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Journals / Akademik Gıda / 2026 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Shellfish: Risk for Norovirus Outbreaks and Sporadic Infections

Kabuklu Deniz Ürünleri: Norovirüs Salgınları ve Sporadik Enfeksiyonlar İçin Risk

Sevinç Sökel0000-0001-6303-3828
Mehmet Kale0000-0003-4156-1077
Sibel Hasırcıoğlu0000-0002-5436-0795
Sibel Yavru0000-0002-5839-364X
Oğuz Gürsoy0000-0002-5907-4595
Kübra Kocatürk0000-0003-3385-614X
Pages
340–350
Publication Date
2018-10-29
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In this study, the role of shellfish in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with NoV and strategies for preventing virus transmission via shellfish are reviewed.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:NoVs, previously known as Norwalk-like viruses from the Caliciviridae family, are non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral capsid symmetry.
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Key Findings & Data:Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as mussels and oysters, can filter out large quantities of water as part of their feeding activities and, accumulate and concentrate viruses from shallow, coastal and river waters frequently contaminated with sewage.
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Conclusion & Impact:In this study, the role of shellfish in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with NoV and strategies for preventing virus transmission via shellfish are reviewed.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Norovirüs · Kabuklu deniz ürünü · Midye

Abstract

NoVs, previously known as Norwalk-like viruses from the Caliciviridae family, are non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral capsid symmetry. NoV infection causes both secretory and osmotic diarrhea. A few NoV particles are sufficient to produce infection. NoV is mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Direct person-to-person contact or contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites are also responsible for spreading the virus. In general, epidemic and pandemic outbreaks occur due to NoVs. Sporadic cases have also been reported. Outbreaks and sporadic infections have been reported to be resulting from consumption of NoV contaminated shellfish (e.g. mussel, oyster, and crab), soft red fruits (strawberry and raspberry), vegetables (lettuce, tomatoes and parsley), bakery products, delicatessen meats, salads, sandwiches, water and ice. NoV is responsible for more than half of nonbacterial diarrheal diseases around the world. Outbreaks of NoV originating from shellfish such as mussels and oysters are common in the world. It has been reported that shellfish grown in virus contaminated waters and seafood products prepared for consumption by infected individuals may play a role for outbreaks. Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as mussels and oysters, can filter out large quantities of water as part of their feeding activities and, accumulate and concentrate viruses from shallow, coastal and river waters frequently contaminated with sewage. Depth, water temperature, precipitation, wind and salinity of the water in the mussel and oyster growing area are important factors for the prediction of outbreak risks. Shellfish has been reported to be important in the spread of foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. In Turkey, 78 tons of black mussels per year are collected from sea for consumption. The presence of NoV in mussels indicates that this shellfish could also be an important contaminant for foodborne viral infections and outbreaks in Turkey. Monitoring the prevalence of NoV in shellfish collected from Turkey can be used to prevent outbreaks in touristic locations and to monitor the potential of Turkish seas for viral contaminations. In this study, the role of shellfish in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with NoV and strategies for preventing virus transmission via shellfish are reviewed.

Özet

Daha önceleri Caliciviridae familyasından Norwalk benzeri virüsler olarak bilinen norovirüler (NoV), ikosahedral kapsid simetrisine sahip, zarfsız, pozitif (+) polariteli, tek iplikli RNA virüsleridir. NoV enfeksiyonu hem sekretuar hem de osmotik ishale neden olmaktadır. Enfeksiyonun meydana gelmesi için birkaç NoV partikülü yeterli olmaktadır. NoV, esas olarak kontamine gıdalar ve su ile yayılmaktadır. Virüsün yayılmasından kişiden kişiye doğrudan temas veya kontamine yüzeyler ve kusmuk ile temas da sorumludur. Genel olarak, NoV kaynaklı epidemik ve pandemik salgınlar görülmekte olup sporadik vakalar da bildirilmiştir. Salgınlar ve sporadik enfeksiyonlar, NoV ile kontamine olmuş kabuklu deniz ürünleri (örneğin midye, istiridye ve yengeç), yumuşak kırmızı meyveler (çilek ve ahududu), sebzeler (marul, domates ve maydanoz), unlu mamuller, şarküteri ürünleri, salatalar, sandviçler, su ve buzun tüketimi sonucunda meydana gelmektedir. NoV, dünya çapında bakteriyel olmayan ishal vakalarının yarısından fazlasından sorumludur. Midye ve istiridye gibi kabuklu deniz ürünlerinden kaynaklanan NoV salgınları dünyada yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Virüs bulaşmış sularda yetiştirilen kabuklu deniz ürünlerinin ve enfekte bireyler tarafından hazırlanan deniz ürünlerinin salgınlarda rol oynayabileceği bildirilmektedir. Midye ve istiridye gibi çift kabuklu/çenetli deniz ürünleri, beslenme faaliyetlerinin bir parçası olarak büyük miktarlarda suyu filtreleyebilmekte ve bu nedenle sıklıkla kanalizasyonla kontamine olmuş sığ, kıyı ve nehir sularındaki virüsleri biriktirip yoğunlaştırabilmektedir. Derinlik, su sıcaklığı, yağış ve rüzgâr ile midye ve istiridye yetiştirme alanlarındaki suyun tuzluluğu salgın risklerinin tahmini için önemli faktörlerdir. Kabuklu deniz ürünlerinin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların yayılmasında önemli olduğu bildirilmektedir. Türkiye'de tüketim için denizden yılda 78 ton kara midye avlanmaktadır. Toplanan midyelerde NoV varlığı, bu kabuklu deniz ürününün Türkiye'de gıda kaynaklı viral enfeksiyonlar ve salgınlar için önemli bir kontaminasyon kaynağı olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ülkemizde avlanan kabuklu deniz ürünlerinde NoV varlığının izlenmesi, turistik bölgelerdeki salgınların önlemesi ve Türk denizlerinin viral kontaminasyon potansiyelinin izlemesi için kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada, NoV kaynaklı gastroenterit salgınlarında kabuklu deniz ürünlerinin rolü ve kabuklu deniz ürünleri kaynaklı bulaşmaların önlemesinde kullanılabilecek başlıca stratejiler derlenmiştir.

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Cite This Article

Sökel, S., Kale, M., Hasırcıoğlu, S., Yavru, S., Gürsoy, O., Kocatürk, K. (2018). Shellfish: Risk for Norovirus Outbreaks and Sporadic Infections. Akademik Gıda, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 340–350. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.475372

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