Journals / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4

Physicochemical Characterization of Electrospun PLA/Gelatin Microfiber Mats Loaded with Sambucus nigra and Olea europaea Extracts

Sambucus nigra ve Olea europaea Ekstreleri Yüklü Elektro-eğirme Yöntemiyle Üretilmiş PLA/Jelatin Mikrofiber Matların Fizikokimyasal Karakterizasyonu

Emre Fatih Ediz(NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-0259-4298
Veysel Murat Bostancı(Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi)0000-0001-9704-6467
Emrah Kavak(Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi)0000-0002-6161-2030
Pages
978–990
Publication Date
2026-08-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

TGA/DSC results showed that the general thermal integrity was maintained despite extract addition.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, PLA/gelatin-based electrospun microfiber mats loaded with Sambucus nigra and Olea europaea extracts were produced and characterized in detail.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Water absorption capacity was analyzed by a gravimetric method, and water vapor transmission was examined as a functional performance parameter.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:TGA/DSC results showed that the general thermal integrity was maintained despite extract addition.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Elektro-eğirme · Karakterizasyon · Olea europaea

Abstract

In this study, PLA/gelatin-based electrospun microfiber mats loaded with Sambucus nigra and Olea europaea extracts were produced and characterized in detail. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the structural integrity, surface properties, and functional behavior of polymeric microfiber systems containing plant extracts. These properties are important for wound dressing materials. The produced microfiber structures were examined morphologically by SEM analysis. The chemical structure and the integration of the extracts into the polymer matrix were evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests. Surface wettability was evaluated by contact angle measurements. Water absorption capacity was analyzed by a gravimetric method, and water vapor transmission was examined as a functional performance parameter. SEM analyses showed that bead-free and continuous fiber morphology was preserved in all groups. The average fiber diameter decreased from 1240 nm to 1026 nm. With extract addition, the contact angle increased from 102.67° to 118.40°. The water absorption capacity at 120 min decreased from 415% to the range of 215–250%. The water vapor transmission rate remained in the range of 900–990 g/m²·day. In the mechanical evaluation, the group containing Sambucus nigra extract showed a more balanced performance among the extract-loaded groups, with a tensile strength of 1.47 N/mm² and a Young’s modulus of 10.37 MPa. TGA/DSC results showed that the general thermal integrity was maintained despite extract addition. Overall, the findings show that the developed extract-loaded microfiber systems can be considered as potential candidate materials for wound dressing applications.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, Sambucus nigra ve Olea europaea ekstreleri ile yüklenmiş PLA/jelatin esaslı elektro-eğirilmiş mikrofiber matların üretimi ve kapsamlı fizikokimyasal karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, bitkisel ekstre içeren polimerik mikrofiber sistemlerin yapısal bütünlüğünü, yüzey özelliklerini ve fonksiyonel davranışlarını ortaya koyarak bu yapıların özellikle yara örtüsü materyallerinde önem taşıyan fizikokimyasal özellikler açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Üretilen mikrofiber yapılar SEM analizi ile morfolojik olarak incelenmiş, FT-IR spektroskopisi ile kimyasal yapı ve ekstrelerin polimer matrise entegrasyonu değerlendirilmiştir. Mekanik özellikler çekme testleri ile belirlenirken, yüzey ıslanabilirliği temas açısı ölçümleriyle, su absorplama kapasitesi gravimetrik yöntemle ve su buharı geçirgenliği analizi fonksiyonel performans göstergesi olarak incelenmiştir. SEM analizleri, tüm gruplarda boncuksuz ve sürekli lif morfolojisinin korunduğunu ve ortalama lif çapının 1240 nm’den 1026 nm’ye düştüğünü göstermiştir. Ekstre ilavesiyle temas açısı 102,67°’den 118,40°’ye yükselirken, 120. dakikadaki su absorplama kapasitesi %415’ten %215–250 aralığına gerilemiştir. Su buharı geçirgenliği 900–990 g/m²·gün aralığında kalmış; mekanik değerlendirmede karamürver ekstresi içeren grup, 1,47 N/mm² çekme dayanımı ve 10,37 MPa Young modülü ile ekstreli gruplar içinde daha dengeli performans sergilemiştir. TGA/DSC sonuçları ise ekstre ilavesine rağmen genel termal bütünlüğün korunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, geliştirilen ekstre yüklü mikrofiber sistemlerin yara örtüsü uygulamaları açısından potansiyel aday materyaller olarak değerlendirilebileceğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ediz, E. F., Bostancı, V. M., Kavak, E. (2026). Physicochemical Characterization of Electrospun PLA/Gelatin Microfiber Mats Loaded with Sambucus nigra and Olea europaea Extracts. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 978–990. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1875826

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (54)

  1. Agarwal, T., Tan, S.-A., Onesto, V., Law, J. X., Agrawal, G., Pal, S., Lim, W. L., Sharifi, E., Moghaddam, F. D., & Maiti, T. K. (2021). Engineered herbal scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration: Recent trends and technologies. Biomedical Engineering Advances, 2, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bea.2021.100015
  2. Akın, İ., Zor, E., & Bingöl, H. (2023). GO@Fe3O4 Katkılı Polimerik Kompozit Membranların Hazırlanması ve Karakterizasyonu. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2023.8
  3. Alam, A. K. M. M., Ewaldz, E., Xiang, C., Qu, W., & Bai, X. (2020). Tunable Wettability of Biodegradable Multilayer Sandwich-Structured Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes. Polymers, 12(9), 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092092
  4. Atasağun, N. (2025). Farklı Pirolitik Biyo-yağların Destilasyon Kalıntıları Kullanılarak Elde Edilen Biyo-asfalt Bağlayıcıların Viskoziteleri ve FTIR Analizleri. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 349-360. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2025.97
  5. Azari, Z., Sadeghi-Avalshahr, A., Alipour, F., Kondori, B. J., Askari, V. R., Mollazadeh, S., Nazarnezhad, S., Nasiri, S. N., Kermani, F., & Ranjbar-Mohammadi, M. (2025). Advanced nanofibers integrating vitamin D3 and cerium oxide nanoparticles for enhanced diabetic wound healing: Co-electrospun silk fibroin-collagen and chitosan-PVA systems. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 310, 143099. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143099
  6. Bayram, F., Özaytekin, İ., & Erci, F. (2022). Effect of ultrasound treatment on bacteriostatic activity of piezoelectric PHB‐TiO2 hybrid biodegradable scaffolds prepared by electrospinning technique. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 140(6), e53437. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53437
  7. Bogdanova, A., Pavlova, E., Polyanskaya, A., Volkova, M., Biryukova, E., Filkov, G., Trofimenko, A., Durymanov, M., Klinov, D., & Bagrov, D. (2023). Acceleration of Electrospun PLA Degradation by Addition of Gelatin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043535
  8. Borjan, D., Leitgeb, M., Knez, Ž., & Hrnčič, M. K. (2020). Microbiological and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Leaf Extract. Molecules, 25(24), 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245946
  9. Chen H, Zhang H, Shen Y, Dai X, Wang X, Deng K, Long X, Liu L, Zhang X, Li Y and Xu T (2021) Instant in-situ Tissue Repair by Biodegradable PLA/Gelatin Nanofibrous Membrane Using a 3D Printed Handheld Electrospinning Device. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9:684105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.684105
  10. Ciarfaglia, N., Laezza, A., Lods, L., Lonjon, A., Dandurand, J., Pepe, A., & Bochicchio, B. (2021). Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(44), 51313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/app.51313
  11. Dhandayuthapani, B., Krishnan, U. M., & Sethuraman, S. (2010). Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-gelatin blend nanofibers for skin tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 94B(1), 264-272. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31651
  12. Ediz, Emre Fatih, Güneş, Cansu, Demirel Kars, Meltem, & Avcı, Ahmet. (2024). In vitro assessment of Momordica charantia/Hypericum perforatum oils loaded PCL/Collagen fibers: Novel scaffold for tissue engineering. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 22, 22808000231221068. https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000231221067
  13. Ehrmann, A. (2021). Non-Toxic Crosslinking of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine—A Review. Polymers, 13(12), 1973. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121973
  14. Fallah, Mona, Bahrami, S Hajir, & Ranjbar-Mohammadi, Marziyeh. (2016). Fabrication and characterization of PCL/gelatin/curcumin nanofibers and their antibacterial properties. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 46(2), 562-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083715594978
  15. García-Valderrama, E. J., Mamidi, N., Antunes-Ricardo, M., Gutiérrez-Uribe, J. A., Del Angel-Sanchez, K., & Elías-Zúñiga, A. (2022). Engineering and Evaluation of Forcespun Gelatin Nanofibers as an Isorhamnetin Glycosides Delivery System. Pharmaceutics, 14(6), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061116
  16. Gaydhane, M. K., Sharma, C. S., & Majumdar, S. (2023). Electrospun nanofibres in drug delivery: advances in controlled release strategies. RSC Advances, 13(11), 7312-7328. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA06023J
  17. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., Prabhakaran, M. P., Morshed, M., Nasr-Esfahani, M.-H., & Ramakrishna, S. (2008). Electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 29(34), 4532-4539. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.007
  18. Günal-Köroğlu, D., Karabulut, G., Catalkaya, G., & Capanoglu, E. (2025). The Effect of Polyphenol-Loaded Electrospun Fibers in Food Systems. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 18(6), 5094-5116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-025-03780-2
  19. Haș, I. M., Teleky, B.-E., Szabo, K., Simon, E., Ranga, F., Diaconeasa, Z. M., Purza, A. L., Vodnar, D.-C., Tit, D. M., & Nițescu, M. (2023). Bioactive Potential of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity, Bioaccessibility and Prebiotic Potential. Molecules, 28(7), 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073099
  20. Hashemi, S.-S., Rezaeian, R., Rafati, A., Sanati, P., Mehrabani, D., Eshaghi Malekshah, R., Moghaddam, A., & Khonakdar, H. A. (2024). A review on application of herbals and their polymer composites in wound healing. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 17(7), 105820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2024.105820
  21. Huang, L., Luo, S., Tong, S., Lv, Z., & Wu, J. (2024). The development of nanocarriers for natural products. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 16(3), e1967. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1967
  22. Imani, F., Karimi-Soflou, R., Shabani, I., & Karkhaneh, A. (2021). PLA electrospun nanofibers modified with polypyrrole-grafted gelatin as bioactive electroconductive scaffold. Polymer, 218, 123487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123487
  23. Javaid, A., Jalalah, M., Safdar, R., Khaliq, Z., Qadir, M. B., Zulfiqar, S., Ahmad, A., Satti, A. N., Ali, A., Faisal, M., Alsareii, S. A., & Harraz, F. A. (2022). Ginger Loaded Polyethylene Oxide Electrospun Nanomembrane: Rheological and Antimicrobial Attributes. Membranes, 12(11), 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111148
  24. Karasakal, M., Demirel, İ. S., & Ertuş, E. B. (2025). Influence of Metal Salts on Silver Nanowire Morphology in Polyol Synthesis. Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(2), 322-330. https://izlik.org/JA89BF63SB
  25. Kesente, M., Kavetsou, E., Roussaki, M., Blidi, S., Loupassaki, S., Chanioti, S., Siamandoura, P., Stamatogianni, C., Philippou, E., Papaspyrides, C., Vouyiouka, S., & Detsi, A. (2017). Encapsulation of Olive Leaves Extracts in Biodegradable PLA Nanoparticles for Use in Cosmetic Formulation. Bioengineering, 4(3), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4030075
  26. Korukluoglu, M., Sahan, Y., Yigit, A., Ozer, E. T., & Gücer, S. (2010). Antibacterial activity and chemical constitutions of olea europaea L. Leaf extracts. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 34(3), 383-396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2008.00318.x
  27. Le, Y.-C., & Su, W.-T. (2025). Aligned Electrospun PCL/PLA Nanofibers Containing Green-Synthesized CeO2 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(13), 6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136087
  28. Liu, D., He, X.-Q., Wu, D.-T., Li, H.-B., Feng, Y.-B., Zou, L., & Gan, R.-Y. (2022). Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): Bioactive Compounds, Health Functions, and Applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(14), 4202-4220. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00010
  29. Liu, Q., Luo, S., Peng, J., & Chang, R. (2024). Electrospun Nanofibers from Plant Natural Products: A New Approach Toward Efficient Wound Healing. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 19(0), 13973-13990. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S501970
  30. Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., González-Acedo, A., Illescas-Montes, R., García-Recio, E., Ramos-Torrecillas, J., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., & García-Martínez, O. (2022). Biological effects of the olive tree and its derivatives on the skin. Food Funct., 13(22), 11410-11424. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2FO01945K
  31. Moldovan, B., David, L., Achim, M., Clichici, S., & Filip, G. A. (2016). A green approach to phytomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Sambucus nigra L. fruits extract and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 221, 271-278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.06.003
  32. Mukta, N. A., Ahmed, S., Chowdhury, A. M. S., Khan, M. N., Hossain, Md. S., Chowdhury, G. W., & Haque, P. (2024). PLA blended gelatine-based nanofibrous mats with enhanced hydrophobicity for soft tissue regeneration. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 48(2), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03091902.2024.2379840
  33. Mustapha, R., Zoughaib, A., Ghaddar, N., & Ghali, K. (2020). Modified upright cup method for testing water vapor permeability in porous membranes. Energy, 195, 117057. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117057
  34. Mwiiri, F. K., & Daniels, R. (2020). Influence of PVA Molecular Weight and Concentration on Electrospinnability of Birch Bark Extract-Loaded Nanofibrous Scaffolds Intended for Enhanced Wound Healing. Molecules, 25(20), 4799. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204799
  35. Odili, C., Sekunowo, I. O., Ilomuanya, M. O., Gbenebor, O. P., & Adeosun, S. O. (2022). Strength, Water Absorption, Thermal and Antimicrobial Properties of a Biopolymer Composite Wound Dressing. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering, 6(1), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2022.6.1.22
  36. Pereira, A. P., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Marcelino, F., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L., Bento, A., & Pereira, J. A. (2007). Phenolic Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Olive (Olea europaea L. Cv. Cobrançosa) Leaves. Molecules, 12(5), 1153-1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/12051153
  37. Pinheiro Bruni, G., dos Santos Acunha, T., de Oliveira, J. P., Martins Fonseca, L., Tavares da Silva, F., Martins Guimarães, V., & da Rosa Zavareze, E. (2020). Electrospun protein fibers loaded with yerba mate extract for bioactive release in food packaging. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(8), 3341-3350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10366
  38. Qabaha, K., AL-Rimawi, F., Qasem, A., & Naser, S. A. (2017). Oleuropein Is Responsible for the Major Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Olive Leaf Extract. Journal of Medicinal Food, 21(3), 302-305. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0070
  39. Rizal, S., Saharudin, N. I., Olaiya, N. G., Khalil, H. P. S. A., Haafiz, M. K. M., Ikramullah, I., Muksin, U., Olaiya, F. G., Abdullah, C. K., & Yahya, E. B. (2021). Functional Properties and Molecular Degradation of Schizostachyum Brachycladum Bamboo Cellulose Nanofibre in PLA-Chitosan Bionanocomposites. Molecules, 26(7), 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072008
  40. Saadat, S., Emam-Djomeh, Z., & Askari, G. (2021). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Gelatin Nanofiber Scaffold Containing Ethanol Extract of Pomegranate Peel: Design, Characterization and In Vitro Assay. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 14(5), 935-944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-021-02616-z
  41. Sabarudin, N. S., Ab Ghani, N., Ahmat, N., Harlin, E. W., Hao, L. Q., Handajani, J., Nor, F. M., Md Fadilah, N. I., Maarof, M., & Fauzi, M. B. (2025). Harnessing Plant Bioactive Compounds in Biomaterial Scaffolds for Advanced Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 13(10), 2414. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102414
  42. Safta, D. A., Vlase, A.-M., Pop, A., Cherfan, J., Carpa, R., Iurian, S., Bogdan, C., Vlase, L., & Moldovan, M.-L. (2025). Optimized Sambucus nigra L., Epilobium hirsutum L., and Lythrum salicaria L. Extracts: Biological Effects Supporting Their Potential in Wound Care. Antioxidants, 14(5), 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050521
  43. Santoro, M., Shah, S. R., Walker, J. L., & Mikos, A. G. (2016). Poly(lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 107, 206-212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.019
  44. Sell, S., Barnes, C., Smith, M., McClure, M., Madurantakam, P., Grant, J., McManus, M., & Bowlin, G. (2007). Extracellular matrix regenerated: tissue engineering via electrospun biomimetic nanofibers. Polymer International, 56(11), 1349-1360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2344
  45. Solaberrieta, I., Jiménez, A., Cacciotti, I., & Garrigós, M. C. (2020). Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Aloe Vera Agrowastes in Electrospun Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Nanofibers. Polymers, 12(6), 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061323
  46. Song, Z., Xiao, H., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Hydrophobic-modified nano-cellulose fiber/PLA biodegradable composites for lowering water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper. Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, 442-448. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.049
  47. Stoyanova, N., Nachev, N., & Spasova, M. (2023). Innovative Bioactive Nanofibrous Materials Combining Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Extracts and Electrospinning Method. Membranes, 13(10), 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13100840
  48. Stoyanova, N., Spasova, M., Manolova, N., Rashkov, I., Taneva, S., Momchilova, S., & Georgieva, A. (2023). Physico-Chemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Polylactide/Portulaca oleracea Extract Electrospun Fibers. Membranes, 13(3), 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030298
  49. Studzińska-Sroka, E., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Woźna, Z., Plech, T., Szulc, P., & Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Elderberry Leaves with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties as a Valuable Plant Material for Wound Healing. Pharmaceuticals, 17(5), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050618
  50. Uddin, M. N., Ali, A., Jobaer, M., Mahedi, S. I., Krishnamoorthy, A., & Bhuiyan, M. A. R. (2024). Electrospun nanofibers based on plant extract bioactive materials as functional additives: possible sources and prospective applications. Mater. Adv., 5(20), 7862-7890. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MA00219A
  51. Wang, Y., Yue, G., Lu, H., Liu, Z., Wang, N., Liu, F., Yin, H., & Zhao, Y. (2026). Wound dressing applications of electrospun nanofibers: mechanism, construction and recent progress. Nanoscale, 18(12), 6203-6220. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5NR04448K
  52. Yan, S., Xiaoqiang, L., Shuiping, L., Hongsheng, W., & Chuanglong, H. (2010). Fabrication and properties of PLLA-gelatin nanofibers by electrospinning. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117(1), 542-547. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30973
  53. Zadeh, K. M., Luyt, A. S., Zarif, L., Augustine, R., Hasan, A., Messori, M., Hassan, M. K., & Yalcin, H. C. (2019). Electrospun polylactic acid/date palm polyphenol extract nanofibres for tissue engineering applications. Emergent Materials, 2(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-019-00042-8
  54. Zhou, G., Xu, R., Groth, T., Wang, Y., Yuan, X., Ye, H., & Dou, X. (2024). The Combination of Bioactive Herbal Compounds with Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 30(6), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2024.0002