SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Soft story formation due to brick infill walls in mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings

Orta yükseklikteki betonarme binalarda tuğla dolgu duvara bağlı yumuşak kat oluşumu

Kayra Can Uçar(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ PR.)0009-0004-6910-8623
Emre Akın(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ PR.)0000-0003-1936-8916
İlker Fatih Kara(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ PR.)0000-0002-5663-1595
Pages
887–898
Publication Date
2025-07-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In the case of eight story reinforced concrete frame systems considered in this study with or without shear walls that were designed according to the current codes, no accumulation of plastic deformations and possible formation of soft story was observed at the ground story due to the absence of infill walls at this story.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the infill walls were included in the models of eight story reinforced concrete structures by representing them as equivalent compression and shear struts.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Therefore, the nonlinear dynamic analyses of the models in totally nine groups were conducted by using 11 selected earthquake records.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In the case of eight story reinforced concrete frame systems considered in this study with or without shear walls that were designed according to the current codes, no accumulation of plastic deformations and possible formation of soft story was observed at the ground story due to the absence of infill walls at this story.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Tuğla dolgu duvar · Yumuşak kat · Perde duvar

Abstract

In this study, the infill walls were included in the models of eight story reinforced concrete structures by representing them as equivalent compression and shear struts. The probable formation of soft story deficiency was studied by considering the nonlinear analyses of these models. The structures which were designed to have no shear walls and two different shear walll configurations (in three groups according to the shear walls) were modeled as not to have any brick infill walls in all stories, to have infill walls at all stories except the ground story and to have infill walls at all stories (in three groups according to the infill walls). Therefore, the nonlinear dynamic analyses of the models in totally nine groups were conducted by using 11 selected earthquake records. The results of the analyses were assessed according to the distributions of the maximum inter-story drift ratios, the damage conditions of the columns and distributions of the plastic hinges. When evaluated in general, it was observed that no soft story were formed in any model or group. In the case of eight story reinforced concrete frame systems considered in this study with or without shear walls that were designed according to the current codes, no accumulation of plastic deformations and possible formation of soft story was observed at the ground story due to the absence of infill walls at this story.

Özet

Bu çalışmada tuğla dolgu duvarlar eşdeğer basınç ve kayma çubukları olarak temsil edilerek, mevcut yönetmeliklere uygun tasarlanmış sekiz katlı betonarme yapıların modellerine dâhil edilmişlerdir. Bu modellerin doğrusal olmayan analiz sonuçlarına bağlı olarak tuğla duvarlar nedeniyle olası yumuşak kat oluşumu irdelenmiştir. Perde duvarsız ve iki farklı perde duvar yerleşimine sahip olacak şekilde (perde duvara bağlı üç grupta) tasarlanan yapılarda hiçbir katında tuğla duvar olmayacak, zemin kat haricindeki tüm katlarında tuğla duvar olacak ve tüm katları tuğla duvarlı olacak şekilde (tuğla duvara bağlı üç grupta) modelleme yapılmıştır. Dolayısıyla dokuz farklı gruptaki modellerin seçilen 11 farklı deprem ivme kaydı kullanılarak doğrusal olmayan dinamik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları her bir modelde maksimum göreli kat öteleme oranlarının katlardaki dağılımları, kolonlardaki hasar durumları ve plastik mafsal dağılımlarına bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ele alınan sekiz katlı, perde duvarsız veya perde duvarlı betonarme çerçeve sistem olarak mevcut yönetmeliklere uygun tasarlanmış modellerde, zemin katta tuğla dolgu duvarın bulunmamasına bağlı olarak plastik deformasyonlarda yığılma ve yumuşak kat oluşma ihtimali gözlenmemiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Uçar, K. C., Akın, E., Kara, İ. F. (2025). Soft story formation due to brick infill walls in mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 887–898. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1598349

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (30)

  1. E. Akın, Strengthening of brick infilled rc frames with CFRP reinforcement-General principles. Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2011.
  2. M. Dolšek and P. Fajfar, Soft storey effects in uniformly infilled reinforced concrete frames. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 5, 1-12, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246901000315
  3. U. Ersoy and G. Özcebe, Lessons from recent earthquakes in Turkey and seismic rehabilitation of buildings. ACI Special Publication, 197, 105-126, 2002. https://doi.org/10.14359/11929
  4. G. Özcebe, M. S. Yücemen and V. Aydoğan, Statistical seismic vulnerability assessment of existing reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey on a regional scale. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8, 749-773, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246904001705
  5. T. Sevil, M. Baran ve E. Canbay, Tuğla dolgu duvarların b/a çerçeveli yapıların davranışına etkilerinin incelenmesi; deneysel ve kuramsal çalışmalar. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 2, 35-42, 2010.
  6. M. Tekin, E. Alsancak ve M. Ay, Betonarme Çerçevelerde Dolgu Duvar Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 95 – 104, 2007.
  7. V. Bertero, and S. Brokken, Infills in seismic resistant building. Journal of Structural Engineering, 109, 1337-1361, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:6(1337)
  8. R. Zarnic, and M. Tomazevic, An experimentally obtained method for evaluation of the behaviour of masonry infilled r/c frames. 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 863-870, San Fransico, USA, 1984.
  9. A. B. Mehrabi, P. B. Shing, M. P. Schuller and J. L. Noland, Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled rc frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 122, 228-237, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:3(228)
  10. P. Negro and G. Verzeletti, Effect of infills on the global behaviour of r/c frames: energy considerations from pseudodynamic tests. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 25, 753-773, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10969845(199608)25:8%3C753::AID-EQE578%3E3.0.CO;2-Q
  11. F. Marjani, Behavior of brick ınfilled reinforced concrete frames under reversed cyclic loading. Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 1997.
  12. A. Hashemi and K. M. Mosalam, Shake table experiment on one-story rc structure with and without masonry infill. Advances in Earthquake Engineering for Urban Risk Reduction, NATO Science Series, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 411–426, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4571-9_27
  13. L. Cavaleri and F. Di Trapani, Cyclic response of masonry infilled RC frames: experimental results and simplified modeling. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65, 224-242, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.06.016.
  14. M. Dolšek and P. Fajfar, The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four storey reinforced concrete frame-a probabilistic assessment. Engineering Structures, 30, 1991-2001, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.04.031.
  15. Comite Euro-International du Beton (CEB). RC frames under earthquake loading: state of the art report. Thomas Telford, London, 1996.
  16. P. G. Asteris, Lateral stiffness of brick masonry infilled plane frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129, 1071–1079, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(2003)129:8(1071).
  17. A. Korkmaz ve T. Uçar, Yumuşak kat düzensizliğinin betonarme binaların deprem davranışında etkisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 65-76, 2006. https://doi.org/ 10.17482/uujfe.30831
  18. E. Akın, Open ground story in properly designed reinforced concrete frame buildings with shear walls. Structures, 20, 822-831, 2019. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.istruc.2019.07.003
  19. TBDY-2018, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD), Ankara, Türkiye, 2018.
  20. J. B. Mander, M. J. N. Priestley and R. Park, Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 114, 1804-1826, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  21. J. E. Martinez-Rueda and A. S. Elnashai, Confined concrete model under cyclic load. Materials and Structures, 30, 139–147, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486385
  22. SeismoStruct (2022), A computer program for static and dynamic nonlinear analysis of framed structures. https://seismosoft.com/product/seismostruct/ Accessed 10 August 2024.
  23. F. J. Crisafulli, Seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1997.
  24. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). FEMA 356 prestandart and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of building. Washington, DC, USA, 2000.
  25. T. Paulay and M. J. N. Priestly, Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172841
  26. R. H. Atkinson, B. P. Amadei, S. Saeb and S. Sture, Response of masonry bed joints in direct shear. Journal of structural engineering, 115, 2276-2296, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1989)115:9(2276)
  27. PEER-NGA-West2, PEER Ground Motion Veritabanı https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/site Accessed 10 August 2024.
  28. Batı Anadolu Çöküntü Bölgesi’nin Paleosismoloji Projesi. T.C. Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye, 2007.
  29. SeismoMatch, A computer program for spectrum matching of earthquake records. https://seismosoft.com/products/seismomatch/ Accessed 10 August 2024.
  30. K. C. Uçar, 8 katlı bir betonarme binada tuğla dolgu duvara bağlı yumuşak kat oluşumu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye, 2024.