SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Sequence Conservation and Variability in Canine Distemper Virus Proteins

Köpek Distemper Virusu Proteinlerinde Dizi Korunumu ve Değişkenliği

Seçil Sevinç Temizkan(YOZGAT BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, VETERİNER PR.)0000-0002-2427-3877
Mehmet Cevat Temizkan(YOZGAT BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-4353-6759
Pages
436–450
Publication Date
2025-12-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings are expected to support future studies focusing on epitope mapping, vaccine development, and antiviral drug design.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a highly contagious pathogen with a broad host range, causing considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild carnivores.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this study, a total of 2882 complete and partial CDV sequences, deposited in GenBank until 17 August 2025, were analysed.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These findings are expected to support future studies focusing on epitope mapping, vaccine development, and antiviral drug design.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2025 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Genetik çeşitlilik · H protein · Konsensüs dizisi

Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a highly contagious pathogen with a broad host range, causing considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild carnivores. In this study, a total of 2882 complete and partial CDV sequences, deposited in GenBank until 17 August 2025, were analysed. The sequences were aligned and categorized according to their genes (N, P, C, M, F, H, and L), and consensus sequences were generated. Comparative analyses revealed that the M protein was the most conserved (73.35%), followed by the L protein (69.58%). H (2.15%) and N (2.10%) proteins displayed the lowest levels of conservation. The highest variability was observed in the F (3.32%) and H (0.82%) proteins. Critical residues of the H protein, previously associated with viral tropism and antigenicity, were evaluated: position 238 was predominantly Y, position 241 was G, and position 530 was G. Furthermore, the residue at position 519 of the N protein, reported to be linked with virulence, was identified as R in the consensus sequence. Structural modelling of the H protein was performed, highlighting the spatial localization of these key residues. The results underline the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of CDV and provide insights into antigenic drift, host adaptation, and viral persistence. These findings are expected to support future studies focusing on epitope mapping, vaccine development, and antiviral drug design.

Özet

Canine distemper virus (CDV), Paramyxoviridae familyasında yer alan, geniş konak spektrumuna sahip ve yüksek morbidite ile mortaliteye yol açabilen viral bir patojendir. Bu çalışmada, 17 Ağustos 2025 tarihine kadar GenBank’a yüklenen toplam 2882 parçalı ve tam CDV dizisi indirilerek, analiz edilmiştir. Diziler, gen bölgelerine (N, P, C, M, F, H, L) göre ayrılarak hizalanmış ve her biri için konsensüs dizileri oluşturulmuştur. Analizler sonucunda M proteininin %73,35 oranında, L proteininin ise %69,58 oranında tamamen korunduğu; en az korunmuş proteinlerin ise H (%2,15) ve N (%2,10) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En değişken amino asitler F (%3,32) ve H (%0,82) proteinlerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Tropizm ve antijeniteyle ilişkili H proteininin kritik amino asitleri incelendiğinde, 238. pozisyonun çoğunlukla Y, 241. pozisyonun G, 530. pozisyonun ise G olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca N proteininin patojenite ile ilişkili 519. amino asit pozisyonu konsensüs dizide R olarak saptanmıştır. H proteininin yapısal modellemesi yapılarak kritik amino asitlerin konumları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, CDV’nin genetik çeşitliliğini, antijenik sürüklenmesini ve konak adaptasyonunu anlamaya katkı sunmakta olup, gelecekte epitop haritalama, yeni aşı tasarımı ve antiviral ilaç geliştirme çalışmalarına temel oluşturabilecek niteliktedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Temizkan, S. S., Temizkan, M. C. (2025). Sequence Conservation and Variability in Canine Distemper Virus Proteins. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 436–450. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1775028

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (35)

  1. Anis, E., Holford, A. L., Galyon, G. D., & Wilkes, R. P. (2018). Antigenic analysis of genetic variants of canine distemper virus. Veterinary Microbiology, 219, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.014
  2. Ariyama, N., Agüero, B., Bennett, B., Urzúa, C., Berrios, F., Verdugo, C., & Neira, V. (2024). Genetic characterization of canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus) field strains in dogs, Chile, 2022–2023. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2024(1), 9993255. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9993255
  3. Bi, Z., Wang, W., & Xia, X. (2023). Structure and function of a novel lineage-specific neutralizing epitope on H protein of canine distemper virus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 1088243. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1088243
  4. Bi, Z., Xia, X., Wang, Y., & Mei, Y. (2015). Development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein. Microbiology and Immunology, 59(4), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1348-0421.12238
  5. Bouche, F. B., Ertl, O. T., & Muller, C. P. (2002). Neutralizing B cell response in measles. Viral Immunology, 15(3), 451–471. https://doi.org/10.1089/088282402760312331
  6. Bush, M., Montali, R. J., Brownstein, D., James, A. E., & Appel, M. J. (1976). Vaccine-induced canine distemper in a lesser panda. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 169(9), 959–960.
  7. Chen, F., Guo, Z., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Hu, B., Bai, L., … Li, Y. (2023). Canine distemper virus N protein induces autophagy to facilitate viral replication. BMC Veterinary Research, 19(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03575-7
  8. Cowton, V. M., Singer, J. B., Gifford, R. J., & Patel, A. H. (2018). Predicting the effectiveness of hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies by bioinformatic analysis of conserved epitope residues using public sequence data. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01470
  9. da Fontoura Budaszewski, R., Streck, A. F., Weber, M. N., Siqueira, F. M., Guedes, R. L. M., & Canal, C. W. (2016). Influence of vaccine strains on the evolution of canine distemper virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 41, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.014
  10. de Swart, R. L., Yüksel, S., & Osterhaus, A. D. (2005). Relative contributions of measles virus hemagglutinin- and fusion protein-specific serum antibodies to virus neutralization. Journal of Virology, 79(17), 11547–11551. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.014944-0
  11. de Swart, R. L., Yüksel, S., Langerijs, C. N., Muller, C. P., & Osterhaus, A. D. (2009). Depletion of measles virus glycoprotein-specific antibodies from human sera reveals genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. Journal of General Virology, 90(12), 2982–2989.
  12. Deem, S. L., Spelman, L. H., Yates, R. A., & Montali, R. J. (2000). Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031%5B0441:CDITCA%5D2.0.CO;2
  13. Deng, H., Li, Y., Wang, G., & Li, R. (2025). Comprehensive analysis of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes: Unveiling potential targets for vaccine development. Biology, 14(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14010067
  14. Feng, C., Bu, Y., Cai, J., Zhao, G., Li, Z., Cheng, Y., … Xue, X. (2023). Persistent and severe viral replication in PBMCs with moderate immunosuppression served an alternative novel pathogenic mechanism for canine morbillivirus. Microbiology Spectrum, 11(1), e04060-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.04060-22
  15. Gilbert, M., Sulikhan, N., Uphyrkina, O., Goncharuk, M., Kerley, L., Castro, E. H., … Cleaveland, S. (2020). Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(50), 31954–31962. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000153117
  16. Goetschius, D. J., Hartmann, S. R., Organtini, L. J., Callaway, H., Huang, K., Bator, C. M., … Hafenstein, S. L. (2021). High-resolution asymmetric structure of a Fab–virus complex reveals overlap with the receptor binding site. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(23), e2025452118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025452118
  17. Hirayama, N., Senda, M., Nakashima, N., Takagi, M., Sugiyama, M., Yoshikawa, Y., & Yamanouchi, K. (1991). Protective effects of monoclonal antibodies against lethal canine distemper virus infection in mice. Journal of General Virology, 72(11), 2827–2830. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2827
  18. Katoh, K., & Standley, D. M. (2013). MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(4), 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
  19. Macías-González, J., Granado-Gil, R., Mendoza-González, L., Pedroza-Roldán, C., Alonso-Morales, R., & Realpe-Quintero, M. (2025). Canine distemper virus in Mexico: A risk factor for wildlife. Viruses, 17(6), 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060813
  20. Martella, V., Elia, G., & Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Canine distemper virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 38(4), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.007
  21. McCarthy, A. J., Shaw, M. A., & Goodman, S. J. (2007). Pathogen evolution and disease emergence in carnivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1629), 3165–3174. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0884
  22. Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W., Martelli, G. P., Mayo, M. A., & Summers, M. D. (2012). Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Springer Science & Business Media.
  23. Nilvebrant, J., & Rockberg, J. (2018). An introduction to epitope mapping. In Epitope mapping protocols (pp. 1-10). New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7841-0_1
  24. Pratakpiriya, W., Seki, F., Otsuki, N., Sakai, K., Fukuhara, H., Katamoto, H., … Yamaguchi, R. (2012). Nectin4 is an epithelial cell receptor for canine distemper virus and involved in neurovirulence. Journal of Virology, 86(18), 10207–10210. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00824-12
  25. Rendon-Marin, S., da Fontoura Budaszewski, R., Canal, C. W., & Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2019). Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virology Journal, 16(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6
  26. Rivera-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Alarcón, C. A., Adame-Gallegos, J. R., Laredo-Tiscareño, S. V., de Luna-Santillana, E. D. J., Hernández-Triana, L. M., & Garza-Hernández, J. A. (2024). Canine distemper virus: Origins, mutations, diagnosis, and epidemiology in Mexico. Life, 14(8), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081002
  27. Siering, O., Langbein, M., Herrmann, M., Wittwer, K., von Messling, V., Sawatsky, B., & Pfaller, C. K. (2024). Genetic diversity accelerates canine distemper virus adaptation to ferrets. Journal of Virology, 98(8), e00657-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00657-24
  28. Tao, R., Chen, J., Zhao, T., Gong, C., Pan, H., Akhtar, R. W., … Zhao, J. (2020). Comparison of growth characteristics and genomics of two canine distemper virus strains isolated from minks in China. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 570277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.570277
  29. UniProt Consortium. (2025). UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase in 2025. Nucleic Acids Research, 53(D1), D609–D617. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1010
  30. Vergara-Wilson, V., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Sanchez, C. R., Abarca, M. J., Navarro, C., Celis-Diez, S., … Cabello-Stom, J. (2021). Canine distemper outbreak by natural infection in a group of vaccinated maned wolves in captivity. Pathogens, 10(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010051
  31. Von Messling, V., Oezguen, N., Zheng, Q., Vongpunsawad, S., Braun, W., & Cattaneo, R. (2005). Nearby clusters of hemagglutinin residues sustain SLAM-dependent canine distemper virus entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Virology, 79(9), 5857–5862. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.9.5857-5862.2005
  32. Von Messling, V., Zimmer, G., Herrler, G., Haas, L., & Cattaneo, R. (2001). The hemagglutinin of canine distemper virus determines tropism and cytopathogenicity. Journal of Virology, 75(14), 6418–6427. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.14.6418-6427.2001
  33. Wang, Z., Mu, L., Ye, G., He, K., Cai, C., Shi, P., … Han, L. (2025). Development of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody recognizing a conserved epitope of CDV-H protein and its colloidal gold test strip for antigen detection. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 265, 144800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144800
  34. Waterhouse, A., Bertoni, M., Bienert, S., Studer, G., Tauriello, G., Gumienny, R., … Schwede, T. (2018). SWISS-MODEL: Homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(W1), W296–W303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145622
  35. Wilkes, R. P. (2022). Canine distemper virus in endangered species: Species jump, clinical variations, and vaccination. Pathogens, 12(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010057