Journals / Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Volume: 26 Issue: 4

RITUALS AS INTERCULTURAL BRIDGES: THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ON RITUAL ACCEPTANCE WITH ETHNOCENTRISM AS A MODERATOR

Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-12-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Findings reveal that individual characteristics significantly affect ritual acceptance, with transferred rituals showing a stronger influence on purchase intention compared to local rituals.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Rituals connect social and cultural dynamics with consumption practices, which is how they shape consumer behavior.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Using data collected through an online survey with 407 respondents, the research employs structural equation modelling (SEM) to test its hypotheses.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Findings reveal that individual characteristics significantly affect ritual acceptance, with transferred rituals showing a stronger influence on purchase intention compared to local rituals.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Local Ritual Acceptance · Transferred Ritual Acceptance · Self-Actualization

Abstract

Rituals connect social and cultural dynamics with consumption practices, which is how they shape consumer behavior. This study investigates how individual characteristics—specifically self-congruity, self-expression, and self-actualization—influence the acceptance of local and transferred rituals, as well as the moderating role of ethnocentrism in this relationship. Additionally, it examines the impact of ritual acceptance on purchase intention, with a focus on cultural adaptation and global influences. Using data collected through an online survey with 407 respondents, the research employs structural equation modelling (SEM) to test its hypotheses. Findings reveal that individual characteristics significantly affect ritual acceptance, with transferred rituals showing a stronger influence on purchase intention compared to local rituals. Ethnocentrism moderates the relationship between self-expression and both types of ritual acceptance, while its moderating role for self-actualization is limited to transferred rituals. This study contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior by illustrating the interplay between individual characteristics, cultural identity, and ritual acceptance. It highlights how local rituals allow consumers to preserve cultural identity, whereas transferred rituals may lead to a redefinition or marginalization of cultural identity. The results provide valuable insights into the social and cultural underpinnings of ritual-specific consumption and its implications for marketing strategies.

🔖

Cite This Article

Tekoğlu, A. D., Eser, Z., Özer, A. (2025). RITUALS AS INTERCULTURAL BRIDGES: THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ON RITUAL ACCEPTANCE WITH ETHNOCENTRISM AS A MODERATOR. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 26 Issue: 4. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1688434

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (115)

  1. Abel, J.I., Buff, C.L., & O’Neill, J.C. (2013). Actual self‐concept versus ideal self‐concept: An examination of image congruence and consumers in the health club industry. Sport, Business and Management, 3(1), 78-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20426781311316915
  2. Akgül, D. (2020). Gösterişçi tüketim ile benlik genişleten# pembegelinler: Netnografi uygulaması. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 2(1), 40-59.
  3. Akın, O. (2021). Investigating the role of cultural awareness in a multicultural business environment: A case study based on Turkish and British markets. Ege Academic Review, 21(3), 193-211.
  4. Aksamawanti, A., & Nordin, S. R. A. (2024). Religious ritual commercialization effect on tourists religiosity–A systematic review of the literature from the last two decades (2000-2020). Advances in Humanities and Contemporary Studies, 5(1), 133-138.
  5. Aliçavuşoğlu, Ç., & Boyraz, E. (2021). Evlilik ritüelleri ve tüketimi üzerine bir araştırma. Pazarlama Teorisi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 7(1), 59-80.
  6. Altaş, B. (2018). Kutlama ve armağanlarca kuşatılan annelik: Diş Buğdayı, Baby Shower ve annelik eksenindeki diğer ritüeller. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 1-31.
  7. Anderson, J.C., & Gerbing, D.W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice – A review and recommended 2-step. Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  8. Bagozzi, R.P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(2), 74-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  9. Bakır, U., & Bazarcı, S. (2020). Tüketim toplumunda bedelli aşk: Sevgililer Günü reklamlarına yönelik bir inceleme. Kurgu, 28(1), 61-78.
  10. Balabanis, G., & Siamagka, N.T. (2017). Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism: The role of brand, product category and country of origin. International Marketing Review, 34(2), 166-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IMR-03-2015-0057
  11. Baxter, L. A., & Braithwaite, D.O. (2002). Performing marriage: Marriage renewal rituals as cultural performance. Southern Journal of Communication, 67(2), 94-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10417940209373223
  12. Belk, R. W. (1989). Materialism and the modern U.S. Christmas. In E. C. Hirschman (Ed.), Interpretive consumer research (pp. 115–135). Association for Consumer Research.
  13. Belk, R.W., Wallendorf, M., & Sherry Jr, J. F. (1989). The sacred and the profane in consumer behavior: Theodicy on the odyssey. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(1), 1-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209191
  14. Bell, C.M. (1989). Ritual, change, and changing rituals. Worship, 63, 31-41.
  15. Breen, T.H. (1988). Baubles of Britain: The American and consumer revolutions of the eighteenth century. Past & Present, 119(1), 73-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/119.1.73
  16. Broeckerhoff, A., & Galalae, C. (2020). Christmas markets – marketplace icon. Consumption Markets & Culture, 25(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2020.1803845
  17. Cabatbat, K.P.M., & Camarines, T.M. (2022). Self-actualisation through religious coping is needed in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Health, 44(2), 335-335.
  18. Carpenter, J.M., Moore, M., Alexander, N., & Doherty, A.M. (2013). Consumer demographics, ethnocentrism, cultural values, and acculturation to the global consumer culture: A retail perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(3-4), 271-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.766629
  19. Chen, H.B., Yeh, S.S., & Huan, T.C. (2014). Nostalgic emotion, experiential value, brand image, and consumption intentions of customers of nostalgic-themed restaurants. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 354-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.003
  20. Chinchanachokchai, S., & Pusaksrikit, T. (2021). The role of self-construal in romantic gift posting across social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106665
  21. Churchill Jr, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
  22. Cifci, I. (2022). Testing self-congruity theory in Bektashi faith destinations: The roles of memorable tourism experience and destination attachment. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(1), 3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13567667211011758
  23. Close, A., & Zinkhan, G. (2006). A holiday loved and loathed: A consumer perspective of Valentine's Day. ACR North American Advances, 356-365.
  24. Cross, S.N., Harrison, R.L., & Gilly, M.C. (2017). The role of marketing in ritual evolution. Journal of Macromarketing, 37(4), 460-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146717697359
  25. Dabholkar, P.A., & Bagozzi, R.P. (2002). An attitudinal model of technology-based self-service: Moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 184-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070302303001
  26. Di Giovine, M. A. (2010). La vigilia Italo-Americana: Revitalizing the Italian-American family through the Christmas Eve ‘feast of the seven fishes. Food and Foodways, 18(4), 181-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07409710.2010.529012
  27. Downey, H., & Sherry Jr, J. F. (2022). Ritual dynamics of a Northern Irish festivalscape. Journal of Business Research, 153, 365-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.039
  28. Durkheim, E. (1915). The elementary forms of the religious life. New York, NY.
  29. Essoo, N., & Dibb, S. (2004). Religious influences on shopping behaviour: An exploratory study. Journal of Marketing Management, 20(7-8), 683-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/0267257041838728
  30. Farrell, A.M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.05.003
  31. Fazli-Salehi, R., Azadi, M., Torres, I.M., & Zúñiga, M.Á. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of brand identification with Apple products among Iranian consumers. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 20(2), 135-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2020.1755948
  32. Fei, X., Huang, Y., & Huang, Q. (2021). Research on scale development of consumption rituals. Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science, 4(1), 132-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JCMARS-11-2020-0041
  33. Fournier, S. (1991). A meaning-based framework for the study of consumer-object relations. Advances in Consumer Research, 18(1), 736-742.
  34. Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.
  35. Grimes, R.L. (2003). Ritual theory and the environment. The Sociological Review, 51(2), 31-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00449.x
  36. Gross, M. J., & Brown, G. (2008). An empirical structural model of tourists and places: Progressing involvement and place attachment into tourism. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1141-1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.009
  37. Grubb, E.L., & Grathwohl, H.L. (1967). Consumer self-concept, symbolism and market behavior: A theoretical approach. Journal of Marketing, 31(4), 22-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224296703100405
  38. Günindi Ersöz, A. (2024). Kutlama ve hediyeleşme pratiklerinin tüketim toplumundaki yeni görünümleri: Baby Shower (Hoşgeldin Bebek) partileri. Millî Folklor, 18(142), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.58242/millifolklor.984216
  39. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). UpperSaddle River.
  40. Hassan, T., Carvache-Franco, M., Carvache-Franco, W., & Carvache-Franco, O. (2024). Motivations as predictors of religious tourism: The Muslim pilgrimage to the city of Mecca. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 14(3), 419-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2022-0005
  41. Hawkins, M. A., & Thyroff, A. (2023). The consumer–activity relationship and separation distress. European Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 930-956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJM-11-2021-0866
  42. Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  43. Hirschman E.C., & La Barbera P.A. (1989). The meaning of Christmas. Association for Consumer Research, 136–147.
  44. Hwang, K., Lee, B., & Hahn, J. (2020). Green restaurant consumers’ pride and social healthy narcissism influencing self-actualisation and self-transcendence that drive customer citizenship behavior. Sustainability, 12(24), 10339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410339
  45. Intason, M. (2024). The dilemma between cultural rituals and hedonism for tourism in a cultural festival: A case study of the Lanna Songkran festival in Chiang Mai, Thailand. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 15(2), 121-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-03-2023-0027
  46. Jafari, A., & Goulding, C. (2013). Globalization, reflexivity, and the project of the self: a virtual intercultural learning process. Consumption Markets & Culture, 16(1), 65-90.
  47. Jamal, A. (1996). Acculturation: The symbolism of ethnic eating among contemporary British consumers. British Food Journal, 98(10), 12-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709610153786
  48. Japutra, A., Ekinci, Y., & Simkin, L. (2019). Self-congruence, brand attachment and compulsive buying. Journal of Business Research, 99, 456-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.024
  49. Khan, M.N., & Rizvi, S.R. (2008). Consumer ethnocentrism: Relevance and implications for marketers. ICFAI Journal of Consumer Behavior, 3(1), 52-65.
  50. Kim, Y. (2005). Experiencing globalization: Global TV, reflexivity and the lives of young Korean women. International journal of cultural studies, 8(4), 445-463.
  51. Kim, H.M., & Ryu, K. (2021). Examining image congruence and its consequences in the context of robotic coffee shops. Sustainability, 13(20), 11413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011413
  52. Kim, H.S., & Ko, D. (2007). Culture and self-expression. In C. Sedikides & S. J. Spencer (Ed.s), The Self (pp.325-342). Psychology Press.
  53. Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
  54. Kipnis, E., Kubacki, K., Broderick, A. J., Siemieniako, D., & Pisarenko, N. L. (2012). They don’t want us to become them: Brand local integration and consumer ethnocentrism. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(7–8), 836–864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.698634
  55. Koskie, M.M., & Locander, W.B. (2023). Cool brands and hot attachments: Their effect on consumers’ willingness to pay more. European Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 905-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJM-02-2022-0086
  56. Langer, R. (2011). Transfer processes within Sufi rituals: An example from Istanbul. European Journal of Turkish Studies, 13, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ejts.4584
  57. Laor, T. (2024). Do micro-celebrities preserve social roles? differences between secular and religious female instagram lifestyle influencers. Technology in Society, 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102642
  58. Lee, J. J., & Hwang, J. (2024). Antecedents of American hospitality students’ intercultural communication apprehension: Effect of ethnocentrism, cultural intelligence and core self-evaluations. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2023.100464
  59. Legare, C.H., & Nielsen, M. (2015). Imitation and innovation: The dual engines of cultural learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(11), 688-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005
  60. Leoni, V., Ramos, V., & Deya-Tortella, B. (2024). Doorbusters beyond the mall: Black Friday effects on tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2024.2339965
  61. Lichtenstein, M. (2019). Younger people want to do it themselves - Self-actualisation, commitment, and the reinvention of community. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 181-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9414-6
  62. Lim, Y.W, Yang, I.C.M., & French, J.A. (2020). Food and identities: continuity and transformation among Malaysian Chinese. In Patsiaouras G., Fitchett J. and Earley A.J. (Ed.s.), Research in consumer culture theory (pp.46-48). Leicester, UK.
  63. Lindell, M.K., & Whitney, D.J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.114
  64. Litwin, M. S., & Fink, A. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483348957
  65. Lo, W.H. (2018). Marketing images of marriage rituals: A cross-cultural analysis of wedding magazine advertising. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 30(2), 128-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2017.1381871
  66. Lochrie, S., Baxter, I. W., Collinson, E., Curran, R., Gannon, M. J., Taheri, B.,., & Yalinay, O. (2019). Self-expression and play: Can religious tourism be hedonistic? Tourism Recreation Research, 44(1), 2-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1545825
  67. Luna, D., & Forquer Gupta, S. (2001). An integrative framework for cross‐cultural consumer behavior. International Marketing Review, 18(1), 45-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330110381998
  68. Ma, J., Hong, J., Yoo, B., & Yang, J. (2021). The effect of religious commitment and global identity on purchase intention of luxury fashion products: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Business Research, 137, 244-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.040
  69. MacKenzie, S.B., & Podsakoff, P.M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.001
  70. Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W. D., & Nyffenegger, B. (2011). Emotional brand attachment and brand personality: The relative importance of the actual and the ideal self. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.75.4.35
  71. Meeprom, S., & Fakfare, P. (2021). Unpacking the role of self-congruence, attendee engagement and emotional attachment in cultural events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 12(4), 399-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-02-2021-0018
  72. Mehta, R., & Belk, R.W. (1991). Artifacts, identity, and transition: Favorite possessions of Indians and Indian immigrants to the United States. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 398-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/208566
  73. Miller, T. (2010). Annelik duygusu: Mitler ve deneyimler [Making sense of motherhood - A narrative approach]. İletisim.
  74. Minowa, Y., Khomenko, O., & Belk, R.W. (2011). Social change and gendered gift-giving rituals: A historical analysis of Valentine’s Day in Japan. Journal of Macromarketing, 31(1), 44-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146710375831
  75. Mohamed, M. E., Abdelhakim, A., & Hewedi, M. (2025). Can food-based self-congruity drive tourist behavioral intentions? The moderating role of food cultural proximity. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2024-0974
  76. Newman, A.J., & Sahak, S.Z. (2012). Purchasing patterns of migrant groups: The impact of acculturation on ethnocentric behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(7), 1551-1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00895.x
  77. National Retail Federation and Prosper Insights & Analytics [NRF]. (2024). 197 million consumers shop over thanksgiving holiday weekend. https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/197-million-consumers-shop-over-thanksgiving-holiday-weekend.
  78. Pascual-Miguel, F.J., Agudo-Peregrina, Á.F., & Chaparro-Peláez, J. (2015). Influences of gender and product type on online purchasing. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1550-1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.050
  79. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  80. Porter, N., Goode, A., & Anderson, S. (2023). Hen Dos and Don’ts: Lifting the veil on tensions in consumer rituals. Journal of Marketing Management, 39(13-14), 1197-1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2023.2219691
  81. Romanoff, B.D., & Terenzio, M. (1998). Rituals and the grieving process. Death Studies, 22(8), 697-711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/074811898201227
  82. Rook D.W. (1985). The ritual dimension of consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 251–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/208514
  83. Salinas, E.M., & Pérez, J.M.P. (2009). Modeling the brand extensions' influence on brand image. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.006
  84. Sandıkçı, Ö., & Ger, G. (2002). In-between modernities and postmodernities: Theorizing Turkish consumptionscape. Advances in Consumer Research, 29(1), 465-470.
  85. Sandıkçı, Ö., & Omeraki, S. (2007). Globalization and rituals: Does Ramadan turn into Christmas?. Advances in Consumer Research, 34, 610-615.
  86. Sergeevna, T.A., & Ivanovich, B.P. (2020). Self-actualisation in the process of consumption of a cultural product. In Bataev, D. K. (Ed.), Social and cultural transformations in the context of modern globalism (pp. 2488-2494). European Publisher.
  87. Seven, M., Uğurluer, S., & Aysel, K. (2023). Küresel bir hayaletin yerel gölgeleri: Türkiye’de cadılar bayramı üzerine bir analiz. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(2), 1430-1461. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1297604
  88. Sevim, N., Eroglu Hall, E., & Abu-Rayya, H.M. (2016). The role of religion and acculturation in the consumer ethnocentrism of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Religions, 7(3), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel7030029
  89. Shimp, T.A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400304
  90. Shin, Y.H. (2020). Predicting consumer intentions regarding state-branded food products in the grocery and restaurant settings: Understanding the role of self-concept. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 21(5), 600-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2020.1721038
  91. Sirgy, M.J. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/208924
  92. Sirgy, M.J. (1985). Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation. Journal of Business Research, 13(3), 195-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(85)90026-8
  93. Sirgy, M.J., Grewal, D., Mangleburg, T., Park, J., Chon, K., & Claiborne, C. B. (1997). Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(3), 229–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092070397253004
  94. Solmaz, F., & Bektaş, A. (2025). Yeni moda: Türkiye’de bekârlığa veda partisi kutlamaları. Asia Minor Studies, 13(1), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.1551061
  95. Sonnex, C., Roe, C. A., & Roxburgh, E. C. (2022). Flow, liminality, and eudaimonia: Pagan ritual practice as a gateway to a life with meaning. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 62(2), 233-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167820927577
  96. Sreekumar, A., Arias, R. A., Otnes, C. C., & Zayer, L. T. (2023). Shining the spotlight on marketplace rituals: A review and research agenda. Journal of Marketing Management, 39(13-14), 1166-1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2023.2211588
  97. Steenkamp, J.B.E., & De Jong, M.G. (2010). A global investigation into the constellation of consumer attitudes toward global and local products. Journal of Marketing, 74(6), 18-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.6.18
  98. Sykes, K., & Brace-Govan, J. (2015). The bride who decides: Feminine rituals of bridal gown purchase as a rite of passage. Australasian Marketing Journal, 23(4), 277-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2015.10.009
  99. Taşkaya, M., & Yağız, D. (2018). Global medya endüstrisinin ritüel kapsamlı tüketime yansıması: Doğum günü kutlama konseptlerinde Walt Disney kültürü. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (47), 273-290.
  100. Tekin, G. (2021). Geleneğin mekânsal ve işlevsel değişimi bağlamında Hamamönü kına konakları ve kına gecesi organizasyonları. Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.5505/jas.2021.21043
  101. Tian, A.D., Schroeder, J., Häubl, G., Risen, J.L., Norton, M.I., & Gino, F. (2018). Enacting rituals to improve self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(6), 851–876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000113
  102. Toufani, S., Stanton, J.P., & Chikweche, T. (2017). The importance of aesthetics on customers’ intentions to purchase smartphones. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(3), 316-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2015-0230
  103. Trevinal, A.M., & Stenger, T. (2014). Toward a conceptualization of the online shopping experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 314-326.
  104. Tsiotsou, R.H. (2017). Black Friday: Attitudes, behavior, and intentions of Greek consumers. National Brand and Private Label Marketing: Fourth International Conference (pp. 11-17). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59701-0_2
  105. Van Gennep, A. (1960). The rites of passage. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
  106. Venhorst, C., Venbrux, E., & Quartier, T. (2011). Re-imagining Islamic death rituals in a small town context in the Netherlands. Ritual transfer and ritual fantasy. Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies, 27, 169-187.
  107. Wallendorf, M., & Arnould, E.J. (1991). ‘We gather together’: Consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Day. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 13-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209237
  108. Wamwara-Mbugua, L.W. (2008). Situational ethnicity and gift giving behavior among immigrant mothers. Journal of International Management, 126-133.
  109. Wang, C.L., & Lin, X. (2009). Migration of Chinese consumption values: Traditions, modernization, and cultural renaissance. Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 399-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0308-5
  110. Watanabe, J.M., & Smuts, B.B. (1999). Explaining religion without explaining it away: Trust, truth, and the evolution of cooperation in Roy A. Rappaport's the obvious aspects of ritual. American Anthropologist, 101(1), 98-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.98
  111. Whitehouse, H., & Lanman, J. A. (2014). The ties that bind us: Ritual, fusion, and identification. Current Anthropology, 55(6), 674-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678698
  112. Wilkinson, G. (2023). Kit Kats as confucian ritual for education success. Education About ASIA, 28(1), 8-12.
  113. Xue, H., Zhao, X., Nikolay, P., & Qin, J. (2022). Family identity construction: An interpretation of the Lunar New Year's Eve dinner consumption ritual. Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science, 5(1), 29-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JCMARS-10-2021-0037
  114. Yan, Q., James, H. S., Xin, W., & Ben, H. Y. (2024). Examining the ritualized experiences of intangible cultural heritage tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100843
  115. Lochrie, S., Baxter, I. W., Collinson, E., Curran, R., Gannon, M. J., Taheri, B.,., & Yalinay, O. (2019). Self-expression and play: Can religious tourism be hedonistic? Tourism Recreation Research, 44(1), 2-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1545825