentler, P. M., & Chih-Ping Chou. (1987). Practical issues in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001
  4. Bramley, L., & Matiti, M. (2014). How does it really feel to be in my shoes? Patients’ experiences of compassion within nursing care and their perceptions of developing compassionate nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(19–20), 2790–2799. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12537
  5. Bursal, M. (2019). Basic data analysis with SPSS. Anı Publishing.
  6. Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2015). Evaluating the multifactor structure of the long and short versions of the self-compassion scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22187
  7. Cunha, M., Xavier, A., & Castilho, P. (2016). Understanding self-compassion in adolescents: validation study of the self-compassion scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.023
  8. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4
  9. Delaney, M. C. (2018). Caring for the caregivers: Evaluation of the effect of an eight-week pilot mindful self-compassion (MSC) training program on nurses’ compassion fatigue and resilience. Plos One, 13(11), e0207261. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207261
  10. Derang, I., Pujiastuti, M., & Sinaga, B. R. (2022). Overview of self-compassion on nurses at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan 2022. Journal of Nursing Science Update, 10(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jik.2022.010.02.8
  11. DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage.
  12. Dönmez, Ş., & Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2021). Adaptation of the body compassion scale into Turkish: A study of validity and reliability. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 18(48), 244–262. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mkusbed/issue/65621/990265
  13. Erçevik, R., & Bahçecik, A. N. (2024). Investigation of work-related strain and burnout levels among nurses. Journal of Health Academician, 11(4), 586–593.
  14. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437810180010
  15. Germer, C. K. (2020). Self-compassionate mindfulness: Dealing with destructive emotions (H. Ünlü Haktanır, Trans.). Diyojen Publishing.
  16. Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. (2019). Self-compassionate mindfulness: Practice guide (F. Tarımtay Altun, Trans.). Diyojen Publishing.
  17. Hatcher, L., & O’Rourke, N. (2013). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). SAS Institute.
  18. Heffernan, M., Quinn Griffin, M. T., McNulty, S. R., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2010). Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in nurses. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(4), 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01853.x
  19. Henderson, A. (2001). Emotional labor and nursing: An under-appreciated aspect of caring work. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 130–138.
  20. Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Sage.
  21. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS applied multivariate statistical techniques. Dynamic Academy Publications.
  22. Karagöz, Y. (2014). SPSS 21.1 applied biostatistics. Nobel Academic Publishing.
  23. Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS–AMOS–META applied statistical analysis (2nd ed.). Nobel Academic Publishing.
  24. Kotera, Y., & Sheffield, D. (2020). Revisiting the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form: Stronger associations with self-inadequacy and resilience. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2(6), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00309-w
  25. Lluch-Sanz, C., Galiana, L., Vidal-Blanco, G., & Sansó, N. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale—Short Form: Study of its role as a protector of Spanish nurses’ professional quality of life and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing Reports, 12(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep12010008
  26. Maricic, J., Bjelic, S., & Jelic, K. (2023). The role of self-compassion and attributions in the mental health of older adolescents amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(21), 6981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20216981
  27. Meng, R., Yu, Y., Chai, S., Luo, X., Gong, B., Liu, B., & Yu, C. (2019). Examining psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS-SF) in nursing students and medical workers. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 793–809. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S216411
  28. Misurya, I., Misurya, P., & Dutta, A. (2020). The effect of self-compassion on psychosocial and clinical outcomes in patients with medical conditions: A systematic review. Cureus, 12(10), e10937. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10998
  29. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  30. Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
  31. Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2022). Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). In Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research (pp. 1–22). Springer.
  32. Neff, K. D., Bluth, K., Tóth-Király, I., Davidson, O., Knox, M. C., Williamson, Z., & Costigan, A. (2021). Development and validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774
  33. Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., … Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629
  34. Neff, K. D., Whittaker, T. A., & Karl, A. (2017). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in four distinct populations: Is the use of a total scale score justified? Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(6), 596–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1269334
  35. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20147
  36. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2020). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  37. Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
  38. Randomness and Integrity Services Ltd. (n.d.). Random.org: True random number generator. https://www.random.org/#numbers
  39. Sansó, N., Galiana, L., González, B., Sarmentero, J., Reynes, M., Oliver, A., & Garcia-Toro, M. (2019). Differential effects of two contemplative practice-based programs for health care professionals. Psychosocial Intervention, 28(3), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2019a12
  40. Sharma, B., & Jiwan, T. (2015). Self-compassion: Basis of quality nursing care. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 5(2), 279–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-2996.2015.00055.5
  41. Světlák, M., Daňhelová, Š., Kóša, B., Slezáčková, A., & Šumec, R. (2021). Self-compassion in medical students: a pilot study of its association with professionalism pressure. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02930-2
  42. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye. (2025). Health statistics yearbook—2023. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/50500/0/siy202307032025pdf.pdf
  43. Thurston, R. C., Fritz, M. M., Chang, Y., Barinas Mitchell, E., & Maki, P. M. (2021). Self-compassion and subclinical cardiovascular disease among midlife women. Health Psychology, 40(11), 747–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001137
  44. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: Application of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46, 74–85.
  45. Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Adaptation of the short form of self-compassion scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 18(4), 2502–2517.