SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 72 Issue: 3

Evaluation of urine samples of diabetic rats treated with metformin and different natural product combinations

Metformin ve Farklı Doğal Ürün Kombinasyonları ile Tedavi Edilen Diyabetik Sıçanların İdrar Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yeliz Kaya Kartal(Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine department of Biochemistry)0000-0002-3661-5504
Tevhide Sel(ANKARA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF BASIC SCIENCES VETERINARY MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY)0000-0002-9753-779X
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-07-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results showed that drug and drug+natural product combination reduced urinary glucose excretion in diabetes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Diabetes is highly prevalent worldwide, and urine analyses with dipstick methods are important tools to monitor glucosuria and nephron status in diabetic animals.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Male wistar albino rats were used in the study and type 2 diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results showed that drug and drug+natural product combination reduced urinary glucose excretion in diabetes.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Diabetes · Metformin · Natural Products

Abstract

Diabetes is highly prevalent worldwide, and urine analyses with dipstick methods are important tools to monitor glucosuria and nephron status in diabetic animals. The aim of this study is to follow glucosuria, ketonuria, and proteinuria changes in hypoglycemic drug use in diabetes and drug and natural product combinations. Male wistar albino rats were used in the study and type 2 diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.). The drug and natural products were administered orally for a period of 84 days (healthy control, diabetic, diabetic+metformin, diabetic+metformin+cherry laurel, diabetic+metformin+rutin and diabetic+metformin+alpha lipoic acid groups), and the urine samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The urinalysis (glucose, ketone, and protein) was done with a dipstick. The results were scored between 0 and 3, and Kruskal-Wallis analysis was applied. There was a significant difference between the untreated diabetic group (DM) and the remaining groups in glucose, but ketone and protein analysis did not show any statistically significant differences. The results showed that drug and drug+natural product combination reduced urinary glucose excretion in diabetes. In conclusion, the use of metformin and/or natural product combinations decreased the glucose output in urine. With an easy and cheap monitoring method such as a dipstick, the metabolic state can be revealed. And the effect of drug and natural product combinations can be monitored.

Özet

Diyabet tüm dünyada yaygın bir hastalık olup diyabetik hayvanlar için glukozüri ve diyabetik nefropatiyi kontrol etmek amacıyla dipstick ile idrar analizi önemli bir ölçümdür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, diyabette hipoglisemik ilaç kullanımında ve ilaç ve doğal ürün kombinasyonunda glukozüri, ketonüri ve proteinüri değişikliklerini izlemektir. Tip 2 diyabet streptozotosin (65 mg/kg, i.p) ve nikotinamid (110 mg/kg, i.p) ile oluşturulmuştur. İlaç ve doğal ürünler 84 gün boyunca oral yolla verilmiş ve deney sonunda idrar örnekleri toplanmıştır. İdrar tahlili (glikoz, keton ve protein) dipstick ile yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar 0-3 arasında skorlanarak Kruskal Wallis analizi uygulanmıştır. Tedavi edilmemiş diyabetik grup (DM) ile diğer gruplar arasında glukoz açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmuş, ancak keton ve protein analizleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark göstermemiştir. Sonuçlar, ilaç ve ilaç+doğal ürün kombinasyonunun diyabette idrar glukoz atılımını azalttığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, metformin veya/ve doğal ürün kombinasyonlarının kullanımı idrarda glukoz çıkışını azaltmıştır. İdrarda glukoz testinin dipstick gibi kolay ve ucuz bir izleme yöntemi ile diyabetin geç komplikasyonları (nefropati) ortaya konabilir ve ilaç ve doğal ürün kombinasyonlarının etkisi izlenebilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kartal, Y. K., Sel, T. (2025). Evaluation of urine samples of diabetic rats treated with metformin and different natural product combinations. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 72 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.1513687

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (47)

  1. Chalmers J, MacMahon S, Patel A, et al (2008): Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 358, 2560-2572.
  2. Agcam E, Akyildiz A (2015): Siyah havuç posasından antosiyaninlerin ekstraksiyonuna farklı çözgen ve asit konsantrasyonlarının etkileri. Gıda, 40, 149-156.
  3. Aldridge CF, Behrend EN, Smith JR, et al (2020): Accuracy of urine dipstick tests and urine glucose-to-creatinine ratios for assessment of glucosuria in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 257, 391-396.
  4. Anserment C, Centeno G, Bignon Y, et al (2022): Dysfunction of the circadian clock in the kidney tubule leads to enhanced kidney gluconeogenesis and exacerbated hyperglycemia in diabetes. Kidney Int, 101, 563-573.
  5. Badekar A, Shah K, Koffas M (2010): Natural Products for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment. Advances in Appl Microbiol, 71, 21-73.
  6. Barsanti JA (2012): Urinary Disorders. In: Willard MD., Tvedten H (Eds). 5th edn. Elsevier Saunders Publication, Missouri.
  7. Bielohuby M, Menhofer D, Stoehr BJM, et al (2011): Failure of urine dipsticks to detect ketosis in rats. Obes Facts, 4, 81-82.
  8. Boztok Ozgermen B, Bulut G, Alpaslan Pinarli F, et al (2022): Investigation of the Effects of fetal rat kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells implementation on doxorubicin-induced nephropathy in male Sprague-Dawley rat. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 68, 201-209.
  9. Bronnum-Hansen K, Jacobsen F, Flink JM (1985): Anthocyanin Colourants from Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) 1. Process Consideration for Production the Liquid Extract. J of Food Tech, 20, 703-711.
  10. Chapman SE, Russel KE (2009): Urine glucose. 680-682. In: Vaden SL., Knoll JS., Smith FWK, Tilley LP (Eds). Blackwell’s Five-Minutre Veterinary Consult: Laboratory tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine & Feline. Wiley and Blackwell Publication, Iowa.
  11. Esringu A, Aksic MF, Ercisli S, et al (2016): Organic acids, sugars and mineral content of cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) accessions in Turkey. C R Acad Bulg Sci, 69, 115-122.
  12. Feldman EC, Nelson RW (1996): Diabetes mellitus. 339-391. In: Feldman EC, Nelson RW (Eds), Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences Division, Philadelphia.
  13. Field A (2013): Discovering Statistics Using Ibm Spss Statistics. Sage Publication Ltd. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi.
  14. Ghosal S, Sinha B (2023): Finerenone in type 2 diabetes and renal outcomes: A random-effects model meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 20, 1114894.
  15. Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I (2025): Renal function tests. Stat Pearls Publ, Florida.
  16. Grauer GF (2011): Proteinuria: measurement and interpretation. Top Companion Anim Med, 26, 121-127.
  17. Han TH (2013): Urinalysis: The usefulness and limitations of uirne dipstick testing. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol, 17, 42-48.
  18. Hao H, Shao Z, Tang D, et al (2012): Preventive effects of rutin on the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats. Life Sci, 91, 959–967.
  19. Hard GC (1995): Species comparison of the content and composition of urinary proteins. Fd Chem Toxic, 33, 731-746.
  20. Hoffman JF, Fan AX, Neuendorf EH, et al (2018): Hydrophobic sand versus metabolic cages: a comparison of urine collection methods for rats (Rattus norvegicus). J of the American Assoc for Lab Anim Sci, 57, 51-57.
  21. Jenkins JR (2008): Rodent diagnostic testing. J of Exotic Pet Med, 17, 16-25.
  22. Kamalakkannan N, Mainzen-Prince PS (2006): Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of rutin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 98, 97–103.
  23. Karafakioğlu YS (2019): Effects of a lipoic acid on noise induced oxidative stress in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci, 26, 989–994.
  24. Kaya Kartal Y (2023): Karayemiş, lipoik asit ve rutin flavonoidlerinin metformin verilen diyabetik ratlarda etkisi. PhD Thesis, Ankara University Institue of Health Sciences, Ankara.
  25. Knoll JS (2009): General Principles for Performing Urine Tests. In: Vaden SL., Knoll JS., Smith FWK, Tilley LP (Eds). Blackwell’s Five-Minutre Veterinary Consult: Laboratory tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine & Feline. Wiley and Blackwell Publication, Ames, Iowa.
  26. Kumar D, Dutta P, Ramachandran R, et al (2025): Excreted albumin of diabetic microalbuminuria cases exhibits pseudo esterase activity: A new way to explore microalbuminuria, perhaps with more information. Clin Chim Acta, 565, 119947
  27. LeMay C, Chu K, Hu M, et al (2006): Estrogens protect pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis and prevent insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 9232-9237.
  28. Makom Ndifossap IG, Frigerio F, Casimir M et al (2010): Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark extract corrects glycaemia in diabetic rats and acts on beta-cells by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Endocrinol, 205, 79-86.
  29. Masrika NUE, Arsyad A, Yustisia I, et al (2020): Values of urinalysis dipstick in evaluating high protein, lowcarbohydrate, low-fat diets in male wistar rats. IOP Conf Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 575, 012037.
  30. McClure DE (1999): Clinical Pathology and Sample Collection in the Laboratory Rodent. Vet Clin of North America: Exotic Anim Pract, 2, 565-589.
  31. Meng M, Ma XX, Tian YL, et al (2017): Metformin improves the glucose and lipid metabolism via influencing the level of serum total bile acids in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur Rev For Med and Pharmacol Sci, 21, 2232-2237.
  32. Olukiran OS, Akomolafe RO, Ilesanmi OS, et al (2018): Age-related changes in urinary protein excretion in relation to indices of renal function in Wistar rats. Animal Model Exp Med, 1, 295-304.
  33. Latimer KS, Mahaffey EA, Prasse KW (2003): Duncan and Prasse’s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. Iowa State Press, Iowa.
  34. Rajdl D (2016): Basic Urine Tests. 42-51. In: Racek J and Rajdl D (Eds). Clinical Biochemistry. Charles University, Prague.
  35. Rees CA, Boothe DM (2004): Evaluation of the effect of cephalexin and enrofloxacin on clinical laboratory measurements of urine glucose in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 224, 1455– 1458.
  36. Rios JL, Francini F, Schinella GR (2015): Natural products fort he treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Planta Med, 81, 975-994.
  37. Russel KE (2009): Urine Protein. 690-692. In: Vaden SL., Knoll JS., Smith FWK, Tilley LP (Eds). Blackwell’s Five-Minutre Veterinary Consult: Laboratory tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine & Feline. Wiley and Blackwell Publication, Ames, Iowa.
  38. Sales CH, Fatima Campos Pedrosa L (2006): Magnesium and diabetes mellitus: their relation. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl, 25, 554–562.
  39. Sauer MB, Dulac H, Clark S, et al (2006): Clinical pathology laboratory values of rats housed in wire-bottom cages compared with those of rats housed in solid-bottom cages. J of the American Assoc for Lab Anim Sci, 45, 30-35.
  40. Schumann GB, Schweitzer SC (1996): Examination of urine. 1114-1139. In: Kaplan LA, Pesce AJ (Eds), Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis and Correlation. Mosby, St Louis.
  41. Stockham SL, Scott MA (2002): Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Iowa State Press, Iowa.
  42. Sun C, Wang L, Sun J, et al (2020): Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of rutin on hyperglycemic rats. J Tradit Chin, 40, 640–645.
  43. Tripathy NK, Latimer KS (2011): Urinary System. 253-282. In: KS Latimer (Ed), Duncan & Prasse’s Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. Wiley and Blackwell Publication, Iowa.
  44. Tsuji S, Sugiura M, Tsutsumi S, et al (2017): Sex differences in the excretion levels of traditional and novel urinary biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 42, 615-627.
  45. Vallon V (2011): Molecular determinants of renal glucose reabsorption. Focus on glucose transport by human renal Na+/d-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2. Am J Physiol, 300, C6-C8.
  46. Wilcox A, Russel KE (2009): Urine ketones. 686-687. In: Vaden SL., Knoll JS., Smith FWK, Tilley LP (Eds). Blackwell’s Five-Minutre Veterinary Consult: Laboratory tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine & Feline. Wiley and Blackwell Publication, Iowa.
  47. Zeugswetter FK, Sperk N (2019): Semiquantitative glucose measurements in urine samples and urine-soaked cat litter. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 47, 153-162.