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Journals / Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry / 2026 / Volume: 53 Issue: 1

Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Chitosan and Lignin Biological Macro Molecule: Review Article

Bnar Mahmood Ibrahim(University of Raparin)0000-0002-9164-5212
Nabil Adil Fakhre(Salahaddin University-Erbil)0000-0001-6750-0518
Ibrahim Nazem Qader(University of Raparin)0000-0003-1167-3799
Huda Y. Sharef(Salahaddin University-Erbil)0000-0003-3394-9485
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-01-01
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The paper discusses the fundamentals of adsorption and provides a classification for adsorbent materials as well as numerous low-cost biological macromolecule adsorbents, includes cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, lignin, and their heavy metal removal capability.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Contaminant removal from sewage is a serious difficulty on the subject of water contamination.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Several ways of utilizing non-conventional adsorbents have been investigated over the last three decades to generate cheaper and more effective adsorbents to remove contaminants at trace levels.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The paper discusses the fundamentals of adsorption and provides a classification for adsorbent materials as well as numerous low-cost biological macromolecule adsorbents, includes cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, lignin, and their heavy metal removal capability.
🔬Design:Review
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Heavy metal ions · Adsorption · Biological macromolecule

Abstract

Contaminant removal from sewage is a serious difficulty on the subject of water contamination. Adsorption is a direct and efficient technique for eliminating contaminants that involves the use of solid materials known as adsorbents. Mineral, organic, or biological adsorbent materials can be utilized. At the industrial scale, activated carbon is the favored traditional material. Activated carbon is widely used to remove contaminants from wastewater streams and to absorb them from groundwater, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, which are all sources of potable water. However, because of its expensive cost, activated carbon is not widely used. Several ways of utilizing non-conventional adsorbents have been investigated over the last three decades to generate cheaper and more effective adsorbents to remove contaminants at trace levels. This article provides an overview of liquid-solid adsorption techniques for pollution removal that use low-cost polymer adsorbents. The paper discusses the fundamentals of adsorption and provides a classification for adsorbent materials as well as numerous low-cost biological macromolecule adsorbents, includes cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, lignin, and their heavy metal removal capability.

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Cite This Article

Ibrahim, B. M., Fakhre, N. A., Qader, I. N., Sharef, H. Y. (2025). Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Chitosan and Lignin Biological Macro Molecule: Review Article. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, Volume: 53 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1419925

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