SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences / 2026 / Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2

Biochar Coated Fertilizers in Sustainable Plant Nutrition Approaches

Sürdürülebilir Bitki Besleme Yaklaşımlarında Biyokömür Kaplı Gübreler

Hasine Elçi(Mardin İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü)0000-0001-5822-9439
Pages
560–570
Publication Date
2026-08-21
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This review aims to synthesize the existing literature and provide a scientific framework for future research and applications.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The increasing need to ensure global food security and promote sustainable agricultural practices has necessitated the development of alternative approaches to the environmental problems caused by the use of traditional mineral fertilizers.
📊
Key Findings & Data:This review article, prepared within this context, comprehensively examines the development of biochar-coated controlled-release fertilizers (BCSRFs) over the last decade (2015–2025).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This review aims to synthesize the existing literature and provide a scientific framework for future research and applications.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2015–2025 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Biyokömür · Kontrollü ve yavaş salınımlı gübre · Sürdürülebilir tarım

Abstract

The increasing need to ensure global food security and promote sustainable agricultural practices has necessitated the development of alternative approaches to the environmental problems caused by the use of traditional mineral fertilizers. This review article, prepared within this context, comprehensively examines the development of biochar-coated controlled-release fertilizers (BCSRFs) over the last decade (2015–2025). The study evaluates in detail the production techniques of BCSRFs, the properties of coating materials, nutrient release mechanisms, and the impacts of these systems on agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, environmental gains such as increased nutrient use efficiency (NUE), reduced greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient leaching, as well as economic feasibility and scalability are discussed. With the potential to improve soil fertility and limit environmental losses, BCSRFs stand out as an innovative and promising solution for modern agricultural systems. This review aims to synthesize the existing literature and provide a scientific framework for future research and applications.

Özet

Küresel gıda güvenliğinin sağlanması ve sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarının yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik artan ihtiyaçlar, geleneksel mineral gübre kullanımının yol açtığı çevresel sorunlara alternatif yaklaşımların geliştirilmesini zorunlu hâle getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda hazırlanan bu derleme makalesi, biyokömür kaplı kontrollü ve yavaş salınımlı gübrelerin (BCSRF) son on yıldaki (2015–2025) gelişimini kapsamlı bir bakış açısıyla ele almaktadır. Çalışmada, BCSRF’lerin üretim teknikleri, kaplama materyallerinin özellikleri, besin salınım mekanizmaları ve bu sistemlerin tarımsal verimlilik ile çevresel sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkileri ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca, besin kullanım etkinliğinin (NUE) artırılması, sera gazı emisyonlarının ve besin yıkanmasının azaltılması gibi çevresel kazanımların yanı sıra ekonomik uygulanabilirlik ve ölçeklenebilirlik konuları da tartışılmaktadır. Toprak verimliliğini iyileştirme ve çevresel kayıpları sınırlama potansiyeline sahip olan BCSRF’ler, modern tarım sistemleri için yenilikçi ve umut vadeden bir çözüm olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu derleme, mevcut literatürü sentezleyerek gelecekteki araştırma ve uygulamalara yönelik bilimsel bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Elçi, H. (2026). Biochar Coated Fertilizers in Sustainable Plant Nutrition Approaches. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 560–570. https://doi.org/10.15316/selcukjafsci.1877900

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (51)

  1. Ahmed, A., & Khan, M., & Zhao, Q. (2020). Development of polylactic acid–biochar composite coatings for controlled-release fertilizers. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104239
  2. Bhatt, N., & Sharma, S. (2023). Synthesizing biochar-based slow-releasing fertilizers using various feedstocks and their application in agriculture. Journal of Environmental Management, 326, 116729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116729
  3. Campion, L., & Field, J. L. (2023). The costs and benefits of biochar production and use. Journal of Cleaner Production, 420, 138356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138356
  4. Cen, Z., Wei, L., Muthukumarappan, K., & Sobhan, A. (2021). Assessment of a biochar-based controlled release nitrogen fertilizer coated with polylactic acid. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(3), 2007–2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00503-9
  5. Chen, S., Yang, M., Ba, C., Yu, S., Jiang, Y., & Zou, H. (2018). Preparation and characterization of slow-release fertilizer encapsulated by biochar-based waterborne copolymers. Science of the Total Environment, 613, 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.204
  6. Chen, X., Chen, B., & Yuan, M. (2011). Adsorption of naphthalene and 1-naphthol by biochars of different pyrolysis temperatures. Environmental Pollution, 159(9), 2506–2513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.012
  7. Cheng, Y., Wu, M., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, R., Li, Y., & Cai, Y. (2024). Optimizing fabrication of coated fertilizers integrated with biochar for enhanced slow-release properties: Mechanisms and cost-effectiveness analysis. Industrial Crops and Products, 210, 118128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.118128
  8. Chintala, V., & Mohanty, B. P. (2016). Biochar effects on phosphorus dynamics in soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(4), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.02.0095
  9. Dong, C., Cheng, Y., Wu, M., Wang, Q., & Li, Y. (2025). Nanozeolite-coupled biochar-based controlled-release phosphorus fertilizer: Performance, release mechanism, and techno-economic analysis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.XXXX
  10. Du, C., Zhou, J., & Shaviv, A. (2019). Effect of temperature on nutrient release from controlled release fertilizers. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 182(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800197
  11. El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., & Ok, Y. S. (2019). Nanomaterials in agriculture: Opportunities and challenges. Environmental Science: Nano, 6(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00959A
  12. Fan, L., & Li, Y. (2017). Controlled release of fertilizers: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 262, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.010
  13. Gaskin, J. W., Speir, R. A., & Harris, J. (2010). Effect of biochar on soil physical properties and water retention. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74(4), 1369–1377. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0074
  14. Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35(4), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4
  15. Higuchi, T. (1961). Rate of release of medicaments from ointment bases containing drugs in suspension. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 50(10), 874–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600501018
  16. Huang, Z., Sun, T., Li, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Zeolite–biochar composites for enhancing nutrient retention and slow release. Soil Use and Management, 35(4), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12503
  17. International Biochar Initiative. (2015). What is biochar? https://biochar-international.org/biochar/
  18. Jindo, K., Mizumoto, T., Sawada, Y., Sanchez-Monedero, M. A., & Sonoki, T. (2014). Physical and chemical characterization of biochars. Journal of Environmental Management, 144, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.020
  19. Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G. A., van der Velde, M., & Bastos, A. C. (2011). A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144(1), 175–187.
  20. Kalpage, M., Fernando, A., & Bandara, A. (2022). Lignin–biochar hybrid coated fertilizers for controlled nitrogen release. Industrial Crops and Products, 176, 114324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114324
  21. Kookana, R. S. (2010). The role of biochar in modifying pesticide fate. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(13), 5275–5280. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100426p
  22. Kumar, S., Patel, D., & Singh, R. (2023). Biochar–hydrogel composite systems for prolonged nutrient release. Journal of Cleaner Production, 396, 136509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136509
  23. Lawrencia, D., Wong, M. H., Low, D. Y. S., Goh, B. H., & Lee, L. H. (2021). Controlled release fertilizers: A review on coating materials and mechanisms. Molecules, 26(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010199
  24. Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. Routledge, London.
  25. Lehmann, J., Rillig, M. C., Thies, J., Masiello, C. A., Hockaday, W. C., & Crowley, D. (2011). Biochar effects on soil biota – A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(9), 1812–1836.
  26. Li, Y., Chen, X., & Luo, L. (2021). Nanosilica-modified biochar for controlled nutrient release. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9(3), 1228–1238. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07893
  27. Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., & Riha, S. D. (2006). Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5), 1719–1730. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0383
  28. Liu, L., Wang, S., & Zhang, R. (2021). Alginate–biochar beads for nutrient retention and controlled release. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(12), 15244–15255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11887-4
  29. Luo, P., Zhang, W., Xiao, D., Hu, J., Li, N., & Yang, J. (2025). Biochar-based fertilizers: Advancements, challenges, and future perspectives. Agronomy, 15(5), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051104
  30. Ma, C., & Li, Y. (2020). Smart fertilizers: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 326, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.012
  31. Mumtaz, M., Ali, S., & Khan, A. (2019). Maleic anhydride modified resin coatings for slow-release urea fertilizers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(22), 47581. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47581
  32. Novak, J. M., Busscher, W. J., Laird, D. A., Ahmedna, M., Watts, D. W., & Niandou, M. A. S. (2009). Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Science, 174(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981d9a
  33. Osman, A. I., Farghali, M., & Rashwan, A. K. (2024). Life cycle assessment of biochar as a green sorbent: A review of impacts and benefits. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 49, 100999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100999
  34. Rafique, M. I., Al-Wabel, M. I., Al-Farraj, A. S. F., & Ahmad, M. (2025). Incorporation of biochar and biopolymer coated fertilizers: Soil property improvements and plant growth enhancement. Scientific Reports, 15, 90367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90367-8
  35. Rubel, R. I. (2021). Improved biochar-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers. [Doktora Tezi, South Dakota State University (Basılmamış)].
  36. Rubel, R. I., & Wei, L. (2025). Economic assessment of biochar-based controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer production. Waste and Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02212-3
  37. Roberts, K. G., Gloy, B. A., Joseph, S., Scott, N. R., & Lehmann, J. (2010). Life cycle assessment of biochar systems: Estimating the energetic, economic, and climate change potential. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(2), 827–833.
  38. Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Ibarrola, R., Hammond, J., & Mašek, O. (2011). Biochar, tool for climate change mitigation and soil management. Earthscan, London.
  39. Santos, M. G. B., & Soares, M. A. R. (2025). Biochar as a feedstock for sustainable fertilizers. Agriculture, 15(8), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080894
  40. Shi, X., Liu, Q., Wang, H., & Chen, G. (2020). Biochar-based slow-release fertilizers: Nutrient retention mechanisms. Science of the Total Environment, 713, 136664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136664
  41. Shaviv, A. (2000). Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy, 71, 1–49.
  42. Sparrevik, M., Field, J. L., Martinsen, V., & Cornelissen, G. (2013). Life cycle assessment of biochar implementation. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(24), 14317–14324. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402963d
  43. Taghizadeh-Toosi, A., Clough, T. J., Sherlock, R. R., & Condron, L. M. (2011). Biochar reduces nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(8), 1735–1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.007
  44. Trenkel, M. E. (2010). Controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers in agriculture. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris.
  45. Wang, Z., Zhang, X., & Li, Y. (2015). Surface modification of biochar to improve slow-release properties. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 28, 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.023
  46. Wang, J., Zhou, L., & Xia, T. (2023). Metal oxide functionalized biochar for controlled phosphorus release. Chemosphere, 329, 138686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138686
  47. Weber, K., & Quicker, P. (2018). Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054
  48. Wen, Y., Li, X., & Huang, K. (2017). Mineral–biochar composite materials for slow-release fertilizers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091060
  49. Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Communications, 1, 56.
  50. Zhang, A., Bian, R., Pan, G., Cui, L., Hussain, Q., Li, L., & Zheng, J. (2010). Effects of biochar application on soil properties and maize yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 139(4), 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.013
  51. Zhang, H., Liu, J., & Li, B. (2020). Chitosan–biochar coated urea fertilizers for controlled release. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 302, 107071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107071