Journals / Çukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Interpretable Decision Tree Model for Classification of Acute Appendicitis Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Data: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.

Klinik, Laboratuvar ve Görüntüleme Verileri Kullanılarak Akut Apandisitin Sınıflandırılmasına Yönelik Yorumlanabilir Karar Ağacı Modeli: Retrospektif Tek Merkezli Bir Çalışma.

Ali Bekraki(Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Hamidiye Tıp Fakültesi)0000-0002-9396-6124
Ahmad Shahin(Lebanese University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, 3rd Branch Laboratory of informatics and their applications)0000-0003-4704-3035
Pages
506–514
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results: The decision tree achieved an overall accuracy of 84.3%, with a sensitivity of 89.8%, a specificity of 76.3%, a positive predictive value of 84.8%, and a negative predictive value of 83.7%.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Abstract Background: Acute appendicitis remains a common surgical emergency, and diagnostic uncertainty persists despite the use of clinical scores and imaging.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 281 patients who presented to El-Youssef Hospital with suspected appendicitis between June 2015 and May 2020.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results: The decision tree achieved an overall accuracy of 84.3%, with a sensitivity of 89.8%, a specificity of 76.3%, a positive predictive value of 84.8%, and a negative predictive value of 83.7%.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2015 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Akut apandisit · veri madenciliği · karar ağacı

Abstract

Abstract Background: Acute appendicitis remains a common surgical emergency, and diagnostic uncertainty persists despite the use of clinical scores and imaging. We examined whether an interpretable decision tree could support classification of appendicitis using routinely available clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 281 patients who presented to El-Youssef Hospital with suspected appendicitis between June 2015 and May 2020. A J48 decision tree was developed in WEKA using age, fever, white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, C-reactive protein, ultrasound findings, and computed tomography findings. Model performance was estimated with 10-fold cross-validation and reported using the confusion matrix. Results: The decision tree achieved an overall accuracy of 84.3%, with a sensitivity of 89.8%, a specificity of 76.3%, a positive predictive value of 84.8%, and a negative predictive value of 83.7%. Ultrasound, computed tomography, white blood cell count, and neutrophil percentage were the most informative predictors. Misclassifications were most common in patients with atypical presentations or borderline laboratory values. Conclusion: In this single-center retrospective cohort, a decision tree classifier showed good internal performance for distinguishing appendicitis from non-appendicitis. The findings support the feasibility of an interpretable decision-support model, but they do not establish clinical effectiveness. External multicenter validation and comparison with alternative algorithms and existing scoring systems are needed before clinical implementation. Keywords: Acute appendicitis; data mining; decision tree; machine learning; diagnostic classification; clinical decision support.

Özet

Özet Amaç: Akut apandisit, yaygın görülen cerrahi acillerden biri olmaya devam etmekte olup, klinik skorlama sistemleri ve görüntüleme yöntemlerinin kullanımına rağmen tanısal belirsizlik sürmektedir. Bu çalışmada, rutin olarak elde edilebilen klinik, laboratuvar ve görüntüleme değişkenleri kullanılarak yorumlanabilir bir karar ağacı modelinin apandisit sınıflandırmasını destekleyip destekleyemeyeceği araştırıldı. Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif tek merkezli çalışmaya, Haziran 2015 ile Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında El-Youssef Hastanesi’ne şüpheli apandisit tanısıyla başvuran 281 hasta dahil edildi. WEKA yazılımı kullanılarak yaş, ateş, beyaz küre sayısı, nötrofil yüzdesi, C-reaktif protein düzeyi, ultrasonografi bulguları ve bilgisayarlı tomografi bulgularını içeren bir J48 karar ağacı modeli geliştirildi. Model performansı 10 katlı çapraz doğrulama yöntemiyle değerlendirildi ve karışıklık matrisi kullanılarak raporlandı. Bulgular: Karar ağacı modeli %84,3 genel doğruluk oranı elde etti. Modelin duyarlılığı %89,8, özgüllüğü %76,3, pozitif prediktif değeri %84,8 ve negatif prediktif değeri %83,7 olarak bulundu. Ultrasonografi, bilgisayarlı tomografi, beyaz küre sayısı ve nötrofil yüzdesi en bilgilendirici belirteçler olarak saptandı. Yanlış sınıflandırmalar en sık atipik klinik prezentasyona veya sınırda laboratuvar değerlerine sahip hastalarda görüldü. Sonuç: Bu retrospektif tek merkezli kohortta, karar ağacı sınıflandırıcısı apandisit ve non-apandisit olgularını ayırt etmede iyi düzeyde içsel performans göstermiştir. Bulgular, yorumlanabilir bir klinik karar destek modelinin uygulanabilirliğini desteklemekle birlikte, klinik etkinliğini kanıtlamamaktadır. Klinik uygulamaya geçilmeden önce çok merkezli dış doğrulama çalışmaları ile alternatif algoritmalar ve mevcut skorlama sistemleriyle karşılaştırmalı analizlerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler Akut apandisit; veri madenciliği; karar ağacı; makine öğrenmesi; tanısal öngörü; klinik karar desteği.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bekraki, A., Shahin, A. (2026). Interpretable Decision Tree Model for Classification of Acute Appendicitis Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Data: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.. Çukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 506–514. https://doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1958579

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (35)

  1. Channick SA. Healthcare cost containment: No longer an option but a mandate. Nev LJ. 2012;13:370.
  2. Di Saverio S, Podda M, De Simone B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis: 2020 update of the WSES Jerusalem guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15:27. doi:10.1186/s13017-020-00306-3
  3. Kabir SA, Kabir SI, Sun R, Jafferbhoy S, Karim A. How to diagnose an acutely inflamed appendix; a systematic review of the latest evidence. Int J Surg. 2017;40:155-162. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.013
  4. Sandell E, Berg M, Sandblom G, et al. Surgical decision-making in acute appendicitis. BMC Surg. 2015;15:69. doi:10.1186/s12893-015-0053-x
  5. Snyder MJ, Guthrie M, Cagle S. Acute Appendicitis: Efficient Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(1):25-33.
  6. Sartelli M, Baiocchi GL, Catena GL, et al. Prospective Observational Study on Acute Appendicitis Worldwide (POSAW). World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:19. doi:10.1186/s13017-018-0179-0
  7. Sharma P, Jain A, Shankar G, Jinkala S, Kumbhar US, Shamanna SG. Diagnostic accuracy of Alvarado, RIPASA and Tzanakis scoring system in acute appendicitis: A prospective observational study. Trop Doct. 2021;51(4):475-481. doi:10.1177/00494755211030165
  8. Saeed S, Shaikh A, Memon M, Naqvi SM. Impact of Data Mining Techniques to Analyze Health Care Data. J Med Imaging Health Inform. 2018;8:682-690. doi:10.1166/jmihi.2018.2385
  9. Walczak S, Scharf J. Reducing surgical patient cost through use of an artificial neural network to predict transfusion requirements. Decis Support Syst. 2000;30:125-138. doi:10.1016/S0167-9236(00)00093-2
  10. Mohanty S, Satapathy MP, Sahu DN. Study of incidence and demographic profile of inguinal hernia in adults. Int J Res Med Sci. 2018;6(9):2969-2973.
  11. Jagtap SB, Kodge BG. Census Data Mining and Data Analysis using WEKA. In: ICETSTM – 2013 International Conference in Emerging Trends in Science, Technology and Management; 2013; Singapore.
  12. Kollias TF, Gallagher CP, Albaashiki A, Burle VS, Slouha E. Sex Differences in Appendicitis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e60055. doi:10.7759/cureus.60055
  13. Hatem F, Baig H, Khaldas F, Lucocq J. Negative Appendicectomy Rates in Females of Childbearing Age: A Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27412. doi:10.7759/cureus.27412
  14. Moris D, Paulson EK, Pappas TN. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2021;326(22):2299-2311. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20502
  15. Omari AH, Khammash MR, Qasaimeh GR, Shammari AK, Yaseen MK, Hammori SK. Acute appendicitis in the elderly: risk factors for perforation. World J Emerg Surg. 2014;9(1):6. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-9-6
  16. Krzyzak M, Mulrooney SM. Acute Appendicitis Review: Background, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2020;12:e8562. doi:10.7759/cureus.8562
  17. Bhargavi VA, Abhijeeth DS, Amar DN. The Accuracy of Leucocyte Count in Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis. Int J Med Pharm Res. 2003;4(3):14-19.
  18. Flum DR, Morris A, Koepsell T, Dellinger EP. Has Misdiagnosis of Appendicitis Decreased Over Time? A Population-Based Analysis. JAMA. 2001;286(14):1748-1753. doi:10.1001/jama.286.14.1748
  19. Weinberger H, Zeina AR, Ashkenazi I. Misdiagnosis of Acute Appendicitis in the Emergency Department: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Outcomes According to the Patients’ Disposition. Ochsner J. 2023. doi:10.31486/toj.23.0051
  20. Naiditch JA, Lautz TB, Daley S, Pierce MC, Reynolds M. The implications of missed opportunities to diagnose appendicitis in children. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(6):592-596. doi:10.1111/acem.12144
  21. Chang YJ, Chao HC, Kong MS, Hsia SH, Yan DC. Misdiagnosed Acute Appendicitis in Children in the Emergency Department. Chang Gung Med J. 2010;33(5):551-556.
  22. Raveenthiran V, Darun N, Shobini S. Neglected Appendicitis. In: Weledji E, editor. Appendicitis Causes and Treatment. London: IntechOpen; 2023. doi:10.5772/intechopen.1001119
  23. Rothrock SG, Green SM, Dobson M, Colucciello SA, Simmons CM. Misdiagnosis of appendicitis in nonpregnant women of childbearing age. J Emerg Med. 1995;13(1):1-8. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(94)00104-9
  24. Baek HN, Jung YH, Hwang YH. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for appendicitis in elderly patients. J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2011;27(5):241-245. doi:10.3393/jksc.2011.27.5.241
  25. Min LQ, Lu J, He HY. Clinical significance of appendicoliths in elderly patients over eighty years old undergoing emergency appendectomy: A single-center retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2024;16(11):3453-3462. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v16.i11.3453
  26. Gaitur A. Clinical effectiveness study of the new diagnostic score of acute appendicitis in the elderly. Mold J Health Sci. 2023;10(3):25-34. doi:10.52645/MJHS.2023.3.04
  27. Incesu L, Coskun A, Selcuk MB, Akan H, Sozubir S, Bernay F. Acute Appendicitis: MR imaging and sonographic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(3):669-674. doi:10.2214/ajr.168.3.9057519
  28. Favara G, Maugeri A, Barchitta M, Ventura A, Basile G, Agodi A. Comparison of RIPASA and ALVARADO scores for risk assessment of acute appendicitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0275427. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275427
  29. Akmeşe Ö, Dogan G, Kör H, Erbay H, Demir E. The Use of Machine Learning Approaches for the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis. Emerg Med Int. 2020;2020:7306435. doi:10.1155/2020/7306435
  30. Shahin A, Moudani W, Chakik F, Khalil M. Data Mining in Healthcare Information Systems: Case Studies in Northern Lebanon. In: 2014 3rd International Conference on e-Technologies and Networks for Development (ICeND); 2014. doi:10.1109/ICeND.2014.6991370
  31. Gunturi Subrahmanya SV, Shetty DK, Patil V, et al. The role of data science in healthcare advancements: Applications, benefits, and future prospects. Ir J Med Sci. 2022;191(4):1473-1483. doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02730-z
  32. David BO, Aanuoluwapo CDO, Ojima ZW, Akinsola JA, Temitope A, Jonathan L. Artificial intelligence in healthcare delivery: Prospects and pitfalls. J Med Surg Public Health. 2024;3:100108. doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100108
  33. Williamson SM, Prybutok V. Balancing Privacy and Progress: A Review of Privacy Challenges, Systemic Oversight, and Patient Perceptions in AI-Driven Healthcare. Appl Sci. 2023;14(2):675. doi:10.3390/app14020675
  34. Witten I, Hall M, Frank E, Holmes G, Pfahringer B, Reutemann P. The WEKA data mining software: An update. SIGKDD Explor. 2009;11:10-18. doi:10.1145/1656274.1656278
  35. Santos-Pereira J, Gruenwald L, Bernardino J. Top data mining tools for the healthcare industry. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci. 2022;34:4968-4982. doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.06.002