Journals / Tekstil ve Mühendis / 2014 / Cilt: 21 Sayı: 96

POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE (PBI) FIBERS

POLİBENZİMİDAZOL (PBI) LİFLERİ

Pages
51–67
Publication Date
2014-12-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In this review, production, properties and application areas of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are discussed

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are produced from polybenzimidazole polymer which has a high thermal and chemical strength with a long chain aromatic structure.
📊
Key Findings & Data:These fibers are first used in protective technical textile products due to their good moisture regain and textile performance properties like good hand and drape.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In this review, production, properties and application areas of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are discussed
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Polibenzimidazol lifi · Yüksek performanslı lif · Isıya dayanaklı lif

Abstract

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are produced from polybenzimidazole polymer which has a high thermal and chemical strength with a long chain aromatic structure. These fibers are first used in protective technical textile products due to their good moisture regain and textile performance properties like good hand and drape. Today, in addition to protective textile market, they are also used in environmental friendly applications such as filtration, fuel cell and carbon capture systems. In this review, production, properties and application areas of polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are discussed

Özet

Polibenzimidazol (PBI) lifleri, yüksek termal ve kimyasal dayanıma sahip uzun zincirli aromatik bir polimer olan PBI polimerinden üretilmektedir. PBI lifleri; yüksek nem geri kazanımı, iyi tuşe ve dökümlülük gibi istenilen özelliklere sahiptir. İlk olarak koruyucu teknik tekstillerde kullanılan bu lifler, günümüzde tekstil ürünlerinin yanı sıra filtrasyon, yakıt hücresi ya da karbon yakalama sistemleri gibi tekstil alanı dışındaki çevre dostu uygulamalarda da sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, polibenzimidazol liflerinin üretimine, özellikle-rine ve kullanım alanlarına yer verilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kalaycı, E., Avinç, O., Yavaş, A. (2014). POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE (PBI) FIBERS. Tekstil ve Mühendis, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 96, 51–67. https://doi.org/10.7216/130075992014219606

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (250)

  1. İplikler, TSE Standard Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergi, 51, (602), 57-65. 2.
  2. Karakan G., (2008), Yüksek Performanslı Liflerin Balistik
  3. Amaçlı Kullanımı, Tekstil Teknolojileri E-Dergi,(2), 67-73. 3.
  4. Hearle J.W., (2001), High-Performance Fibres, CRC Press, Cambridge. 4. Mera H., Takata T., (1989), High‐Performance Fibers,
  5. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5.
  6. Horrocks A.R., (2005), Tekstilde Yeni Ufuklar “ Teknik
  7. Tekstiller”, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, İstanbul. 6.
  8. Surhone L.M., Timpledon, M.T., Marseken, S.F., (2010),
  9. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, VDM Publishing House. 7.
  10. Pan N., Sun, G., (2011), Functional Textiles for Improved
  11. Performance, Protection and Health, Woodhead Publishing
  12. Limited, Cambridge. 8. Mattila H.R., (2006), Intelligent Textiles and Clothing,
  13. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 9.
  14. Price A., Cohen, A.C., Johnson, I., (2005), Jj Pizzuto’ S
  15. Fabric Science, Fairchild Publications, Inc., New York. 10. Elsasser V.H., (2005), Textiles: Concepts and Principles,
  16. Fairchild Publications, Inc., New York. 11. Warner S.B., (1995), Fiber Science, Prentice Hall,
  17. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 12. Collier B.J., Tortora, Q.C., (2001), Understanding Textiles,
  18. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 13. Mijovic J., (1986), Polymer Materials - an Introduction for
  19. Technologists and Scientists, Christopher Hall, New York. 14. Houcks M.M., (2009), Identification of Textile Fibers,
  20. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Oxford. 15. PBI History, (2008), http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/?
  21. p=685 Ağustos 2014 16. Coffin D.R., Serad, G.A., Hicks, H.L. and Montgomery,
  22. R.T., (1982), Properties and Applications of Celanese PBI
  23. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 52, (7). 17. Polybenzimidazole Fibers, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
  24. Polybenzimidazole_fiber, Ağustos 2014 18. Ömeroğulları Z., Kut D., (2011), Tekstilde Güç Tutuşurluk,
  25. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi
  26. Dergisi, 17, (1), 27-41. 38. Karmakar S.R., (1999), Chemical Technology in the Pre
  27. Treatment Processes of Textiles, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  28. Glossary C.T., (2001), Celanese Acetate, New York, 10016, 63.
  29. Çiftçi Y., Tekstil Teknolojileri El Kitabı.
  30. Brinker K.C., Robinson, I.M., (1959), Polybenzimidazoles,
  31. US Patent 2,895,948. 22. Leonard N.J., (1994), Biographical Memoirs National
  32. Academy of Science, National Academies Press,
  33. Washington, D. C. 23. Powers E., Serad G., (1986), History and Development of
  34. Polybenzimidazoles, High Performance Polymers: Their
  35. Origin and Development. Springer, 355-373. 24. Cireli A., Sarıışık, M., (2000), Koruyucu Giysilerde
  36. Termal, Biyolojik, Fiziksel, Kimyasal Test Yöntemleri,
  37. Tekstil & Teknik, Temmuz, (186), 120-128. 25. Cireli A., (2000), Isıya Ve Aleve Dayanıklı Koruyucu
  38. Giysiler, Tekstil & Teknik, Aralık, (191), 181-187. 26. Needles H.L., (1986), Textile Fibers, Dyes, Finishes, and
  39. Processes: A Concise Guide, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J. 27. Chow D., (2011), Everyday Tech from Space: Out of Nasa
  40. Tragedy, Better Fireproof Clothes, http://www.space.com/
  41. 10671-space-spinoff-technology-fireproof-clothing.html, Ağustos 2014 28. Özaytekin İ., Karataş İ., (2007), Adhesive and Anticorrosive
  42. Polimeric Coatings Obtained from Polybenzazoles (PBI and
  43. PBO), SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi (e-Dergi), 2
  44. ,, 188-196. 29. Shiels B.P., PBI Made in the USA - World's Leading and
  45. Only Producer: Properties and Applications of
  46. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, American Association of Textile
  47. Chemists and Colorists International Conference 2012,
  48. AATCC 2012, 156-160, 2012, North Carolina. 30. Horrocks A., Anands C., (2003), Teknik Tekstiller El Kitabı
  49. (Technical Textiles Handbook), The Textile Institute, Türk
  50. Tekstil Vakfı, İstanbul. 31. Scott R.A., (2005), Textiles for Protection, CRC Press, Cambridge. 32. Mather R.R., Wardman, R.H., (2011), The Chemistry of
  51. Textile Fibres, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 33. Gupta V., Kothari V., (1997), Manufactured Fibre
  52. Xiao L., Zhang H., Jana T., Scanlon E., Chen R., Choe
  53. Technology, Springer, Netherlands. 34. Clark J.H., Macquarrie D.J., (2008), Handbook of Green
  54. Chemistry and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. 35. Saçak M., (2004), Polimer Kimyası, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara. 36. Eichhorn S.J., Hearle, J.W.S., Jaffe, M., Kikutani, T.,
  55. , Handbook of Textile Fibre Structure, Woodhead
  56. Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 37. Fan J., Hunter L., (2009), Engineering Apparel Fabrics and
  57. Garments, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 39. Kulkarni M.P., Peckham T.J., Thomas O.D., Holdcroft S.,
  58. , Synthesis of Highly Sulfonated Polybenzimidazoles
  59. by Direct Copolymerization and Grafting, Journal of
  60. Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 51, (17), 3654-3666. 40. Neuse E.W., (1982), Aromatic Polybenzimidazoles.
  61. Syntheses, Propeties and Applications, Advances in Polymer
  62. Science, 47, 1-42. 41. Chung T.-S., (1997), A Critical Review of Polybenzimidazoles:
  63. Historical Development and Future R&D, Journal of
  64. Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 37, (2), 277-301. 42. Meyers R.A., (1987), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and
  65. Technology, Academic Press, Orlando. 43. Chanda M., Roy S.K., (2010), Plastics Fundamentals,
  66. Properties, and Testing, CRC Press, Florida. 44. Odian G.G., Odian G., (2004), Principles of Polymerization,
  67. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 45. Goswami B.C., Anandjiwala R.D., Hall D., (2004), Textile
  68. Sizing, CRC Press, New York. 46. Vogel H., Marvel C., (1961), Polybenzimidazoles, New
  69. Thermally Stable Polymers, Journal of Polymer Science,
  70. 50, (154), 511-539. 47. Braun D., Cherdron H., Ritter H., Braun D., Cherdron H.,
  71. , Polymer Synthesis: Theory and Practice, Springer, Berlin. 48. http://pbiproducts.com/fabrics/en, Ağustos 2014 49. Kulkarni M., Potrekar R., Kulkarni R.A., Vernekar S.,
  72. , Synthesis and Characterization of Novel
  73. Polybenzimidazoles Bearing Pendant Phenoxyamine Groups,
  74. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 46,
  75. , 5776-5793. 50. Hergenrother P.M., Smith Jr J.G., Connell J.W., (1993),
  76. Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Arylene Ether
  77. Benzimidazole)S, Polymer, 34, (4), 856-865. 51. Chuang S.-W., Hsu S.L.-C., (2006), Synthesis and Properties
  78. of a New Fluorine-Containing Polybenzimidazole for High
  79. Temperature Fuel-Cell Applications, Journal of Polymer
  80. Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44, (15), 4508-4513.
  81. E.W., Ramanathan L.S., Yu S., Benicewicz B.C., (2005),
  82. Synthesis and Characterization of Pyridine-Based
  83. Polybenzimidazoles for High Temperature Polymer
  84. Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications, Fuel Cells,
  85. 5, (2), 287-295. 53. Lewin M., Preston, J., (1985), Handbook of Fibre Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York. 54. Kricheldorf H.R., Nuyken O., Swift G., (2010), Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Marcel Dekker, New York. 55. Mark H.F., Kroschwitz J.I., (1987), Encyclopedia of
  86. Polymer Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 56. Chenevey C.E., Conciatory A.B., (1969), Process for
  87. Preparing Polybenzimidazoles, US 3433772 A. 57. Ward B.C., Jamison C.E., Rierson D.R., (1987),
  88. Improvements in Two-Stage Polybenzimidazole Process,
  89. EP 0248666 A1. 58. Singleton R.W., Noether H.D., Tracy J.F., (1967), The
  90. Effects of Structural Modifications on the Critical
  91. Properties of Pbi Fiber, Journal of Polymer Science Part C:
  92. Polymer Symposia, 19, (1), 65-75. 76. Horrocks A.R., Anand S.C., (2000), Handbook of 59. Richard A. Pethrick, Zaikov G.E., Pielichowski J., (2009),
  93. Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers, Composites and
  94. Nanocomposites Research: Synthesis, Properties and
  95. Applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. 60. PBI Performance Products I., Polybenzimidazole (PBI) S26
  96. Solution http://www.pbiproducts.com/images/uploads/main/
  97. Polymers/Solutions_Brochure.pdf, Ağustos 2014 61. Polarized Light Microscopy Digital Image Gallery,
  98. Polybenzimidazole Fibers, http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
  99. primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/pages/polybenzimidazo
  100. lesmall.html, Ağustos 2014 62. Kim J.S., Reneker D.H., (1999), Polybenzimidazole
  101. Nanofiber Produced by Electrospinning, Polymer
  102. Engineering & Science, 39, (5), 849-854. 81. Kayan S., (2004), Tekstil Materyallerinin Yanma 63. Electrospinning Technology, http://textilelearner.blogspot.
  103. com.tr/2013/09/electrospinning-technology-properties.html, Ağustos 2014 64. Anandhan S., Ponprapakaran K., Senthil T., George G.,
  104. , Parametric Study of Manufacturing Ultrafine
  105. Polybenzimidazole Fibers by Electrospinning, International
  106. Journal of Plastics Technology, 16, (2), 101-116. 65. Lingaiah S., Shivakumar K.N., Sadler R., Sharpe M.,
  107. Electrospinning of Nanofabrics, International SAMPE
  108. Symposium and Exhibition (Proceedings), 11, 2007,
  109. Baltimore, MD. 85. Stylios G.K., (2007), International Journal of Clothing 66. Fung W., Hardcastle M., (2001), Textiles in Automotive
  110. Engineering, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. 67. Hutten I.M., (2007), Handbook of Nonwoven Filter Media,
  111. Elsevier, Oxford. 68. Hearle J.W., Morton W.E., (2008), Physical Properties of
  112. Textile Fibres, CRC Press, Cambridge. 69. Zengin İ., (2000), Isıya Ve Aleve Dayanıklı Lifler,
  113. Üretilme Yöntemleri Ve Kullanım Alanlarına Göre
  114. Karşılaştırılması, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. 70. Chae H.G., Kumar S., (2006), Rigid-Rod Polymeric Fibers,
  115. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, (1), 791-802. 71. Özcan G., (2002), Örme Kumaş Yapısının Güç Tutuşma
  116. Özelliklerine Etkisi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul. 72. Piñero R., (2004), PBI: High Performance in Extreme
  117. Conditions, Revista de la Industria Textil, (423), 62-66. 73. French S.M., Kim D.W., Marikar F., Onorato F.J., Sansone
  118. M.J., (1999), Process for Producing Fabrics of Polybenzi
  119. midazole Fibers for Use in Fuel Cells, EP 0996989 B1. 74. Jackson R.H., (1978), PBI Fiber and Fabric—Properties
  120. and Performance, Textile Research Journal, 48, (6), 314- 319. 75. Demartino R.N., (1984), Comfort Properties of
  121. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 54, (8), 516-521.
  122. Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 77. Kalın M.B., (2008), Tekstil Yüzeylerinin Yanmaya Karşı
  123. Dirençlerinin Arttırılması, KahramanMaraş Sütçü İmam
  124. Üniversitesi, KahramanMaraş. 78. Rouette H.-K., (2000), Encyclopedia of Textile Finishing,
  125. Springer, Aahen. 79. Ülger B., (2012), Yeni Nesil Teknik Lifler (Karbon,
  126. Leinzing Fr, Metaaramid, Paraaramid) Kullanılarak
  127. Özellikli İpliklerin Üretimi Ve Kalite-Maliyet Analizi,
  128. Çukurova University, Adana. 80. Schindler W.D., Hauser P.J., (2004), Chemical Finishing of
  129. Textiles, Elsevier, Cambridge.
  130. Mekanizması Ve Limit Oksijen İndeks Değerleri, Marmara
  131. Üniversitesi, İstanbul. 82. Öz M.K., (2006), Yanmaya Karşı Dirençli (Fr) Ve
  132. Katyonik Boyarlarla Boyanabilen (Cd) Polyester Üretimi
  133. Ve Bu Polyesterin Elyaf Prosesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana. 83. Babrauskas V., Grayson S.J., (1992), Heat Release in Fires,
  134. Chapman and Hall, London. 84. Mujumdar A.S., (2006), Handbook of Industrial Drying,
  135. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  136. Science and Technology, IJCST, 13, (6), 3-110. 86. Moelter G., Tetreault R., Hefferon M., (1983),
  137. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Polymer News, 9, 134. 87. Sandor R., (1990), PBI (Polybenzimidazole): Synthesis,
  138. Properties and Applications, High Performance Polymers,
  139. 2, (1), 25-37. 88. Iqbal H., Bhowmik S., Benedictus R., (2014), Process
  140. Optimization of Solvent Based Polybenzimidazole
  141. Adhesive for Aerospace Applications, International Journal
  142. of Adhesion and Adhesives, 48, 188-193. 89. Lilani H.N., Weber Sr J.W., (1988), Seat Cushion Fire
  143. Blocking Fabric, US 4743495 A. 90. Adams R.W., Trask E.G., (1988), Fire Retardant Structural
  144. Textile Panel, EP 0285338 A2. 91. Lyon R.E., (1997), Fire-Resistant Materials: Research
  145. Overview, DTIC Document. 92. Davis R., Chin J., Lin C.-C., Petit S., (2010), Accelerated
  146. Weathering of Polyaramid and Polybenzimidazole
  147. Firefighter Protective Clothing Fabrics, Polymer
  148. Degradation and Stability, 95, (9), 1642-1654. 93. Everyday Tech from Space: Out of Nasa Tragedy, Better
  149. Fireproof Clothes, (2011), http://news.lib.ncsu.edu/
  150. textiles/2011/01/28/out-of-nasa-tragedy-better-fireproof
  151. clothes/, Ağustos 2014 94. David E., Arrieta C., Dolez P., Vu-Khanh T., Couderc H.,
  152. Fréchette M.F., Dielectric Properties of High Performance
  153. Fibers, Annual Report - Conference on Electrical Insulation
  154. and Dielectric Phenomena, CEIDP, 1-4, 2010, West
  155. Lafayette, IN. 95. High-End Profection for Airport Fire Fighters, (2005),
  156. Textile Network, (4), 46-47. 96. Thomas C.A., Perry C.A., Tucker R.O., (2003), Textile
  157. Fabric for the Outer Shell of a Firefighter's Garment, US
  158. 20030040240 A1. 97. Hira M.A., (2003), Fire-Protective Clothing and Its
  159. Performance Testing, Textile Asia, 34, (3), 36-40. 98. Özcan G., Dayoglu H., Candan C., (2002), Protective
  160. Clothing Fibres for Fire-Fighters, International Textile
  161. Bulletin: Nonwovens, Industrial Textiles, 48, (2), 6-12. 99. Personal Protective Clothing: Ensuring Worker Safety,
  162. , Performance Apparel Markets, (32), 18-46. 100. Mecit D., Ilgaz S., Duran D., Başal D., Gülümser T.,
  163. Tarakçıoğlu I., (2007), Teknik Tekstiller Ve Kullanım
  164. Alanları (Bölüm 2), Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 17, (3), 154- 161. 101. Biron M., (2011), Leading High Heat-Resistant Polymers
  165. Vie for a Spot in the Top 10, http://www.omnexus.com/
  166. resources/print.aspx?id=27412, Ağustos 2014 102. Li Q., Jensen J.O., Savinell R.F., Bjerrum N.J., (2009),
  167. High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Based on
  168. Polybenzimidazoles for Fuel Cells, Progress in Polymer
  169. Science, 34, (5), 449-477. 103. Hidrojen Yakıt Pili Teknolojileri, http://scelik.tr.gg, Ağustos 2014 104. Karbon Yakalama Ve Depolama Nedir?, http://www.eie.
  170. gov.tr/teknoloji/ccs_nedir.aspx, Ağustos 2014 105.
  171. Wang K.Y., Chung T.-S., Qin J.-J., (2007),
  172. Polybenzimidazole (Pbi) Nanofiltration Hollow Fiber
  173. Membranes Applied in Forward Osmosis Process, Journal
  174. of Membrane Science, 300, (1), 6-12. 123. Faiz S., Anis A., Luqman M., Al-Zahrani S.M., (2014), 106. Tomasino C., (1992), Chemistry & Technology of Fabric
  175. Garment Comprising at Least One Such Barrier as Internal
  176. Insulation, US 6,743,498 B2 111. Bulgun E.Y., Yılmaz M., (2010), İtfaiye Elbiseleri Tasarımında Son Gelişmeler, Tekstil & Mühendis, 17, (77). 112. Chapman R., (2010), Applications of Nonwovens in
  177. Technical Textiles, Elsevier Science, Burlington. 113. Ramakrishna S., Fujihara K., Teo W.-E., Lim T.-C., Ma Z.,
  178. , An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers,
  179. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. 114. PBI Turtleskin Receives Certification; Fabric Offers Puncture Protection, Comfort, (2005), International Fiber
  180. Journal, 20, (2), 42. 115. Slapak M.J., Reed T.G., Tetreault R.F., (1990), PBI Fibres
  181. for Heat Protective Clothing, Lenzinger Berichte, (71), 18- 23. 116. http://www.code-2.com/Bulwark-Deluxe-Coverall-PBI
  182. Gold-p/cpe2nab.htm, Ağustos 2014 117. Celanese C., (1983), PBI in High-Temperature Protective Gloves 118. Coffin D., Serad G., Hicks H., Montgomery R., (1982),
  183. Properties and Applications of Celanese PBI—
  184. Polybenzimidazole Fiber, Textile Research Journal, 52, (7), 466-472. 119. Fung W., (2002), Coated and Laminated Textiles, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. 120. Albrecht W., Fuchs H., Kittelmann W., (2006), Nonwoven
  185. Fabrics: Raw Materials, Manufacture, Applications,
  186. Characteristics, Testing Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim. 121. Kumbharkar S.C., Karadkar P.B., Kharul U.K., (2006),
  187. Enhancement of Gas Permeation Properties of
  188. Polybenzimidazoles by Systematic Structure Architecture,
  189. Journal of membrane science, 286, (1), 161-169. 122. Sukumar P.R., Wu W., Markova D., Ünsal Ö., Klapper M.,
  190. Müllen K., (2011), Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
  191. Founded By, Macromol Chem Phys, 212, 627-634.
  192. Mechanical and Morphological Study of Novel
  193. Polybenzimidazole Fiber Reinforced High Density
  194. Polyethylene Composite, 1-7. 124. Besso M.M., Marikar Y., (1989), Process for Preparing
  195. Electrically Conductive Shaped Articles from
  196. Polybenzimidazoles, US 5,017,420 125. Jheng L.-C., Hsu S.L.-C., Tsai T.-Y., Chang W.J.-Y., (2014),
  197. A Novel Asymmetric Polybenzimidazole Membrane for
  198. High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,
  199. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, (12), 4225-4233. 126. Dominguez P.H., GrygielK K., Weber J., (2014), Nanostructured Poly (Benzimidazole) Membranes by N
  200. Li X., Qian G., Chen X., Benicewicz B.C., (2013), Synthesis
  201. Alkylation, Express Polymer Letters, 8, (1). 127. Zhu W.-P., Sun S.-P., Gao J., Fu F.-J., Chung T.-S., (2014),
  202. Dual-Layer Polybenzimidazole/Polyethersulfone (PBI/Pes)
  203. Nanofiltration (Nf) Hollow Fiber Membranes for Heavy
  204. Metals Removal from Wastewater, Journal of Membrane
  205. Science, 456, (0), 117-127. 128. Staudt R., Intwala K.F., Epping K., (2006), Vb 5
  206. Development of Polybenzimidazole-Based High
  207. Temperature Membrane and Electrode Assemblies for
  208. Stationary Applications, FY 2006 Annual Progress Report. 142. Perry K.A., Eisman G.A., Benicewicz B.C., (2008), 129. Wang D.G., (1984), Process for the Production of Semipermeable Polybenzimidazole Membranes with Low
  209. Temperature Annealing, US4448687 A. 130. Qian Y., Yu W.K., Tai-Shung C., (2011), Chemically
  210. Modified Polybenzimidazole Membranous Tubes. 131. Jung J.W., Kim S.K., Lee J.C., (2010), Preparation of
  211. Polybenzimidazole/Lithium Hydrazinium Sulfate
  212. Composite Membranes for High‐Temperature Fuel Cell
  213. Applications, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 211,
  214. , 1322-1329. 132. Yakıt Hücresi Nedir?, http://hidroket.ankara.edu.tr/yakit
  215. hucresi, Ağustos 2014 133. Yakıt Hücresi, http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakit_hucresi, Ağustos 2014 134. Polat C., Kılınç, N., (2007), Enerji Pazarında Yeni
  216. Alternatifler Ve Yeni Fırsatlar: Hidrojen Pazarı Ve Yakıt Hücreleri,
  217. http://www.aso.org.tr/kurumsal/media/kaynak/TUR/asomed
  218. ya/kasim-aralik2007/Dosya.pdf, Ağustos 2014 135. Vielstich W., Lamm A., Gasteiger H.A., (2010), Handbook
  219. of Fuel Cells, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 136. Choi S.-W., Park J.O., Pak C., Choi K.H., Lee J.-C., Chang
  220. H., (2013), Design and Synthesis of Cross-Linked
  221. Copolymer Membranes Based on Poly (Benzoxazine) and
  222. Polybenzimidazole and Their Application to an Electrolyte
  223. Membrane for a High-Temperature Pem Fuel Cell,
  224. Polymers, 5, (1), 77-111. 149. Ertekin M., Kırtay H.E., (2014), Aramid Ve Fr Pes Ring 137. Berber M.R., Fujigaya T., Sasaki K., Nakashima N.,
  225. , Remarkably Durable High Temperature Polymer
  226. Electrolyte Fuel Cell Based on Poly (Vinylphosphonic
  227. Acid)-Doped Polybenzimidazole, Scientific reports, 3. 138. Ergun D., Devrim Y., Eroğlu İ., Yüksek Sıcaklık Pem Yakıt
  228. Pilleri Için Polibenzimidazole Membranların Hazırlanması
  229. Ve Performanslarının Belirlenmesi, Ulusal Kimya
  230. Mühendisliği Kongresi, UKMK, 2010, Ankara. 152. DeMeuse M.T., (2014), High Temperature Polymer Blends,
  231. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 153. Wilusz E., (2008), Military Textiles, Woodhead Publishing
  232. Limited, Cambridge. 154. Shishoo R., (2005), Textiles in Sport, Woodhead Publishing
  233. Limited, Cambridge. 155. Kutz M., (2005), Handbook of Environmental Degradation
  234. of Materials, William Andrew, Inc., New York. 156. Hand Protection-Wool Lined Pb/Kevlar Gloves https://
  235. www.safety-products.com/itemdisplay.php?productid=905, Ağustos 2014 157. Kung G., Jiang L.Y., Wang Y., Chung T.-S., (2010),
  236. Asymmetric Hollow Fibers by Polyimide and Polyben
  237. zimidazole Blends for Toluene/Iso-Octane Separation,
  238. Journal of Membrane Science, 360, (1), 303-314. 158. Chung T.S., (1994), The Effect of Lithium Chloride on
  239. Polybenzimidazole and Polysulfone Blend Fibers, Polymer
  240. Engineering & Science, 34, (5), 428-433. 159. Robertson J.R., Roux C., Wiggins K., (2002), Forensic
  241. Examination of Fibres, Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia. 160.
  242. Olabisi O., Adewale K., (1997), Handbook of
  243. Thermoplastics, CRC press, New York. 161. Arrieta C., David E., Dolez P., Toan V.K., (2010), Thermal
  244. Aging of a Blend of High-Performance Fibers, Journal of
  245. Applied Polymer Science, 115, (5), 3031-3039. 162. Lt S.P.D., (1996), Fire Protection Fabric Launched in Uk,
  246. High Performance Textiles, (January), 4. 163. Reinhart K.A., Powers E.J., Calundann G.W., Driscoll C.P.,
  247. , PBI Dyeing and Color Stabilization, DTIC Document. 164. Hassinger W.P., Powers E.J., (1976), Process for the
  248. Dyeing of Polybenzimidazole Fibers with Anionic
  249. Dyestuffs, US 3942950 A. 165. Neely N.E., (1992), Method for Dyeing Fibrous Materials, US5092904 A. 166. Gong R., (2011), Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures:
  250. Developments and Applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.