Journals / Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 26

Antimicrobial activity assessment of an innovative powdered honey production approach: a comparative study

Yenilikçi toz bal üretim yaklaşımının antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi: karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma

Enes Kaya(BINGOL UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE)0000-0003-3973-168X
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-03-08
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the findings suggest that this non-thermal, MCC-assisted powdering strategy can preserve antimicrobial performance while improving handling, storage, and dose reproducibility, and that inhibition outcomes may be shaped by physical form–dependent diffusion behavior under equivalent honey content.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Working with honey in laboratory or applied settings presents practical challenges that extend beyond its well-known antimicrobial properties.
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Key Findings & Data:Before testing, powdered samples were rehydrated so that each application delivered a quantity of honey equivalent to that present in 10 µL of the liquid form.
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Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the findings suggest that this non-thermal, MCC-assisted powdering strategy can preserve antimicrobial performance while improving handling, storage, and dose reproducibility, and that inhibition outcomes may be shaped by physical form–dependent diffusion behavior under equivalent honey content.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Powdered Honey · Polyfloral Honey · Monofloral Honey

Abstract

Working with honey in laboratory or applied settings presents practical challenges that extend beyond its well-known antimicrobial properties. Honey is viscous and sticky, tends to harden into crystals over time, and can make it tedious to apply the same amount repeatedly. These everyday issues have led researchers to seek powdered alternatives, though many published approaches involve heating steps or require so much carrier material that parts of honey’s natural properties may be altered unintentionally. In this study, a powdered honey (P.H.) mixture supported with water-insoluble microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was evaluated alongside liquid honey, ensuring that the actual amount of honey applied in each experiment was equivalent. Two commercially available honeys with different declared botanical origins (chestnut and polyfloral) were included to assess the applicability of the approach across market-available samples. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium using both disc and well diffusion assays. Before testing, powdered samples were rehydrated so that each application delivered a quantity of honey equivalent to that present in 10 µL of the liquid form. The resulting inhibition zones were measured using calibrated digital image analysis. Under matched-dosing conditions, antimicrobial activity was preserved in both liquid and powdered honey, with inhibition patterns varying depending on the microorganism and experimental conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that this non-thermal, MCC-assisted powdering strategy can preserve antimicrobial performance while improving handling, storage, and dose reproducibility, and that inhibition outcomes may be shaped by physical form–dependent diffusion behavior under equivalent honey content.

Özet

Bal ile laboratuvar veya uygulamaya yönelik çalışmalarda, iyi bilinen antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin ötesinde bazı pratik zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Balın yüksek viskoziteye ve yapışkan bir yapıya sahip olması, zamanla kristalleşerek sertleşmesi ve her seferinde aynı miktarın tekrarlanabilir şekilde uygulanmasının güç olması, deneysel süreçleri zahmetli hâle getirebilmektedir. Bu günlük pratik sorunlar, araştırmacıları toz formdaki alternatiflere yöneltmiş; ancak literatürde bildirilen birçok yaklaşımın ısıl işlem içermesi ya da yüksek miktarda taşıyıcı madde gerektirmesi nedeniyle, balın doğal özelliklerinin istemeden değişime uğrayabildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, suda çözünmeyen mikrokristalin selüloz (MCC) ile desteklenmiş bir toz bal (P.H.) karışımı, sıvı bal ile birlikte değerlendirilmiş ve her bir deneyde uygulanan gerçek bal miktarının eşdeğer olması sağlanmıştır. Yöntemin piyasada bulunan farklı örnekler için uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla, beyan edilen botanik kökenleri farklı olan iki ticari bal (kestane ve polifloral) kullanılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, Gram-pozitif Staphylococcus aureus ve Gram-negatif Salmonella typhimurium suşlarına karşı disk ve kuyu difüzyon yöntemleri kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Deneyler öncesinde, toz örnekler yeniden hidratlanmış ve her bir uygulamanın, sıvı formdaki 10 µL bala eşdeğer miktarda bal içermesi sağlanmıştır. Oluşan inhibisyon zonları, kalibre edilmiş dijital görüntü analiz yöntemi ile ölçülmüştür. Eşleştirilmiş dozlama koşulları altında, antimikrobiyal aktivitenin hem sıvı hem de toz bal formlarında korunduğu; inhibisyon paternlerinin ise mikroorganizma türüne ve deneysel koşullara bağlı olarak farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak elde edilen bulgular, bu ısıl işlem içermeyen ve MCC destekli tozlaştırma stratejisinin, antimikrobiyal performansı korurken kullanım kolaylığı, depolama ve doz tekrarlanabilirliğini artırabildiğini; ayrıca eşdeğer bal içeriği sağlandığında, inhibisyon sonuçlarının fiziksel forma bağlı difüzyon davranışlarından etkilenebileceğini göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Kaya, E. (2026). Antimicrobial activity assessment of an innovative powdered honey production approach: a comparative study. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, Volume: 26. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1849662

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