SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 52

A Comparative Study of Psychological Resilience, Caregiver Burden, Depressive Symptoms, and Perceived Social Support Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, and Typical Development

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu, Entelektüel Yetiyitimi ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Annelerinde Psikolojik Dayanıklılık, Bakım Yükü, Depresif Belirtiler ve Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Karşılaştırılması

Fatma Coşkun(Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Türkiye.)0000-0001-6917-2327
Elif Nur Yaşar(Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Türkiye.)0009-0007-7528-6751
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-07-14
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate vulnerability across both clinical groups, particularly among mothers of children with ASD, underscoring the need to prioritize protective psychosocial interventions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study compared caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, psychological resilience, and perceived social support among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and typically developing (TD) children.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The sample consisted of 131 mothers of children aged 2–12 years (ASD: n=59; ID: n=29; TD: n=43).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate vulnerability across both clinical groups, particularly among mothers of children with ASD, underscoring the need to prioritize protective psychosocial interventions.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu · Entelektüel Yetiyitimi · Bakım Yükü

Abstract

This study compared caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, psychological resilience, and perceived social support among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and typically developing (TD) children. The sample consisted of 131 mothers of children aged 2–12 years (ASD: n=59; ID: n=29; TD: n=43). Participants completed the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZBI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Adult Resilience Measure (ARM), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). ZBI total scores did not differ significantly across groups (p=0.407). BDI scores differed significantly (p=0.004), with higher depressive symptoms in the ASD group than in the ID and TD groups. ARM total scores differed significantly across groups (p=0.006), with higher resilience in the TD group than in the ASD group, while differences involving the ID group were not consistently significant. MSPSS total scores were significantly higher in the TD group than in both ASD and ID groups (p<0.001), with no difference between ASD and ID. In the ASD group, BDI correlated positively with ZBI (r=0.503; p<0.001) and negatively with ARM (r=−0.443; p<0.001) and MSPSS (r=−0.329; p=0.011). In the ID group, BDI correlated with ZBI (r=0.380; p=0.042) and ARM (r=0.462; p=0.012), but not with MSPSS. The findings indicate vulnerability across both clinical groups, particularly among mothers of children with ASD, underscoring the need to prioritize protective psychosocial interventions.

Özet

Bu çalışma, otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), entelektüel yetiyitimi (EYY) ve tipik gelişim (TG) gösteren çocukların anneleri arasında bakım yükü, depresif belirtiler, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve algılanan sosyal desteği karşılaştırmıştır. Örneklem, 2–12 yaş aralığında çocuğa sahip 131 anneden oluşmuştur (OSB: n=59; EYY: n=29; TG: n=43). Katılımcılar Zarit Bakım Yükü Ölçeği (ZBYÖ), Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE), Yetişkin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği (YPSÖ) ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği’ni (ÇBASDÖ) doldurmuştur. ZBYÖ toplam puanları gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermemiştir (p=0,407). BDE puanları ise anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir (p=0,004); OSB grubundaki anneler EYY ve TG gruplarına kıyasla daha yüksek depresif belirti düzeyleri bildirmiştir. YPSÖ toplam puanları da gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir (p=0,006); TG grubunda dayanıklılık düzeyleri OSB grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek bulunurken, EYY grubuna ilişkin farklılıklar tutarlı değildir. ÇBASDÖ toplam puanları TG grubunda hem OSB hem de EYY gruplarına kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001); OSB ve EYY grupları arasında fark saptanmamıştır. OSB grubunda BDE puanları ZBYÖ ile pozitif (r =0,503; p<0,001), YPSÖ (r=−0,443; p<0,001) ve ÇBASDÖ (r=−0,329, p=0,011) ile negatif yönde korelasyon göstermiştir. EYY grubunda ise BDE, ZBYÖ (r=0,380, p=0,042) ve YPSÖ (r=0,462; p=0,012) ile ilişkili bulunmuş, ancak ÇBASDÖ ile anlamlı ilişki göstermemiştir. Bulgular, her iki klinik grupta da psikososyal kırılganlığa işaret etmekte, özellikle OSB’li çocukların annelerinde koruyucu psikososyal müdahalelerin önceliklendirilmesi gereğini ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Coşkun, F., Yaşar, E. N., *, F. C. (2026). A Comparative Study of Psychological Resilience, Caregiver Burden, Depressive Symptoms, and Perceived Social Support Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, and Typical Development. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 52. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1901759

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (46)

  1. Al-Farsi OA, Al-Farsi YM, Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Adawi S. Living-loss: A narrative synthesis review of the grief process in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr Nurs. 2024;77:e97-e107. doi:10.2147/NDT.S107103
  2. Rosenbaum PL, Novak-Pavlic M. Parenting a Child with a Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2021;8(4):212-218. doi:10.1007/s40474-021-00240-2
  3. Murphy NA, Christian B, Caplin DA, Young PC. The health of caregivers for children with disabilities: Caregiver perspectives. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(2):180-187. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00644.x
  4. Rosenbaum P. Putting child development back into developmental disabilities. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(4):251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03275.x
  5. Firat S, Diler RS, Avci A, Seydaoglu G. Comparison of psychopathology in the mothers of autistic and mentally retarded children. J Korean Med Sci. 2002;17(5):679-685. doi:10.3346/jkms.2002.17.5.679
  6. McGaw S, Shaw T, Beckley K. Prevalence of Psychopathology Across a Service Population of Parents With Intellectual Disabilities and Their Children. J Policy Pract Intellect Disabil. 2007;4(1):11-22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00093.x
  7. Schnabel A, Youssef GJ, Hallford DJ, et al. Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Autism. 2020;24(1):26-40. doi:10.1177/1362361319844636
  8. Becvar DS. Handbook of Family Resilience. Handbook of Family Resilience. Published online January 1, 2013:1-557. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3917-2
  9. Mohan R, Kulkarni M. Resilience in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. journals.sagepub.com. 2018;30(1):19-43. doi:10.1177/0971333617747321
  10. Ghanouni P, Eves L. Resilience among Parents and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Ment Illn. 2023;2023(1):2925530. doi:10.1155/2023/2925530
  11. Ghanouni P, Hood G. Stress, Coping, and Resiliency Among Families of Individuals with Autism: a Systematic Review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2021 8:3. 2021;8(3):389-402. doi:10.1007/s40489-021-00245-y
  12. Farrell AF, Krahn GL. Family life goes on: Disability in contemporary families. Fam Relat. 2014;63(1):1-6. doi:10.1111/fare.12053
  13. Bekhet AK, Johnson NL, Zauszniewski JA. Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33(10):650-656. doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.671441
  14. Bitsika V, Sharpley CF, Bell R. The Buffering Effect of Resilience upon Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Parents of a Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 2013 25:5. 2013;25(5):533-543. doi:10.1007/s10882-013-9333-5
  15. Dunst C, Trivette C, mental ACA journal of, 1986 undefined. Mediating influences of social support: personal, family, and child outcomes. europepmc.orgCJ Dunst, CM Trivette, AH CrossAmerican journal of mental deficiency, 1986•europepmc.org. Accessed February 21, 2026. https://europepmc.org/article/med/2418680
  16. Lin GX, Goldenberg A, Arikan G, et al. Reappraisal, social support, and parental burnout. Br J Clin Psychol. 2022;61(4):1089-1102. doi:10.1111/bjc.12380
  17. Ibarra-Rovillard MS, Kuiper NA. Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(3):342-352. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.005
  18. White N & Hastings RP. Social and professional support for parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities.2004; 17(3), 181-190. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00197.x
  19. Aunos M, Feldman M, Goupil G. Mothering with intellectual disabilities: relationship between social support, health and well‐being, parenting and child behaviour outcomes. Wiley Online Library. 2008;21(4):320-330. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00447.x
  20. Yan T, Hou Y, Deng M. Direct, Indirect, and Buffering Effect of Social Support on Parental Involvement Among Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2021 52:7. 2021;52(7):2911-2923. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05170-x
  21. Zarit, SH, Reever, KE and Bach-Peterson, J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980; 20 ( 6 ): 649 – 655.
  22. Özlü A, Yıldız M, Aker T. Zarit Bakıcı Yük Ölçeğinin Şizofreni Hasta Yakınlarında Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Archives of Neuropsychiatry / Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi. 2009;46:38.
  23. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An Inventory for Measuring Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  24. Hisli N. Beck depresyon envanterinin universite ogrencileri icin gecerliligi, guvenilirligi. (A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample). J. Psychol. 1989;7:3-13.
  25. Arslan G. Ergenlerde psikolojik sağlamlık: Bireysel koruyucu faktörlerin rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal. 2015; 5(44), 73-82.
  26. Liebenberg L, Ungar M, & LeBlanc JC. The CYRM-12: A brief measure of resilience. Canadian journal of public health, 2013; 104(2), e131-e135.
  27. Arslan G. Yetişkin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin (YPSÖ) psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi. 2015; 344-357.
  28. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
  29. Eker D. Cok boyutlu algilanan sosyal destek olceginin gozden gecirilmis formunun faktor yapisi, gecerlik ve guvenirligi. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2001; 12, 17-25.
  30. Manstead, A. S. The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology.2018; 57(2), 267-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12251
  31. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Najafi, F., Veis, R. G., Moradinazar, M., Farasati, F., & Jalilian, F. Psychological distress and its association with gender, socioeconomic status, education and health conditions. Scientific Reports.2025; 15(1), 29142. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14848-6.
  32. Niemeyer, H., Bieda, A., Michalak, J., Schneider, S., & Margraf, J. Education and mental health: Do psychosocial resources matter?. SSM-population health.2019;7, 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100392
  33. Cetinbakis G, Bastug G, Ozel-Kizil ET. Factors contributing to higher caregiving burden in Turkish mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Disabil. 2020;66(1):46-53. doi:10.1080/20473869.2018.1478630
  34. Maes B, Broekman TG, Došen A, Nauts J. Caregiving burden of families looking after persons with intellectual disability and behavioural or psychiatric problems. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2003;47(6):447-455. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00513.x
  35. van Niekerk K, Stancheva V, Smith C. Caregiver burden among caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. South African Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;29. doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2079
  36. Al-Oran HM, AL-Sagarat AY. Psychological distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study based on 683 mother-father dyads. J Pediatr Nurs. 2022;65(07):e49-e55. doi:10.4236/oalib.1102791
  37. Koydemir S, Tosun Ü. Impact of autistic children on the lives of mothers. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2009;1(1):2534-2540. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.447
  38. Öz B, Yüksel T, Nasiroğlu S. Depression-Anxiety Symptoms and Stigma Perception in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 2019;57(1):50. doi:10.29399/npa.23655
  39. Jose A, Gupta S, Gulati S, Sapra S. Prevalence of depression in mothers of children having ASD. Curr Med Res Pract. 2017;7(1):11-15. doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2016.12.003
  40. Kim K, Kim J, Voight A, Ji M. Listening to the screaming whisper: a voice of mother caregivers of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2018;13(1). doi:10.1080/17482631.2018.1479585
  41. Bekhet AK, Johnson NL, Zauszniewski JA. Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33(10):650-656. doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.671441
  42. Güçlü O, Hürmeydan CE. Being the Mother of a Special Child: Resilience and Marital Adjustment in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2024;34(1):64. doi:10.5152/pcp. 2023.22592
  43. Benson PR. Network Characteristics, Perceived Social Support, and Psychological Adjustment in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2012 42:12. 2012;42(12):2597-2610. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1517-9
  44. Ali ZMA, Jumaa ZY, Hussein AN, et al. Psychological Resilience in Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study from Southern Iraq. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2025 7:1. 2025;7(1):318-. doi:10.1007/s42399-025-02092-y
  45. Sarwar F, Panatik SA, Jameel HT, Wan Mohd Yunus WMA, Muhamad SN. Psychological Capital, Social Support and Wellbeing in Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sage Open. 2022;12(3). doi:10.1177/ 21582440221121773
  46. Khedr MA, Adly BAEM, Hussein RM. Efficacy of resilience-based intervention on psychological capital and satisfaction with life among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Pediatr Nurs. 2025;84(1):88-96. doi:10.1016/ j.pedn.2025.05.020