Journals / Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Internet Altruism and Life Satisfaction Among University Students

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde İnternet Özgeciliği ile Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişkide Benlik Saygısının Aracılık Rolü

Pages
272–281
Publication Date
2026-08-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Life satisfaction refers to whether or not an individual is satisfied with their overall life experience.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Life satisfaction refers to whether or not an individual is satisfied with their overall life experience.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study sample consisted of 385 college students (204 women, 181 men).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Based on the research findings, recommendations were presented for researchers and practitioners who will conduct future studies in this field.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Yaşam doyumu · Benlik saygısı · İnternet özgeciliği

Abstract

Life satisfaction refers to whether or not an individual is satisfied with their overall life experience. In recent years, with the growing interest in positive psychology, researchers have focused on identifying the factors that influence life satisfaction. From this perspective, this study examined the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between university students’ internet altruism and their life satisfaction. The study sample consisted of 385 college students (204 women, 181 men). The “Internet Altruism Scale,” the “Life Satisfaction Scale,” and the “Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale” were used as data collection instruments in the study. The research model was designed according to Hayes PROCESS Macro Model 4. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between variables, and the SPSS Process Macro was used for mediation analysis. The results of the study revealed a moderate positive relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction. A low-level positive relationship was found between internet altruism and self-esteem and life satisfaction. Furthermore, self-esteem was found to play a mediating role in the relationship between internet altruism and life satisfaction. The research results were interpreted from the perspective of the positive activation model. Based on the research findings, recommendations were presented for researchers and practitioners who will conduct future studies in this field.

Özet

Yaşam doyumu, bireyin genel olarak yaşam deneyiminden memnun olup olmama durumunu ifade eder. Son yıllarda pozitif psikolojiye ilişkin bakış açısının artmasıyla birlikte araştırmacılar yaşam doyumunu etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeye odaklanmıştır. Bu faktörlerden biri de internet özgeciliğidir. İnternet ortamında sergilenen özgeci davranışların yaşam doyumunu nasıl desteklediğinin ve bu süreçte etkili olabilecek bireysel özelliklerin belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu açıdan, bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinin internet özgeciliği ile yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkide benlik saygısının aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 385 üniversite öğrencisi (204 kadın, 181 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “İnternet Özgeciliği Ölçeği”, “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği” ve “Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı” ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma nicel araştırma türlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma modeli Hayes, PROCESS Makro model 4’e göre tasarlanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi için Pearson korelasyon analizi; aracılık analizi için SPSS Process Macro kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda benlik saygısı ile yaşam doyumu arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. İnternet özgeciliği ile benlik saygısı ve yaşam doyumu arasında ise pozitif yönde düşük düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca benlik saygısının, internet özgeciliği ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide aracılık rolü bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları olumlu aktivasyon modeli açısından yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularından hareketle gelecekte bu alanda çalışma yapacak araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akbayır, S. B. (2026). The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Internet Altruism and Life Satisfaction Among University Students. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 272–281. https://doi.org/10.5961/higheredusci.1806451

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (80)

  1. Arnarsson, A., Nygren, J., Nyholm, M., Torsheim, T., Augustine, L., Bjereld, Y.,. & Bendtsen, P. (2020). Cyberbullying and traditional bullying among Nordic adolescents and their impact on life satisfaction. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(5), 502-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818817411
  2. Ashwini, U. R. (2021). Altruism and life satisfaction among adolescence. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2(7), 661–675.
  3. Baltacı, Ö., & Akbulut, Ö. F. (2021). Investigation of adolescents’ happiness and subjective well-being at school. Journal of Turkish Academic Publications, 5(1), 24-50.
  4. Bilgiz Akbayır, S., & Peker, A. (2023). A Study on developing an “internet altruism” scale for adolescents. Ege Journal of Scientific Research, 6(1), 43-57. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.1574005
  5. Blachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Kot, P., Cudo, A., & Sobol, M. (2024). The helping by clicking types questionnaire (HCTQ): The development of a measure to assess different patterns of helping by clicking. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 20(3), 234-251. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.10917
  6. Brown, K. M., Hoye, R., & Nicholson, M. (2012). Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social connectedness as mediators of the relationship between volunteering and well-being. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(4), 468–483. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/01488376.2012.687706
  7. Butkovic, A., Tomas, J., Spanic, A. M., Vukasovic Hlupic, T., & Bratko, D. (2020). Emerging adults versus middle-aged adults: Do they differ in psychological needs, self-esteem, and life satisfaction? Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(3), 779-798.
  8. Büyüköksüz, E., Tekin, I., Arıkan, S., İlkay, Ş., & Erözkan, A. (2025). Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) across gender, clinical population, and cultures. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 716. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03070-8
  9. Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Y. (2024). Experiences of bullying and victimization and adolescents’ life satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 101930.
  10. Coulombe, B. R., & Yates, T. M. (2022). Maternal caregiving, prosocial behavior, and self-esteem in middle childhood. Social Development, 31(3), 639-655. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/sode.12576
  11. Cvetković Vega, A., Maguiña, J. L., Soto, A., Lama-Valdivia, J., & Correa López, L. E. (2021). Cross-sectional studies. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana, 21(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.25176/RFMH.v21i1.3069
  12. Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents [Specialization Thesis, Hacettepe University - Ankara]. Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center.
  13. Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the life satisfaction scale to Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.263229
  14. Datu, J. A. D., Wong, G. S. P., & Rubie-Davies, C. (2021). Can kindness promote media literacy skills, self-esteem, and social self-efficacy among selected female secondary school students? An intervention study. Computers & Education, 161, 104062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104062
  15. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  16. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207052
  17. Doré, B. P., Morris, R. R., Burr, D. A., Picard, R. W., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017). Helping others regulate emotion predicts increased regulation of one’s own emotions and decreased symptoms of depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5), 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217695558
  18. Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2019). Feel good, do good online? Spillover and crossover effects of happiness on adolescents’ online prosocial behavior. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(4), 1241-1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0003-2
  19. Feng, L., & Guo, Q. (2016). Beneficial effect of altruism on well-being among chinese college students: The role of self-esteem and family socioeconomic status. Journal of Social Service Research, 43(3), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2016.1242449
  20. Finnegan, N. (2021). Perfectionism and life satisfaction: Investigating the relationship between perfectionism and life satisfaction [Dissertation, The National College of Ireland].
  21. Frijns, M. (2010). Determinants of life satisfaction [Final thesis, Maastricht University]. https://www.academia.edu/1183520/DETERMINANTS_OF_LIFE_SATISFACTION
  22. Glomb, T. M., Bhave, D. P., Miner, A. G., & Wall, M. (2011). Doing good, feeling good: Examining the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in changing mood. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 191–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01206.x
  23. Gökmen, A., & Batmaz, S. (2024). İnternet bağımlılığı, yaşam doyumu ve bilişsel davranışçı terapi arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir inceleme. Fırat University Journal of Social Sciences, 34(1), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1368668
  24. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Prentice Hall.
  25. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  26. Hayes, N., & Joseph, S. (2003). Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 723-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00057-0
  27. Hinsch, C., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013). The impact of frequent social Internet consumption: Increased procrastination and lower life satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 12(6), 496-505. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/cb.1453
  28. Hu, H., You, Y., Ling, Y., Yuan, H., & Huebner, E. S. (2021). The development of prosocial behavior among adolescents: A positive psychology perspective. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02255-9
  29. Huang, C., Li, G., Zhang, Y., Aphichaithawon, N., Deng, Z., Zhang, Z.,. & Ding, J. (2023). The influence of physical education courses integrated with civic education on prosocial behavior among college students: The chain mediating effect of cultural confidence and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1217290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387282
  30. Kaya, I., Yeniaras, V., & Kaya, O. (2021). Dimensions of religiosity, altruism and life satisfaction. Review of Social Economy, 79(4), 717-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2019.1711151
  31. Li, R., Jiang, T., Yong, J., & Zhou, H. (2018). College students’ interpersonal relationship and empathy level predict internet altruistic behavior—empathy level and online social support as mediators. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20180701.11
  32. Li, S., & Hao, J. (2022). Are adolescents with higher self-esteem more prosocial? Exploring the moderating effect of self-compassion in different genders. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 183(5), 364-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2083937
  33. Li, Z., & Zhang, X. (2026). Communal narcissism and internet altruistic behavior of Chinese college student: A moderated mediating effect. PLOS ONE, 21(2), e0342680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342680
  34. Lin, W. (2025). The link between parental warmth and internet altruistic behavior among Chinese college students: The mediating roles of empathy and gratitude. Current Psychology, 44(19), 15971-15981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-08347-0
  35. Liu, H., Liu, Y., Huang, X., & Bai, J. (2014). IAT on the network altruistic behavior tendency of college students. Psychology, 5(7), 609-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.57072
  36. Liu, S., Zheng, J., Yang, F., Li, W., Zhou, Y., Lu, S., & Lou, V. W. (2026). Internet altruistic behaviors and affective well-being among family caregivers: A natural language processing approach. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 81(1), gbaf230. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaf230
  37. Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Social support, resilience, and self-esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine, 100(4), e24334. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000024334
  38. Loewe, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2014). Life domain satisfactions as predictors of overall life satisfaction among workers: Evidence from Chile. Social Indicators Research, 118(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0408-6
  39. Lu, C., Jiang, Y., Zhao, X., & Fang, P. (2019). Will helping others also benefit you? Chinese adolescents’ altruistic personality traits and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 1407-1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00134-6
  40. Luo, Y., He, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, X., & Zou, W. (2021). Internet altruistic behavior and self-consistency and congruence among college students: A moderated mediation model of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42, 4830-4841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01831-3
  41. Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809
  42. MacKinnon, D. P., & Pirlott, A. G. (2015). Statistical approaches for enhancing causal interpretation of the M to Y relation in mediation analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 30-43.
  43. Malvaso, A., & Kang, W. (2022). The relationship between areas of life satisfaction, personality, and overall life satisfaction: An integrated account. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 894610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894610
  44. Mellor, D., Hayashi, Y., Firth, L., Stokes, M., Chambers, S., & Cummins, R. (2008). Volunteering and well-being: Do self-esteem, optimism, and perceived control mediate the relationship? Journal of Social Service Research, 34(4), 61-70.
  45. Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006). Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(42), 15623-15628.
  46. Moynihan, D. P., DeLeire, T., & Enami, K. (2015). A life worth living: Evidence on the relationship between prosocial values and happiness. The American Review of Public Administration, 45, 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074013493657
  47. Muris, P., & Otgaar, H. (2023). Self-esteem and self-compassion: A narrative review and meta-analysis on their links to psychological problems and well-being. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2961-2975. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S402455
  48. Obilor, E. I. (2023). Convenience and purposive sampling techniques: Are they the same. International Journal of Innovative Social & Science Education Research, 11(1), 1-7.
  49. Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
  50. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701756946
  51. Peng, C., Song, W., Ren, F., & Tong, Y. (2021). Trait self-control mediates the relationship between adolescents’ internet altruistic behavior and subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(8), 1-10. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2224/sbp.9616
  52. Post, S. G. (2005). Altruism, happiness, and health: It’s good to be good. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(2), 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_4
  53. Rhoads, S. A., Gunter, D., Ryan, R. M., & Marsh, A. A. (2021). Global variation in subjective well-being predicts seven forms of altruism. Psychological Science, 32(8), 1247-1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621994767
  54. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
  55. Scott, N., & Seglow, J. (2007). Altruism. Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education.
  56. Smit, D., Vrijsen, J. N., Groeneweg, B., Vellinga-Dings, A., Peelen, J., & Spijker, J. (2021). A newly developed online peer support community for depression (depression connect): Qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(7), e25917.
  57. Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2014). Self-esteem and identities. Sociological Perspectives, 57(4), 409-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121414536141
  58. Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N., & Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic correlates of children and adolescents’ life satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306073411
  59. Szcześniak, M., Bajkowska, I., Czaprowska, A., & Sileńska, A. (2022). Adolescents’ self-esteem and life satisfaction: Communication with peers as a mediator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073777
  60. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  61. Tandoc Jr, E. C., Goh, Z. H., Wong, D. K. J., & Zhang, L. (2023). The good, the bad, and the Internet: Investigating the impact of online prosocial and anti-social behaviors on well-being. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2225834. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225834
  62. Wang, W., Li, J., Sun, G., Cheng, Z., & Zhang, X. A. (2018). Achievement goals and life satisfaction: The mediating role of perception of successful agency and the moderating role of emotion reappraisal. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-017-0078-4
  63. Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Ni, J., Liu, A., & Wu, N. (2023). Maternal behavioral control and prosocial behavior in mainland Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 43(6), 5301-5308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04733-8
  64. Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: Autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016984
  65. Yelpaze, İ., & Yakar, L. (2020). The relationship between altruism and life satisfaction: Mediator role of cognitive flexibility. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 49(1), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.628825
  66. Zhang, Q. (2024). The relation between mentalized affectivity and negative emotions in Chinese college students: The moderating effect of internet altruistic behavior. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 24(2), 3951-3969. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.24.or639
  67. Zhang, L., W., J., T., L., & Bao, H. X. (2023). A cross-temporal meta-analysis of changes in Chinese college students’ internet altruistic behavior. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 37(3), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2023.03.012
  68. Zhang, Z., Fu, L., Jing, W., & Liao, Z. (2023). Childhood parental companionship, self-esteem and prosocial behavior in college students: A correlation analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 43, 87-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.01.002
  69. Zheng, X. L. (2010). Internet altruistic behavior of undergraduates: Scale development and multilevel analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Shanghai Normal University.
  70. Zheng, X., Wang, Z., Chen, H., & Xie, F. (2021). The relationship between self-esteem and internet altruistic behavior: The mediating effect of online social support and its gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110588
  71. Zheng, X., Wang, Y., & Xu, L. (2016). Internet Altruistic Behavior and Subjective Well-Being: Self-Efficacy as a Mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(9), 1575–1583. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.9.1575
  72. Zheng, X., Xie, F., & Ding, L. (2018). Mediating role of self-concordance on the relationship between internet altruistic behaviour and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12, e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2017.14
  73. Zheng, X. L., & Wang, Y. Q. (2017). The relationship between internet altruistic behavior and subjective well-being among adolescents: A mediated moderation model. Journal of Psychological Science, 40(1), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20170111
  74. Zheng, X. L., & Zhao, W. (2015a). Relationship between internet altruistic behavior and hope of middle school students: The mediating role of self-efficacy and self-esteem. Psychological Development and Education, 31(4), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.04.06
  75. Zheng, X. L., & Zhao, W. (2015b). The relationships among empathy, self-efficacy and internet altruistic behavior. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 358-361. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2015.02.039
  76. Zheng, X., Zhu, X., Zhou, X., Xie, F., & Huang, L. (2022). Internet altruistic motivation promotes internet altruistic behavior: A moderated mediation model. Current Psychology, 42(32), 28276-28284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03918-x
  77. Zuffianò, A., Alessandri, G., Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Milioni, M., Ceravolo, R.,. & Caprara, G. V. (2014). The relation between prosociality and self-esteem from middle-adolescence to young adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.041
  78. Arnarsson, A., Nygren, J., Nyholm, M., Torsheim, T., Augustine, L., Bjereld, Y.,. & Bendtsen, P. (2020). Cyberbullying and traditional bullying among Nordic adolescents and their impact on life satisfaction. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 48(5), 502-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818817411
  79. Huang, C., Li, G., Zhang, Y., Aphichaithawon, N., Deng, Z., Zhang, Z.,. & Ding, J. (2023). The influence of physical education courses integrated with civic education on prosocial behavior among college students: The chain mediating effect of cultural confidence and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1217290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387282
  80. Zuffianò, A., Alessandri, G., Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Milioni, M., Ceravolo, R.,. & Caprara, G. V. (2014). The relation between prosociality and self-esteem from middle-adolescence to young adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 63, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.041