SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Tekstil ve Mühendis / 2026 / Cilt: 32 Sayı: 138

Unravelling the Complexity: A Review of Geometrical Modelling Techniques in Plain Weft Knitted Textile Structures

KARMAŞIKLIĞI ÇÖZÜMLEMEK: DÜZ ÖRME TEKSTİL YAPILARINDA GEOMETRİK MODELLEME ÜZERINE BİR DERLEME

Muhammad Owais Raza Sıddıquı(NED University of Engineering & Technology University Road, Karachi - 75270, Pakistan)0000-0002-4687-2125
Momina Zahid(NED University of Engineering & Technology)0009-0005-0638-1355
Aqsa Ayaz(NED University of Engineering & Technology)
Sumayya Hashmi(NED University of Engineering & Technology)
Aiman Ahmed(NED University of Engineering & Technology)
Danmei Sun(Heriot Watt University)
Pages
210–219
Publication Date
2025-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This study provides a platform for future research and innovation in textile engineering and design by synthesizing the present level of geometrical modelling in the context of plain weft knitted structures through a thorough analysis of the existing literature

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The geometrical modelling of weft knitted structures is useful to predict fabric properties and for creating physical models.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Since parametric models provide a 3D geometrical model based on the actual values of the substrate, they provide a more realistic representation of the fabric simulation than mathematical models.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This study provides a platform for future research and innovation in textile engineering and design by synthesizing the present level of geometrical modelling in the context of plain weft knitted structures through a thorough analysis of the existing literature
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Geometrik modelleme · simülasyon · tekstil

Abstract

The geometrical modelling of weft knitted structures is useful to predict fabric properties and for creating physical models. This technology allows fabric simulation to reduce the intensity of the designer and improve work efficiency. This article explores the use of parametric and mathematical techniques to capture the complexities of knitted structures. Finite element analysis (FEA) and mathematical explanations of loop formations are among the topics discussed. This study attempts to offer a thorough resource for scholars, designers, and practitioners navigating the challenging field of weft knitted textile geometrical modelling by combining ideas from various techniques. Mathematical models are based on mathematical equations, these models are easier to understand, but they are unable to forecast how cloth will behave in real time. Since parametric models provide a 3D geometrical model based on the actual values of the substrate, they provide a more realistic representation of the fabric simulation than mathematical models. By breaking down difficulties into smaller components, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to address physics and engineering problems. Things with asymmetrical structures can easily simulated by using FEA. This study provides a platform for future research and innovation in textile engineering and design by synthesizing the present level of geometrical modelling in the context of plain weft knitted structures through a thorough analysis of the existing literature

Özet

Atkılı örme yapıların geometrik modellemesi, kumaş özelliklerini tahmin etmek ve fiziksel modeller oluşturmak için yararlıdır. Bu teknoloji, kumaş simülasyonunun tasarımcının yoğunluğunu azaltmasına ve iş verimliliğini artırmasına olanak tanır. Bu makale, örme yapıların karmaşıklığını yakalamak için parametrik ve matematiksel tekniklerin kullanımını araştırmaktadır. Sonlu elemanlar analizi (FEA) ve ilmek oluşumlarının matematiksel açıklamaları tartışılan konular arasındadır. Bu çalışma, çeşitli tekniklerden fikirleri birleştirerek atkı örme tekstil geometrik modellemesinin zorlu alanında gezinen akademisyenler, tasarımcılar ve uygulayıcılar için kapsamlı bir kaynak sunmaya çalışmaktadır. Matematiksel modeller matematiksel denklemlere dayanır, bu modellerin anlaşılması daha kolaydır, ancak kumaşın gerçek zamanlı olarak nasıl davranacağını tahmin edemezler. Parametrik modeller, alt tabakanın gerçek değerlerine dayanan 3 boyutlu bir geometrik model sağladığından, kumaş simülasyonunun matematiksel modellerden daha gerçekçi bir temsilini sağlarlar. Sonlu elemanlar analizi, zorlukları daha küçük bileşenlere ayırarak fizik ve mühendislik problemlerini ele almak için kullanılır. Asimetrik yapılara sahip nesneler FEA kullanılarak kolayca simüle edilebilir. Bu çalışma, düz atkılı örme yapılar bağlamında mevcut geometrik modelleme seviyesini sentezleyerek tekstil mühendisliği ve tasarımında gelecekteki araştırma ve yenilikler için bir platform sağlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Sıddıquı, M. O. R., Zahid, M., Ayaz, A., Hashmi, S., Ahmed, A., Sun, D. (2025). Unravelling the Complexity: A Review of Geometrical Modelling Techniques in Plain Weft Knitted Textile Structures. Tekstil ve Mühendis, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 138, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.7216/teksmuh.1506139

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (43)

  1. Chamberlain, J. (1926). " Hosiery Yarn and Fabrics", Vol. II, Leicester College of Technology and Commerce.
  2. Peirce, F. (1947). Geometrical principles applicable to the design of functional fabrics. Textile Research Journal, 17(3), 123-147.
  3. Leaf, G., & Glaskin, A. (1955). 43—The geometry of a plain knitted loop. Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions, 46(9), T587-T605.
  4. Munden, D. (1959). 26—The geometry and dimensional properties of plain-knit fabrics. Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions, 50(7), T448-T471.
  5. Vassiliadis, S. G. (2007). Geometrical modelling of plain weft knitted fabrics. Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 32, 62-71.
  6. Long, J., Burns, K., & Yang, J. (2011). Cloth modeling and simulation: a literature survey. Paper presented at the Digital Human Modeling: Third International Conference, ICDHM 2011, Held as Part of HCI International 2011, Orlando, FL, USA July 9-14, 2011. Proceedings 3.
  7. Cirio, G., Lopez-Moreno, J., Miraut, D., & Otaduy, M. A. (2014). Yarn-level simulation of woven cloth. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 33(6), 1-11.
  8. Kaldor, J. (2011). Simulating yarn-based cloth. Cornell.
  9. Siddiqui, M. O. R. (2015). Geometrical modelling and numerical analysis of thermal behaviour of textile structures. Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, Scotland.
  10. Siddiqui, M. O. R., & Sun, D. (2016). Automated model generation of knitted fabric for thermal conductivity prediction using finite element analysis and its applications in composites. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 45(5), 1038-1061.
  11. Shinn, W. (1955). An engineering approach to jersey fabric construction. Textile Research Journal, 25(3), 270-277.
  12. De Jong, S., & Postle, R. (1977). an energy analysis of the mechanics of weft-knitted fabrics by means of optimal-control theory part i: The nature of loop-interlocking in the plain-knitted structure. Journal of the Textile Institute, 68(10), 307-315.
  13. Shanahan, W., & Postle, R. (1970). A theoretical analysis of the plain-knitted structure. Textile Research Journal, 40(7), 656-665.
  14. Hepworth, B., & Leaf, G. (1976). 32—The Mechanics Of An Idealized Weft-Knitted Structure. Journal of the Textile Institute, 67(7-8), 241-248.
  15. S, K. (1989). In T.-W. C. a. F. K. Ko (Ed.), Textile Structural Composites (Vol. Vol.3, pp. 67). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  16. Demiroz, A., & Dias, T. (2000). A study of the graphical representation of plain-knitted structures part I: Stitch model for the graphical representation of plain-knitted structures. Journal of the Textile Institute, 91(4), 463-480.
  17. Choi, K.-F., & Lo, T.-Y. (2003). An energy model of plain knitted fabric. Textile Research Journal, 73(8), 739-748.
  18. Kyosev, Y., Angelova, Y., & Kovar, R. (2005). 3D modeling of plain weft knitted structures of compressible yarn. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 9(1), 88-97.
  19. Liu, S., & Long, H. (2007). Three-dimensional computer simulation of plain weft knitted fabric. Journal of Textile Research, 28(12), 41.
  20. Kurbak, A., & Soydan, A. S. (2008). Basic studies for modeling complex weft knitted fabric structures Part III: A geometrical model for 1× 1 purl fabrics. Textile Research Journal, 78(5), 377-381.
  21. Mozafary, V., & Payvandy, P. (2016). Study and comparison techniques in fabric simulation using mass spring model. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 28(5), 634-689.
  22. Hu, H., Li, T., Ke, W., Wang, L., & Deng, Z. (2023). Simulation of Weft Knitted Fabric Using Three-DimensionalYarn Loops and Grid and Spring Mass Models. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2023.
  23. Bézier, P. (1972). Numerical control-mathematics and applications. Translated by AR Forrest.
  24. Piegl, L. (1989). Modifying the shape of rational B-splines. Part 1: curves. Computer-Aided Design, 21(8), 509-518.
  25. Sha, S., Geng, A., Gao, Y., Li, B., Jiang, X., Tao, H.,. Hu, X. (2021). Review on the 3-D simulation for weft knitted fabric. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 16.
  26. GÖKTEPE, Ö. (2001). Use of non-uniform rational b-splines for three-dimensional computer simulation of warp knitted structures. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 25(4), 369-378.
  27. Li, Y. L. Y., L.H.; Chen, S.Y.; Yuan, J.; Li, N.N.,. (2012). 3D modeling and simulation of fancy fabrics in weft knitting. Donghua Uni. Engl. Ed., 29(4), 351-358.
  28. Adanur, S., & Vakalapudi, J. (2013). Woven fabric design and analysis in 3D virtual reality. Part 2: predicting fabric properties with the model. Journal of the Textile Institute, 104(7), 724-730.
  29. Oezdemir, H., & Başer, G. (2009). Computer simulation of plain woven fabric appearance from yarn photographs. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 100(3), 282-292.
  30. Durupınar, F., & Güdükbay, U. (2007). Procedural visualization of knitwear and woven cloth. Computers & Graphics, 31(5), 778-783.
  31. Wadekar, P., Perumal, V., Dion, G., Kontsos, A., & Breen, D. (2020a). An optimized yarn-level geometric model for Finite Element Analysis of weft-knitted fabrics. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 80, 101883.
  32. Ru, X., Wang, J. C., Peng, L., Shi, W., & Hu, X. (2023). Modeling and deformation simulation of weft knitted fabric at yarn level. Textile Research Journal, 93(11-12), 2437-2448.
  33. Groller, E., Rau, R. T., & Straßer, W. (1995). Modeling and visualization of knitwear. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 1(4), 302-310.
  34. Ru, X., Zheng, S., Peng, L., & Wang, J. (2024). Yarn-level modeling and simulation of fancy weft-knitted fabric. Textile Research Journal, 00405175241235950.
  35. Hamedi, S., Hasani, H., & Dibajian, S. H. (2017). Numerical simulating the flexural properties of 3D weft-knitted spacer fabric reinforced composites. Journal of composite materials, 51(13), 1887-1899.
  36. Sha, S., Wei, W., Xiao, B., Sha, D., Gao, Y., Cao, R.,. Hu, X. (2021). 3-D dynamic simulation of knitwear based on the hybrid model. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 16.
  37. Liu, D., Christe, D., Shakibajahromi, B., Knittel, C., Castaneda, N., Breen, D.,. Kontsos, A. (2017). On the role of material architecture in the mechanical behavior of knitted textiles. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 109, 101-111.
  38. Wadekar, P., Perumal, V., Dion, G., Kontsos, A., & Breen, D. (2020b). An optimized yarn-level geometric model for Finite Element Analysis of weft-knitted fabrics. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 80.
  39. Cherradi, Y., Kebir, H., Boukhriss, A., Ennamiri, H., & Benyoucef, M. (2022). Mechanical behaviour of 3D monofilament knitted fabrics: Modeling, simulation and validation. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(4_suppl), 5774S-5793S.
  40. DL, M. (1969). Structural mechanics of fibers, yarns, and fabrics. In J. W. Hearle, P. Grosberg, & S. Backer (Eds.).
  41. Sha, S., Geng, A., Gao, Y., Li, B., Jiang, X., Tao, H.,. Hu, X. (2021). Review on the 3-D simulation for weft knitted fabric. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 16.
  42. Sha, S., Wei, W., Xiao, B., Sha, D., Gao, Y., Cao, R.,. Hu, X. (2021). 3-D dynamic simulation of knitwear based on the hybrid model. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 16.
  43. Liu, D., Christe, D., Shakibajahromi, B., Knittel, C., Castaneda, N., Breen, D.,. Kontsos, A. (2017). On the role of material architecture in the mechanical behavior of knitted textiles. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 109, 101-111.