Journals / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4

Design Enhancement and Simulation Studies in Cold Forging Process to Increase Efficiency in Fastener Production

Bağlantı Elemanı Üretim Verimliliğini Artırmak İçin Soğuk Dövme Prosesinde Tasarım İyileştirme ve Simülasyon Çalışmaları

Tuğçe Yağcı(MANİSA CELÂL BAYAR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-7478-9882
Osman Çulha(MANİSA CELÂL BAYAR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-1611-8452
Pages
916–927
Publication Date
2025-08-04
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Furthermore, approximately a 15% decrease in die cost and an 18% increase in die life used for shaping the head square form region were achieved.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, a modification was made to the cross-sectional geometry of a specific fastener, changing it from a cylindrical form to a square and by reducing the number of operational steps in cold forging and the stresses induced in the raw material and the die during production were examined.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The fastener was produced using 20MnB4 low-carbon steel raw material through 5 or 6 operations as predicted by conventional process design methods.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Furthermore, approximately a 15% decrease in die cost and an 18% increase in die life used for shaping the head square form region were achieved.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Soğuk dövme · Bağlantı elemanı · simülasyon çalışmaları

Abstract

In this study, a modification was made to the cross-sectional geometry of a specific fastener, changing it from a cylindrical form to a square and by reducing the number of operational steps in cold forging and the stresses induced in the raw material and the die during production were examined. In the study, design and process parameters were determined through simulation analysis, prototypes were produced, and experimental validation studies were conducted. The fastener was produced using 20MnB4 low-carbon steel raw material through 5 or 6 operations as predicted by conventional process design methods. In the simulation-based design studies, the stress values occurring during cross-sectional reductions, the formation of the square cross-section from cylindrical raw material, and the head shaping process were investigated. During the prototyping process, based on the results of the simulation studies, production was carried out using the cold forging method with a 5-operation process design, in which two extrusion operations were performed in a single die, and optimal die stresses were identified. As a result of the study, it was determined that there is an average compatibility of 98.9% between the obtained virtual and real production data. Furthermore, approximately a 15% decrease in die cost and an 18% increase in die life used for shaping the head square form region were achieved.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, özel bir bağlantı elemanının kesit geometrisinde silindirik formdan kareye değişikliği ve soğuk dövmede operasyon adım sayısının azaltılması ile üretim verimliliğinin artırılması hedeflenmiş ve üretim sırasında hammadde ve kalıpta ortaya çıkan gerilmeler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, tasarım ve proses parametreleri simülasyon analizleri belirlenmiş, prototip üretimler gerçekleştirilmiş ve deneysel doğrulama çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bağlantı elemanı, geleneksel proses tasarım çalışmalarıyla öngörülen 5 veya 6 operasyonla, 20MnB4 düşük karbonlu çelik hammadde kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Simülasyona dayalı tasarım çalışmalarında; kesit daralmaları, kare kesitin silindirik hammaddeden eldesi ve kafa formunun oluşturulması sırasında meydana gelen gerilme değerleri araştırılmıştır. Prototipleme sürecinde, simülasyon çalışmalarının sonuçlarına göre, iki ekstrüzyon operasyonunun tek kalıpta gerçekleştirilmesi ve optimum kalıp gerilmelerinin tespit edildiği 5 operasyonlu proses tasarımına dayanan soğuk dövme yöntemiyle üretim yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, sanal ve deneysel çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Sanal ve gerçek veriler arasında ortalama %98,9 düzeyinde bir uyum tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, kalıp maliyetinde yaklaşık %15 oranında azalma ve kafa altı kare form bölgesinin şekillendirilmesinde kullanılan kalıp ömründe %18 oranında artış elde edilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yağcı, T., Baygut, A., Çulha, O. (2025). Design Enhancement and Simulation Studies in Cold Forging Process to Increase Efficiency in Fastener Production. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 916–927. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1548540

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (32)

  1. Behrens, B. A., Puppa, J., Huskic, A., Brunotte, K., Bouguecha, A. ve Prüß, T., 2016. Influence of heat pipe cooling on the wear of hot forging dies. Production Engineering, 10, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-016-0698-z
  2. Black, J. T. ve Kohser, R. A., 2012. DeGarmo’s materials and processes in manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  3. Bulzak, T., Winiarski, G., Wójcik, Ł., Szala, M. 2022. Application of numerical simulation and physical modeling for verifying a cold forging process for rotary sleeves. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31, 2267–2280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06314-x
  4. Bunge, H. J., Pöhlandt, K., Tekkaya, A. E. ve Banabic, D., 2000. Formability of Metallic Materials, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
  5. Chai, U., Tzou, G. Y., Hsu, C. ve Wei, S., 2020. FEM simulation of multi-stage forging for dray fasteners. Key Engineering Materials, 830, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.830.1
  6. Chang, T. P., Huang, S. C., Huang, T. F. ve Dao, T. P., 2013. Analysis of cold preforming process for hollow fasteners with thin flange. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 418, 246-249. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.418.246
  7. Chen, S., Qin, Y., Chen, J. G. ve Choy, C. M., 2018. A forging method for reducing process steps in the forming of automotive fasteners. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 137, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.045
  8. Dalbosco, M., Lopes, G. S., Schmitt, P. D., Pinotti, L. ve Boing, D., 2021. Improving fatigue life of cold forging dies by finite element analysis: A case study. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 64, 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.039
  9. Díaz, A., Cuesta, I. I., Alegre, J. M., Jesus, A. M. P. ve Manso, J. M., 2021. Residual stresses in cold-formed steel members: Review of measurement methods and numerical modelling. Thin-Walled Structures, 159, 107335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.107335
  10. Groover, M., 2010. Fundamentals of modern manufacturing: materials, processes and systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  11. Gusel, L. ve Rudolf, R., 2015. Shear stress distribution analysis in cold formed material. Procedia Engineering, 100, 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.340
  12. Güler, M. ve Şen, S., 2016. Sonlu elemanlar yöntemi hakkında genel bilgiler. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 56-66.
  13. Huang, H. S. ve Hsia, S. Y., 2016. New design of process for cold forging to improve multi-stage gas fitting. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 8(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814016641571
  14. Hussain, K., Samad, Z., Othman, A., Pilli, S. C., Salman, N. J., Badruddin, I., Hakim, S. S., Quadir, G. ve Abdullah, A. B. 2009. A study on cold forging die design using different techniques. Modern Applied Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v3n3p143
  15. İnce, U. ve Güden, M., 2008. Simulation of The Cold Forging Process In Fastener Manufacture, Proceedings III. International Scientific Technical Conferance, Minsk, Belarus, 15-17.
  16. Jesner, G., Marsoner, S., Schemmel, I., Haeussler, K., Ebner, R. ve Pippan, R., 2008. Damage mechanisms in materials for cold forging dies under loading conditions typical for dies. International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 3, 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMP.2008.018736
  17. Jo, A., Jeong, M., Lee, S., Moon, Y. ve Hwang, S., 2021. Multi-stage cold forging process for manufacturing a high-strength one-body input shaft. Materials, 14(3), 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030532
  18. Joun, M. S., Ji, S. M., Chung, W. J., Cho, G. S. ve Lee, K. H., 2022. A new general fatigue limit diagram and its application of predicting die fatigue life during cold forging. Materials, 15(7), 2351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072351
  19. Kadoya, S., Kitayama, S., Takano, M. ve Kobayashi, A., 2021. Process parameters optimization for minimizing risk of crack and forging energy in cold forging. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 87. http://doi.org//10.1299/transjsme.20-00370
  20. Kaur, J., Pabla, B.S., Dhami, S.S., 2019. Optimization and comparison of deformation during closed die forging of different parts. In: Malik, H., Srivastava, S., Sood, Y., Ahmad, A. (eds) Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Engineering. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 698. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1819-1_44
  21. Kılıçaslan, C. ve İnce, U., 2017. Civata soğuk dövme işleminde kalıp ömrünün arttırılması: Dövme kademe tasarımının etkisi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(5), 961-967. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.286029
  22. Knoerr, M., Lange, K. ve Altan, T., 1994. Fatigue failure of cold forging tooling: Causes and possible solutions through fatigue analysis. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 46(1-2), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(94)90102-3
  23. Ku, T. W., Kim, L. H. ve Kang, B. S., 2013. Multi-stage cold forging and experimental investigation for the outer race of constant velocity joints. Materials & Design, 49, 368-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.01.030
  24. Lee, Y., Lee, J. ve Ishikawa, T., 2002. Analysis of the elastic characteristics at forging die for the cold forged dimensional accuracy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 130-131, 532-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00800-2
  25. Pedersen, T. Ø., 2000. Numerical modelling of cyclic plasticity and fatigue damage in cold-forging tools. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 42(4), 799-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(99)00019-3
  26. Petrescu, D., Savage, S. C. ve Hodgson, P. D., 2002. Simulation of the fastener manufacturing process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 125-126, 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00301-1
  27. Saroosh, M. A., Lee, H. C., Im, Y. T., Choi, S. W. ve Lee, D. L., 2007. High cycle fatigue life prediction of cold forging tools based on workpiece material property. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 191(1-3), 178-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.015
  28. Varfolomeev, I., Moroz, S., Siegele, D., Kadau, K. ve Amann, C., 2017. Study on fatigue crack initiation and propagation from forging defects. Procedia Structural Integrity, 7, 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.11.100
  29. Thara, S., Prommul, K. ve Watcharasrisamroeng, B. 2019. The optimization of tool life by fillet radiuson cold forging die using finite element and low cycle fatigue theory. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdapr201957
  30. Toparlı, M. B., 2019. Soğuk dövme kalıplarında ömür artışı elde etmek için baskı hasar mekanizmasının belirlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.507586
  31. Winiarski, G., Bulzak, T. Wójcik, Ł. ve Szala, M. 2020. Numerical analysis of a six stage forging process for producing hollow flanged parts from tubular blanks. Advances in Science and Technology, 14, 201-208. https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/116748
  32. Zhang, Z., Yang, F., Shao, X., Gu, J., Zha, G., Tu, H. Y. ve Xie, B., 2021. Finite element analysis and life prediction of pre-stressed composed dies in cold extrusion process. Journal of Multiscale Modelling, 13, 2142001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1756973721420014