Journals / Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN THE EFFECT OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP PERCEPTION ON EMPLOYEE VOICE

HİZMETKÂR LİDERLİK ALGISININ ÇALIŞAN SESLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE PSİKOLOJİK SÖZLEŞMENİN ARACI ROLÜ

Emel Burak(KIRKLARELI UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7782-9149
Cemal Zehir(YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2584-4480
Pages
324–354
Publication Date
2025-06-27
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results were interpreted within the literature framework, and recommendations were provided.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study examines the mediating role of the psychological contract in the relationship between servant leadership perception and employee voice.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The research focuses on employees in the Marmara Region, with 419 volunteers selected through convenience sampling due to time and resource constraints.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results were interpreted within the literature framework, and recommendations were provided.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hizmetkâr liderlik · psikolojik sözleşme · çalışan sesliliği

Abstract

This study examines the mediating role of the psychological contract in the relationship between servant leadership perception and employee voice. The research focuses on employees in the Marmara Region, with 419 volunteers selected through convenience sampling due to time and resource constraints. A quantitative approach was used, and statistical analyses were conducted with IBM AMOS 24.0. Hypotheses developed from the literature were tested, contributing to theory and practice. Findings show that servant leadership perception and the psychological contract significantly impact employee voice. No significant relationship was found between servant leadership and the transactional contract, while a positive relationship was observed with the relational contract. Additionally, the relational contract partially mediates the relationship between servant leadership and employee voice, whereas the transactional contract has no significant mediating effect. The results were interpreted within the literature framework, and recommendations were provided.

Özet

Bu çalışma, hizmetkâr liderlik algısının çalışan sesliliğine etkisinde psikolojik sözleşmenin aracılık rolünü incelemektedir. Marmara Bölgesi'nde mal ve hizmet üreten işletmelerin çalışanları araştırmanın evrenini oluştururken, zaman, erişim ve kaynak kısıtları nedeniyle kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle 419 gönüllü çalışan seçilmiştir. Nicel yöntemle yürütülen araştırmada, istatistiksel analizler IBM AMOS 24.0 yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatür ışığında geliştirilen hipotezler test edilmiş ve hem teorik hem de uygulamaya yönelik katkılar sunulmuştur. Sonuçlar, hizmetkâr liderlik algısının ve psikolojik sözleşmenin çalışan sesliliği üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Hizmetkâr liderlik algısının işlemsel kontrat ile anlamlı bir ilişkisi bulunmazken, ilişkisel kontrat ile pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ilişkisel kontratın hizmetkâr liderlik ile çalışan sesliliği arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiği, ancak işlemsel kontratın aracılık etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bulgular doğrultusunda öneriler sunulmuştur.

🔖

Cite This Article

Burak, E., Zehir, C. (2025). THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN THE EFFECT OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP PERCEPTION ON EMPLOYEE VOICE. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 31, 324–354. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.013

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (87)

  1. Aggarwal, U., & Bhargava, S. (2009), Reviewing the relationship between human resource practices and psychological contract and their impact on employee attitude and behaviours: A conceptual model, Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(1), 4-31. doi:10.1108/03090590910924351
  2. Akgemci, T., Kalfaoğlu, S., & Erkunt, N. (2019). Hizmetkâr liderlik sesliliğine etkisini davranışlarının çalışan belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 9(2), 757-771.
  3. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  4. Anderson, N. & Schalk R. (1998), The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect. Journal of organizational behavior, 19, 637-647. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(1998)19:1+ 3.0.CO;2-H
  5. Andiyasari, A., Matindas, R. W., & Riantoputra, C. D. (2017). Voice behavior: The role of perceived support and psychological ownership. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 11(1), 1-24. doi: 10.21002/seam.v11i1.7735
  6. Arain, G. A., Bukhari, S., Hameed, I., Lacaze, D.M. & Bukhari, Z. (2018). Am I treated better than my co-worker? A moderated mediation analysis of psychological contract fulfillment, organizational identification, and voice. Personnel Review, 47(5), 1133-1151. doi: 10.1108/PR-04-2016-0090
  7. Arain, G.A., Hameed, I. and Crawshaw, J.R. (2019). Servant leadership and follower voice: the roles of follower felt responsibility for constructive change and avoidance-approach motivation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(4), 555-565. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2019.1609946.
  8. Arslan, A., & Yener, S. (2016). İş gören sesliliği ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması çalışması. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 173-191.
  9. Aygün, B., & Özen, H. (2019). Öğretmenlerin çalışan sesliliğine yönelik algılarının incelenmesi: Fenomenolojik yaklaşım. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Eğitim Dergisi, 4(2), 1-21.
  10. Baykal, E., Zehir, C., & Köle, M. (2018). Hizmetkâr liderlik firma performansı ilişkisinde örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracı etkisi. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 5(9), 111-133.
  11. Blanchard, K., Blanchard, S. & Zigarmi, D. (2007). Hizmetkâr liderlik. K. Blanchard (Ed.) Liderlikte Çıtayı Yükseltmek içinde (ss. 293-324). İstanbul: Kaizen-Resital Yayıncılık.
  12. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  13. Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316. doi:10.1177/0049124189017003004
  14. Borman, W. C. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: the meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.
  15. Botha, L., & Steyn, R. (2023). Employee voice as a behavioural response to psychological contract breach: The moderating effect of leadership style. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 1-23. doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2174181
  16. Braekkan, K. F. (2012). High performance work systems and psychological contract violations. Journal of Managerial Issues, 24(3), 277-292.
  17. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Ed.), Testing structural equation models içinde (ss. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  18. Bulut, H., & Meydan, C. H. (2018). Liderlik Tarzlarının Çalışanların Ses Verme Davranışına Etkisi: Kamuda Bir Araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(1), 223-244. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002495
  19. Carnevale, J. B., Huang, L., Crede, M., Harms, P., & Uhl‐Bien, M. (2017). Leading to stimulate employees' ideas: A quantitative review of leader–member exchange, employee voice, creativity, and innovative behavior. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 66(4), 517–552. doi:10.1111/apps.12102
  20. Carter, D., & Baghurst, T. (2014). The Influence of Servant Leadership on Restaurant Employee Engagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 453-464. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1882-0.
  21. Chen H., Wang L. & Li J. (2022). How can servant leadership promote employees’ voice behavior? a moderated chain mediation model. Front. Psychol. 13(938983), 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938983
  22. Chen, S.J., Wang, M.J. & Lee, S.H. (2018).Transformational leadership and voice behaviors: The mediating effect of employee perceived meaningful work. Personnel Review, 47(3), 694-708. doi:10.1108/PR-01-2017-0016
  23. Cheng, J. W., Chang, S. C., Kuo, J. H. & Lu, K. M. (2014). Social relations and voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 11(1), 130-140.
  24. Chou, S.Y. & Barron, K. (2016). Employee voice behavior revisited: its forms and antecedents. Management Research Review, 39(12), 1720-1737. doi: 10.1108/MRR-09-2015-0199
  25. Cohen, W. A. (2010). Drucker ve Liderlik (Çev. Ümit Şensoy). İstanbul: Optimist Yayınları.
  26. Conway, N. & Briner, R. B. (2005). Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work, A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research, New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
  27. Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
  28. Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Parzefall, M. (2008). Psychological Contracts. C. L. Cooper, & J. Barling (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Organisational Behaviour içinde (ss. 17-34). USA:Sage Publication. doi:10.4135/9781849200448.n2
  29. Çetin, Ş. & Çakmakçı, C. (2012). Çalışan sesliliği ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışması. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi, 22(2), 1-19.
  30. Dahleez, K.A., Aboramadan, M. & Bansal, A. (2021). Servant leadership and affective commitment: the role of psychological ownership and person–organization fit. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(2), 493-511. doi:10.1108/IJOA-03-2020-2105
  31. Detert, J. R. & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy Of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2007.26279183
  32. Erkutlu, H., & Chafra, J. (2015). Servant leadership and voice behavior in higher education. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(4), 29-41.
  33. Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111-132. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
  34. Faraz, N. A., Xiong, Z., Mehmood, S. A., Ahmed, F., & Pervaiz, K. (2023). How does servant leadership nurture nurses' job embeddedness? uncovering sequential mediation of psychological contract fulfillment and psychological ownership. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2023/7294334
  35. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
  36. George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). Spss for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, 17.0 update. Boston: Pearson.
  37. Graen, G. B. & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
  38. Greenleaf, R. K. (1970), The Servant as Leader. 15 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.greenleaf.org/what-is-servant-leadership/ adresinden erişildi.
  39. Grimmer, M. & Oddy, M. (2007). Violation of the psychological contract: the mediating effect of relational versus transactional beliefs, Australian Journal of Management, 32 (1), 153-174. doi:10.1177/03128962070320010
  40. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  41. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data nalysis. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River.
  42. Haq, I. Ul, Jam, F. A., Azeem, M. U., Ali, M. A. & Fatima, T. (2011). Psychological contract and job outcomes: mediating role of affective commitment. African Journal of Business Management, 5 (19), 7972-7979. doi: 10.5897/AJBM10.1617
  43. Henderson, L. M. (2013). Enhancing safety communication with leadership: A quantitative study of leadership style and safety voice (Order No. 3573958). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1438049253). 21 Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/enhancing-safety-communication-with-leadership/docview/1438049253/se-2 adresinden erişildi.
  44. Hess, N. & Jepsen, D. M. (2009). Career stage and generational differences in psychological contracts. Career Development International, 14(3), 261-283. doi:10.1108/13620430910966433
  45. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
  46. Khan, M.M., Mubarik, M.S., Ahmed, S.S., Ali, S.R. & Siraj, S.S. (2023a). Instilling employees with meaning to communicate: servant leadership affecting employee voice behavior through meaning. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 2514-9342, 1-15. doi:10.1108/GKMC-06-2023-0218
  47. Khan, M.M., Mubarik, M.S., Ahmed, S.S. & Islam, T. (2023b). Speak up to speed up innovation: servant leadership triggered innovative work behavior mediated through voice behavior. International Journal of Innovation Science, 1757-2223, 1-19. doi:10.1108/IJIS-03-2023-0067
  48. Kılıç, K. C., & Aydın, Y. (2016). Hizmetkâr liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(30), 106-113.
  49. Lee, C., Liu, J., Rousseau, D. M., Hui, C.& Chen, Z. (2011). Inducements, contributions,and fulfillment in new employee psychological contracts. Human Resource Management, 50(2), 201-226. doi:10.1002/hrm.20415
  50. Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J.-L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71–92. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0176
  51. Liao, C., Liden, R.C., Liu, Y. & Wu, J. (2021). Blessing or curse: the moderating role of political skill in the relationship between servant leadership, voice, and voice endorsement, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(8), 1-18. doi: 10.1002/job.2544.
  52. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 254-269. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002
  53. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J.; Zhao, H. & Henderson, D. (2008), Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment, The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161-177. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006
  54. Maynes, T. D. & Podsakoff, P. M. (2014). Speaking More Broadly: An Examination of the Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences of an Expanded Set of Employee Voice Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 87-112. doi:10.1037/a0034284
  55. Memon, K. R. & Ghani, B. (2020). The relationship between psychological contract and voice behavior—a social exchange perspective. Asian Journal of Business Ethics. 9(2), 257–74. doi: 10.1007/s13520-020-00109-4.
  56. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi:10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
  57. Millward, L. J. & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational and job commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28 (16), 1530-1556. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
  58. Mimaroğlu, H. (2008). Psikolojik Sözleşmenin Personelin Tutum ve Davranışlarına Etkileri: Tıbbi Satış Temsilcileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi SBE, Adana.
  59. Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior integration and directions for future research. The Academy of Management Annals, 5-1, 373-412. doi: 10.1080/ 19416520 2011.574506.
  60. Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 173-197. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
  61. Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: a barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725. doi:10.2307/259200
  62. Mowbray, P. K., Wilkinson, A., & Tse, H. H. M. (2015). An integrative review of employee voice: identifying a common conceptualization and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(3), 382-400. doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12045
  63. Nikolaou, I., Tomprou, M. & Vakola, M. (2007). Individuals’ ınducements and the role of personality: ımplications for psychological contracts. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(7), 649-663. doi: 10.1108/02683940710820082
  64. Panaccio, A., Henderson, D.J., Liden, R.C., Wayne, S. & Cao, X. (2015).Yoward an understanding of when and why servant leadership accounts for employee extra-role behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30, 657-675. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9388-z
  65. Persson, S. & Wasieleski, D. (2015). The seasons of the psychological contract: Overcoming the silent transformations of the employer–employee relationship, Human Resource Management Review, 25(4), 368–383. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.02.003
  66. Premeaux, S. F. & Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the silence: the moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1537–1562. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00390
  67. Rousseau, D.M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations understanding written and unwritten agreements, London: Sage Publications.
  68. Rousseau, D.M. (2004).Psychological contracts ın the workplace: understanding the ties that motivate. The Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 120-127. doi:10.5465/AME.2004.12689213
  69. Rousseau, D.M. & Parks, J. M. (1993). The contracts of ındividuals and organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior,15, 1-43.
  70. Sharma, R. (2013). Unvansız lider, (Çev. Filiz Gülerkaya) İstanbul:Pegasus Yayınları.
  71. Song, Y., Tian, Q.-T. & Kwan, H.K. (2022). Servant leadership and employee voice: a moderated mediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 37(1), 1-14. doi:10.1108/JMP-02-2020-0077
  72. Spears, L. C. (2010). Character and servant leadership: ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, 1(1), 25-30.
  73. Spellman, R. (2011). Yeni liderlik (Çev. Levent Göktem, Evin Kantemir). İstanbul: Optimist Yayınları.
  74. Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00834.x
  75. Tokmak, M. (2019). İşlemsel ve ilişkisel psikolojik sözleşmenin iş görenlerin pozitif ses davranışı üzerindeki etkisine yönelik ampirik bir araştırma. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 587-604. doi:10.29029/busbed.502365
  76. Trompenaars, F. & Voerman, E. (2009). Servant-leadership across cultures: Harnessing the strengths of the world’s most powerful management philosophy. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
  77. TİSK. (2022). Türkiye işgücü istatistikleri. 17 Eylül 2023 tarihinde chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.tisk.org.tr/dokuman/turkiye-is-gucu-istatistikleri---2022-.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  78. TÜİK. (2022). Coğrafi istatistik portalı. 15 Mayıs 2023 tarihinde https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/ adresinden erişildi. Türkiye İş Kurumu. (2022). İşgücü piyasası araştırması İstanbul ili 2022 yılı sonuç raporu. 17 Eylül 2023 tarihinde chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://media.iskur.gov.tr/66896/istanbul.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  79. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. The Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119. doi.10.2307/256902
  80. Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392. doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00384
  81. Walumbwa, F. O. & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275–1286. doi:10.1037/a0015848
  82. Wangithi, W. E. & Muceke, N. J. (2012). Effect of human resource practices on psychological contract in organizations. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(19), 117-122.
  83. Yan, A. & Xiao, Y. (2016). Servant leadership and employee voice behavior: a cross-level investigation in China. SpringerPlus, 5(1595), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3264-4.
  84. Yetim, B., & Erigüç, G. (2018). Sağlık çalışanlarında sessizlik ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalara yönelik bir inceleme. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 5(1), 19-32. doi:10.18394/iid.361935
  85. Yukl, G. (2006).Leadership in Organizations. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  86. Yurt, E. (2023). Sosyal bilimlerde çok değişkenli analizler için pratik bilgiler: SPSS ve AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
  87. Zehir, C., Akyuz, B., Eren, M. S., & Turhan, G. (2013). The indirekt effects of servant leadership behavior on organizational citizenship behavior and job performance: organizational justice as a mediator, International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 2(3), 01–13. doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v2i3.68