Journals / Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar / 2026 / Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3

Management of Sleep Disorders in General Medicine

Genel Tıpta Uyku Bozukluklarının Yönetimi

Gamze Baytar(RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0007-7323-3752
Çiçek Hocaoğlu(RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6613-4317
Pages
1125–1139
Publication Date
2026-04-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, sleep disorders should not be confined to the domains of psychiatry and neurology alone but should be integrated into routine clinical assessments across disciplines.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Sleep is one of the fundamental cycles of human life, involving complex neurophysiological processes that are activated each night as the eyes close, and it has been a subject of curiosity since antiquity.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Advances in scientific methods during the 19th and 20th centuries enabled major progress in understanding sleep physiology.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, sleep disorders should not be confined to the domains of psychiatry and neurology alone but should be integrated into routine clinical assessments across disciplines.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:uyku bozuklukları · uyku · tedavi

Abstract

Sleep is one of the fundamental cycles of human life, involving complex neurophysiological processes that are activated each night as the eyes close, and it has been a subject of curiosity since antiquity. Advances in scientific methods during the 19th and 20th centuries enabled major progress in understanding sleep physiology. Techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), polysomnography, and actigraphy facilitated the delineation of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages, thereby elucidating the pathophysiology of sleep disorders. Contemporary research demonstrates that sleep disorders are not merely individual issues related to nighttime rest but constitute a significant global public health concern. They are associated with cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, immune dysfunction, psychiatric disorders, and accident risk, among other adverse outcomes. Evidence further suggests an increasing prevalence of sleep disorders worldwide. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive perspective on sleep, encompassing current classification systems, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment approaches. The limited number of recent publications addressing the full spectrum of sleep disorders highlights the need for integrative reviews. By employing a traditional review method, this article aims to draw attention to this gap in the literature. In conclusion, sleep disorders should not be confined to the domains of psychiatry and neurology alone but should be integrated into routine clinical assessments across disciplines. Because sleep affects the entire organism, recognition by all branches of medicine is essential for ensuring that it receives the attention it warrants.

Özet

Yaşamın temel döngülerinden biri olan uyku, her gece gözlerin kapanmasıyla birlikte arka planda son derece karmaşık nörofizyolojik süreçlerin devreye girdiği bir olgu olup eski çağlardan beri insanlarda merak uyandırmıştır. 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda bilimsel tekniklerin gelişmesiyle birlikte uyku fizyolojisinin anlaşılmasında önemli ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Elektroensefalogram (EEG), polisomnografi (PSG) ve aktigrafi gibi yöntemlerle Hızlı Göz Hareketleri (REM) ve Hızlı Göz Hareketleri Olmayan (NREM) evreleri ayrıntılı şekilde tanımlanmış, uyku bozukluklarının patofizyolojisi büyük ölçüde aydınlatılmıştır. Günümüzde ise uyku bozukluklarının yalnızca gece uykusunu etkileyen bireysel bir sorun olmadığı; kardiyovasküler hastalıklardan metabolik sendroma, immün sistem ve ruhsal hastalıklara ve trafik kazalarına kadar birçok sağlık sorunuyla ilişkili, küresel ölçekte etkileri olan ciddi bir halk sağlığı problemi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Mevcut araştırmalar uyku bozukluklarının görülme sıklığında bir artış olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu derleme çalışması, uykuyu güncel sınıflama sistemlerine, patofizyolojiden tedavi yaklaşımlarına kadar geniş bir çerçevede değerlendiren bütüncül bir bakış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Literatürde uyku bozuklarının bütününü kapsamlı olarak ele alan, güncel çalışmalar sınırlı sayıda olup, mevcut bilgileri gözden geçiren derlemelerin eksikliği göze çarpmaktadır. Geleneksel derleme yöntemi ile hazırlanan bu çalışma literatürdeki bu eksikliğe dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir. Sonuç olarak uyku bozuklukları yalnızca psikiyatri ve nörolojinin ilgilendiği bir alan olmaktan çıkarılmalı, rutin değerlendirme süreçlerinin bir parçası haline getirilmelidir. Organizmanın bütününü etkileyebilen uykunun, tüm tıbbi branşlarca hak ettiği ilgiyi görmesi ancak bu şekilde mümkündür.

🔖

Cite This Article

Baytar, G., Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2026). Management of Sleep Disorders in General Medicine. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3, 1125–1139. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1701527

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (70)

  1. Ağar İ, Malakcıoğlu C, Mutlu HH (2021) Uykusuzluk şikayetleri ve Uyku Kalitesi Temel Ölçeği’nin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 15:846-852.
  2. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö (1996) Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi’nin geçerliliği ve güvenirliliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 7: 107-115.
  3. Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, Hening W, Myers A, Bell TJ et al. (2005) Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. Arch Intern Med, 165:1286-1292.
  4. AASM (2023) American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-3 Text Revision. Chicago, IL, American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
  5. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  6. Baranwal N, Yu PK, Siegel NS (2023) Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 77:59-69.
  7. Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U et al.(2019) Narcolepsy: clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol, 15:519-539.
  8. Benbir G, Demir AU, Aksu M, Ardıç S, Fırat H, İtil O et al. (2015) Prevalence of insomnia and its clinical correlates in a general population in Turkey. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 69:543-552.
  9. Bhaskar S, Hemavathy D, Prasad S (2016) Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. J Fam Med Prim Care, 5:780-784.
  10. Boysan M, Güleç M, Beşiroğlu L, Kalafat T (2010) Uykusuzluk Şiddeti İndeksi’nin Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 11:248-252.
  11. Carney CE, Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Lichstein KL et al. (2012) The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep, 35:287-302.
  12. Chasens ER, Imes CC, Kariuki JK, Luyster FS, Morris JL, DiNardo MM et al.(2021) Sleep and metabolic syndrome. Nurs Clin North Am, 56:203-217.
  13. Chattu VK, Manzar MD, Kumary S, Burman D, Spence DW, Pandi-Perumal SR (2018) The global problem of insufficient sleep and its serious public health ımplications. Healthcare (Basel), 7:1.
  14. Cirelli C (2025) Insufficient sleep: definition, epidemiology, and adverse outcomes. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insufficient-sleep-definition-epidemiology-and-adverse-outcomes (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  15. Contreras JB, Richardson J, Kotagal S (2019) Sexsomnia in an adolescent. J Clin Sleep Med, 15:505-507.
  16. Di Giacopo R, Fasano A, Quaranta D, Della Marca G, Bove F, Bentivoglio AR et al. (2012) Rivastigmine as alternative treatment for refractory REM behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord, 27:559-561.
  17. Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP et al. (2009) Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management, and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med, 5:263-276.
  18. Falup-Pecurariu C, Diaconu Ș, Țînț D, Falup-Pecurariu O (2021) Neurobiology of sleep (Review). Exp Ther Med, 21:272.
  19. Garbarino S, Lanteri P, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N, Scoditti E (2021) Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes. Commun Biol, 4:1304.
  20. Gökçay B, Arda B (2013) Tıp tarihi açısından uyku ve uyku araştırmaları. Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 3:70-78.
  21. Goldstein CA (2025) Overview of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  22. Grandner MA (2017) Sleep, health, and society. Sleep Med Clin, 12:1-22.
  23. Harris M, Grunstein RR (2009) Treatments for somnambulism in adults: assessing the evidence. Sleep Med Rev, 13:295-297.
  24. He S, Hasler BP, Chakravorty S (2019) Alcohol and sleep-related problems. Curr Opin Psychol, 30:117–122.
  25. Hefner G, Wolff J, Toto S, Reißner P, Klimke A (2022) Off-label use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood-stabilizers in psychiatry. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 129:1353-1365.
  26. Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D (2000) Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ, 162:225-233.
  27. Hossain JL, Shapiro CM (2002) The prevalence, cost implications, and management of sleep disorders: an overview. Sleep Breath, 6:85-102.
  28. Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Santamaría J, Serradell M, Martí MJ, Valldeoriola F et al.(2006) Rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol, 5:572-577.
  29. Jin L, Shi L, Zhang Y, Chen BB, Wang XL, Liu YH (2019) Antidepressants for the treatment of narcolepsy: A prospective study of 148 patients in northern China. J Clin Neurosci, 63:27-31.
  30. Karadağ M, Ursavaş A (2007) Dünyada ve Türkiye’de uyku çalışmaları. Türkiye Klinikleri Akciğer Arşivi, 8:62-64.
  31. Karaman Özlü Z, Özer N (2015) Richard-Campbell Uyku Ölçeği geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Uyku Tıbbi Dergisi, 2:29-32.
  32. Kelley GA, Kelley KS (2017) Exercise and sleep: a systematic review of previous meta-analyses. J Evid Based Med, 10:26–36.
  33. Kerkhof GA (2017) Epidemiology of sleep and sleep disorders in The Netherlands. Sleep Med, 30:229-239.
  34. Klimt F, Jacobi C, Brähler E, Stöbel-Richter Y, Zenger M, Berth H et al.(2023) Insomnia symptoms in adulthood: prevalence and incidence over 25 years. Sleep Med, 109:240-244.
  35. Kramer NR, Millman RP (2025) Overview of polysomnography in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-polysomnography-in-adults (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  36. Lamberg L (2000) Sleep disorders, often unrecognized, complicate many physical illnesses. JAMA, 284:2173-2175.
  37. Lanza G, Fisicaro F, Cantone M, Pennisi M, Cosentino FII, Lanuzza B et al. (2023) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in primary sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev, 67:101735.
  38. Liu C, He Z, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li Z, Jia Y et al. (2025) Sleep disorders: pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Med Comm, 6:e70130.
  39. Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK (2012) Sleep: a health imperative. Sleep, 35:727-734.
  40. Mainieri G, Loddo G, Provini F, Nobili L, Manconi M, Castelnovo A et al.(2023) Diagnosis and management of NREM sleep parasomnias in children and adults. Diagnostics (Basel), 13:1261.
  41. Martin JL (2025) Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-insomnia-in-adults (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  42. Maski K (2025) Insufficient sleep: evaluation and management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insufficient-sleep-evaluation-and-management (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  43. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, Auger RR, Swick TJ, Rowley JA et al.(2021) Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med, 17:1895-1945.
  44. Melhuish Beaupre LM, Brown GM, Gonçalves VF, Kennedy JL et al. (2021) Melatonin’s neuroprotective role in mitochondria and its potential as a biomarker in aging, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry, 11:339.
  45. Morin CM, Jarrin DC (2022) Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden. Sleep Med Clin, 17:173-191.
  46. Morse AM, Krahn L, Flygare J, Kushida C, Thorpy MJ, Athavale A et al. (2023) Clinician preferences for oxybate treatment for narcolepsy: Survey and discrete choice experiment. Adv Ther, 40:3199-3216.
  47. Mundt JM, Schuiling MD, Warlick C, Dietch JR, Wescott AB et al. (2023) Behavioral and psychological treatments for NREM parasomnias: a systematic review. Sleep Med, 111:36-53.
  48. Nardone R, Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Brigo F, Golaszewski S et al.(2020) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in subjects with sleep disorders. Sleep Med, 71:113-121.
  49. Öztürk O, Uluşahin A (2023) Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, 18. Baskı. İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  50. Palagini L, Miniati M, Caruso V, Alfi G, Geoffroy PA, Domschke K et al. (2024) Insomnia, anxiety and related disorders: a systematic review on clinical and therapeutic perspective with potential mechanisms underlying their complex link. Neurosci Appl, 3:103936.
  51. Pelayo R, Hodgson N, Guilleminault C (2010) The history of sleep medicine. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 95 (Eds CL Bassetti, Z Dogas, P Peigneux):547-556. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
  52. Ringman JM, Simmons JH (2000) Treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder with donepezil: a report of three cases. Neurology, 55:870-871.
  53. Roehrs T, Roth T (2025) The effects of medications on sleep quality and sleep architecture. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-effects-of-medications-on-sleep-quality-and-sleep-architecture (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  54. Roniger DD, Lechuga YA, León EE, Robles RO, Escandón ÓS, Pérez GJ, et al. (2022) Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia helps to reverse cognitive impairment in insomnia patients. Sleep Sci, 15:355–360.
  55. Ruan W, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK (2021) Circadian rhythm as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20:287-307.
  56. Rundo JV, Downey R (2019) Polysomnography. Handb Clin Neurol, 160:381-392.
  57. Sadeh A (2011) The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: an update. Sleep Med Rev, 15:259-267.
  58. Samanta S, Ali SA (2022) Impact of circadian clock dysfunction on human health. Explor Neurosci, 1:4-30.
  59. Sarfraz N, Okuampa D, Hansen H, Alvarez M, Cornett EM, Kakazu J et al. (2022) Pitolisant, a novel histamine-3 receptor competitive antagonist, and inverse agonist, in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in adult patients with narcolepsy. Health Psychol Res, 10:34222.
  60. Scammell TE (2025) Narcolepsy: clinical features and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/narcolepsy-clinical-features-and-diagnosis (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  61. Shen C, Wang ZD, Qian WJ, Wu CF, Qian SR, Tang T (2024) Bibliometric analysis of brain stimulation technologies in sleep disorders. Med Sci Monit, 30:e942687.
  62. Şenel GB, İsmailoğulları S, Tuncel D, Demir AB, Akyıldız UA (2023) Uyku Nörofizyolojisi ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul, Türk Nöroloji Derneği Yayınları.
  63. Thomas SJ, Gamble K (2025) Actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/actigraphy-in-the-evaluation-of-sleep-disorders (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  64. Uehli K, Mehta AJ, Miedinger D, Hug K, Schindler C, Holsboer-Trachsler E et al. (2014) Sleep problems and work injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev, 18:61-73.
  65. Vaughn BV (2025) Approach to abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-abnormal-movements-and-behaviors-during-sleep (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  66. WHO (2022) International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). Geneva, World Health Organization.
  67. Winkelman JW (2025) Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-treatment-of-insomnia-in-adults (Accessed 29.10.2025)
  68. Winkelman JW, Wipper B, Purks J, Mei L, Schoerning L (2020) Topiramate reduces nocturnal eating in sleep-related eating disorder. Sleep, 43:zsaa060.
  69. Yıldırım BD, Ersü DÖ (2023) Uyku ve beslenme. Arel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7:24-32.
  70. Zhang AD, Pola A, Lin Y (2023) Consider early ECT treatment for chronic insomnia-induced suicidal ideation. Eur Psychiatry, 66(Suppl 1):S1100.