SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Single-Step Fabrication of Chitosan-Containing 3D Nanofiber Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Özay Eroğlu(MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6268-9155
Hanife Şevval Dere(MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY)0009-0007-9870-9163
Ugur Erkarslan(MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7667-2151
Hülya Kara Subasat(MUĞLA SITKI KOÇMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-2032-8930
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These results indicate that the produced three-dimensional PCL/GEL/CS/nHA scaffolds have strong potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Considering the increasing aging population and the exponential rise in bone regeneration and graft usage operations due to trauma and degeneration, the annual cost of such procedures was projected to reach $1 billion by 2015.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling behavior, and biodegradation tests demonstrated that the developed scaffolds possess suitable moisture permeability, water absorption capacity, and a controlled degradation profile.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These results indicate that the produced three-dimensional PCL/GEL/CS/nHA scaffolds have strong potential for application in bone tissue engineering.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2015 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Bone Tissue Engineering · Nanofiber Scaffolds · Chitosan

Abstract

Considering the increasing aging population and the exponential rise in bone regeneration and graft usage operations due to trauma and degeneration, the annual cost of such procedures was projected to reach $1 billion by 2015. Bone tissue engineering offers an innovative alternative to traditional bone grafting by promoting cell migration and supporting vascularization, emphasizing the importance of mimicking the natural properties of transplanted tissue. This approach represents a groundbreaking solution in the field of bone transplantation. In this study, compressible and easily shapeable three-dimensional composite fibrous materials were developed for the treatment of bone defects with irregular geometries. These materials were specifically designed to be suitable for use in addressing complex and irregular bone damage. To achieve this, scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL), a polyester approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); chitosan (CS), a polysaccharide; gelatin (GEL), a protein; and varying ratios of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) were produced and optimized using the electrospinning method. This study focused on optimizing the PCL/GEL/CS/nHA composite materials to achieve a three-dimensional, cotton-like structure with high porosity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the successful formation of three-dimensional nanofiber architectures with enhanced porosity and an interconnected network structure. The cotton-like, compressible, and moldable architecture, achieved through a specially designed spherical collector in a single-step process, makes these scaffolds exceptionally well-suited for filling complex and irregularly shaped bone defects. Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling behavior, and biodegradation tests demonstrated that the developed scaffolds possess suitable moisture permeability, water absorption capacity, and a controlled degradation profile. These results indicate that the produced three-dimensional PCL/GEL/CS/nHA scaffolds have strong potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

🔖

Cite This Article

Eroğlu, Ö., Dere, H. Ş., Erkarslan, U., Subasat, H. K. (2026). Single-Step Fabrication of Chitosan-Containing 3D Nanofiber Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 15 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1799077

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (35)

  1. C. Ferguson, E. Alpern, T. Miclau, and J. A. Helms, “Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation?,” Mech. Dev., vol. 87, no. 1–2, pp. 57–66, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0925-4773(99)00142-2.
  2. W. Sieiński, “Endometrial stromal neoplasms of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study.,” Patol. Pol., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 30–34, 1992.
  3. A. H. Schmidt, “Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard?,” Injury, vol. 52, pp. S18–S22, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.01.043.
  4. R. Betz and M. D. R., “Limitations of autograft and allograft: New synthetic solutions.,” pp. S561–S570, 2002.
  5. V. Campana et al., “Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2445–2461, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10856-014-5240-2.
  6. H. J. Haugen, S. P. Lyngstadaas, F. Rossi, and G. Perale, “Bone grafts: which is the ideal biomaterial?,” J. Clin. Periodontol., vol. 46, no. S21, pp. 92–102, 2019, doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13058.
  7. A. Odén, E. V. McCloskey, J. A. Kanis, N. C. Harvey, and H. Johansson, “Burden of high fracture probability worldwide: secular increases 2010–2040,” Osteoporos. Int., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2243–2248, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3154-6.
  8. G. Battafarano et al., “Strategies for bone regeneration: From graft to tissue engineering,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1–22, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ijms22031128.
  9. A. Grémare et al., “Characterization of printed PLA scaffolds for bone tissue engineering,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. - Part A, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 887–894, 2018, doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36289.
  10. M. Zienkiewicz-Strzałka, A. Deryło-Marczewska, Y. A. Skorik, V. A. Petrova, A. Choma, and I. Komaniecka, “Silver nanoparticles on chitosan/silica nanofibers: Characterization and antibacterial activity,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 21, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijms21010166.
  11. F. Cestari, M. Petretta, Y. Yang, A. Motta, B. Grigolo, and V. M. Sglavo, “3D printing of PCL/nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds derived from biogenic sources for bone tissue engineering,” Sustain. Mater. Technol., vol. 29, no. July, p. e00318, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00318.
  12. F. Liu et al., “Preparation and antibacterial properties of ε-polylysine-containing gelatin/chitosan nanofiber films,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 164, pp. 3376–3387, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.152.
  13. R. Yao, J. He, G. Meng, B. Jiang, and F. Wu, “Electrospun PCL/Gelatin composite fibrous scaffolds: Mechanical properties and cellular responses,” J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 824–838, 2016, doi: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1160560.
  14. H. Elkhouly, W. Mamdouh, and D. I. El-Korashy, “Electrospun nano-fibrous bilayer scaffold prepared from polycaprolactone/gelatin and bioactive glass for bone tissue engineering,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., vol. 32, no. 9, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10856-021-06588-6.
  15. V. Brun et al., “Chitosan/hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffold for bone tissue engineering,” Biomed. Mater. Eng., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 63–73, 2014, doi: 10.3233/BME-140975.
  16. H. Zhou and J. Lee, “Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering,” Acta Biomater., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 2769–2781, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.019.
  17. L. Lauro et al., “Coated electrospun bioactive wound dressings: Mechanical properties and ability to control lesion microenvironment,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 100, no. October 2018, pp. 493–504, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.005.
  18. A. A. M. Shimojo, A. G. M. Perez, S. E. M. Galdames, I. C. S. Brissac, and M. H. A. Santana, “Stabilization of porous chitosan improves the performance of its association with platelet-rich plasma as a composite scaffold,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 60, pp. 538–546, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.080.
  19. F. Mohammad, B. Kaffashi, and P. Shokrollahi, “PCL / chitosan / Zn-doped nHA electrospun nanocomposite scaffold promotes adipose derived stem cells adhesion and proliferation,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 118, pp. 133–142, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.071.
  20. M. Yılmaz and A. Altan, “Elektroeğirme Yöntemi̇ne Dayalı Nanosensörleri̇n Gıda Alanındaki̇ Uygulamalari,” Gida / J. Food, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 708–725, 2017, doi: 10.15237/gida.gd17057.
  21. H. Zhong, J. Huang, J. Wu, and J. Du, “Electrospinning nanofibers to 1D, 2D, and 3D scaffolds and their biomedical applications,” vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 787–804, 2022.
  22. S. Dai, H. Liang, M. Zhu, and Y. Zhang, “Electrospun silk for biomedical applications,” Med-X, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s44258-024-00038-y.
  23. I. M. Sek, “Fabrication of Two- and Three- Dimensional Fibrous Mats by Electrospinning Method,” vol. I, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2018.
  24. S. Gautam et al., “Gelatin-polycaprolactone-nanohydroxyapatite electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 119, no. September 2020, p. 111588, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111588.
  25. Z. Ebrahimi, S. Irani, A. Ardeshirylajimi, and E. Seyedjafari, “Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of stem cells by 3D printed PCL scaffolds coated with collagen and hydroxyapatite,” Sci. Rep., pp. 1–15, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15602-y.
  26. S. Gautam et al., “Surface modification of PCL-gelatin-chitosan electrospun scaffold by nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering,” Mater. Today Commun., vol. 34, no. August 2022, p. 105237, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.105237.
  27. J. Liu et al., “Polycaprolactone/Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite Electrospun Nanomembrane Materials Incorporated with Different Proportions of Attapulgite Synergistically Promote Bone Formation,” Int. J. Nanomedicine, vol. 17, no. August, pp. 4087–4103, 2022, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S372247.
  28. M. Zhang, X. Qiao, W. Han, T. Jiang, F. Liu, and X. Zhao, “Alginate-chitosan oligosaccharide-ZnO composite hydrogel for accelerating wound healing,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 266, no. February, p. 118100, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118100.
  29. R. M. Jin, N. Sultana, S. Baba, S. Hamdan, and A. F. Ismail, “Porous PCL/Chitosan and nHA/PCL/chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Fabrication and evaluation,” J. Nanomater., vol. 2015, 2015, doi: 10.1155/2015/357372.
  30. M. A. Woodruff and D. W. Hutmacher, “Progress in Polymer Science The return of a forgotten polymer — Polycaprolactone in the 21st century,” vol. 35, pp. 1217–1256, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002.
  31. R. Das et al., “DLP 3D-printed hydroxyapatite-bioglass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Structural, mechanical, biological, and antibacterial evaluations,” Mater. Today Chem., vol. 48, no. July, p. 102925, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.102925.
  32. A. Kumar, S. Krishna, and A. Biswas, “Constructing a biofunctionalized 3D-printed gelatin / sodium alginate / chitosan tri-polymer complex scaffold with improvised biological and mechanical properties for bone-tissue engineering,” Bio-Design Manuf., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 57–73, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s42242-023-00249-z.
  33. L. Lauro et al., “Coated electrospun bioactive wound dressings: Mechanical properties and ability to control lesion microenvironment,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 100, no. October 2018, pp. 493–504, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.005.
  34. H. Zhong, J. Huang, J. Wu, and J. Du, “Electrospinning nanofibers to 1D, 2D, and 3D scaffolds and their biomedical applications,” vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 787–804, 2022.
  35. R. Das et al., “DLP 3D-printed hydroxyapatite-bioglass composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Structural, mechanical, biological, and antibacterial evaluations,” Mater. Today Chem., vol. 48, no. July, p. 102925, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.102925.